1
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Ketcham JM, Harwood SJ, Aranda R, Aloiau AN, Bobek BM, Briere DM, Burns AC, Caddell Haatveit K, Calinisan A, Clarine J, Elliott A, Engstrom LD, Gunn RJ, Ivetac A, Jones B, Kuehler J, Lawson JD, Nguyen N, Parker C, Pearson KE, Rahbaek L, Saechao B, Wang X, Waters A, Waters L, Watkins AH, Olson P, Smith CR, Christensen JG, Marx MA. Discovery of Pyridopyrimidinones that Selectively Inhibit the H1047R PI3Kα Mutant Protein. J Med Chem 2024; 67:4936-4949. [PMID: 38477582 PMCID: PMC10983000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The H1047R mutation of PIK3CA is highly prevalent in breast cancers and other solid tumors. Selectively targeting PI3KαH1047R over PI3KαWT is crucial due to the role that PI3KαWT plays in normal cellular processes, including glucose homeostasis. Currently, only one PI3KαH1047R-selective inhibitor has progressed into clinical trials, while three pan mutant (H1047R, H1047L, H1047Y, E542K, and E545K) selective PI3Kα inhibitors have also reached the clinical stage. Herein, we report the design and discovery of a series of pyridopyrimidinones that inhibit PI3KαH1047R with high selectivity over PI3KαWT, resulting in the discovery of compound 17. When dosed in the HCC1954 tumor model in mice, 17 provided tumor regressions and a clear pharmacodynamic response. X-ray cocrystal structures from several PI3Kα inhibitors were obtained, revealing three distinct binding modes within PI3KαH1047R including a previously reported cryptic pocket in the C-terminus of the kinase domain wherein we observe a ligand-induced interaction with Arg1047.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruth Aranda
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Athenea N. Aloiau
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Briana M. Bobek
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David M. Briere
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Aaron C. Burns
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Andrew Calinisan
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jeffery Clarine
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Adam Elliott
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lars D. Engstrom
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robin J. Gunn
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anthony Ivetac
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Benjamin Jones
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jon Kuehler
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - J. David Lawson
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Natalie Nguyen
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Cody Parker
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kelly E. Pearson
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lisa Rahbaek
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Barbara Saechao
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiaolun Wang
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anna Waters
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Laura Waters
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ashlee H. Watkins
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Peter Olson
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher R. Smith
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James G. Christensen
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew A. Marx
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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2
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Aloiau A, Bobek BM, Caddell Haatveit K, Pearson KE, Watkins AH, Jones B, Smith CR, Ketcham JM, Marx MA, Harwood SJ. Stereoselective Amine Synthesis Mediated by a Zirconocene Hydride to Accelerate a Drug Discovery Program. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3875-3882. [PMID: 38422508 PMCID: PMC10949245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Chiral amine synthesis remains a significant challenge in accelerating the design cycle of drug discovery programs. A zirconium hydride, due to its high oxophilicity and lower reactivity, gave highly chemo- and stereoselective reductions of sulfinyl ketimines. The development of this zirconocene-mediated reduction helped to accelerate our drug discovery efforts and is applicable to several motifs commonly used in medicinal chemistry. Computational investigation supported a cyclic half-chair transition state to rationalize the high selectivity in benzyl systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athenea
N. Aloiau
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Briana M. Bobek
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Kelly E. Pearson
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ashlee H. Watkins
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Benjamin Jones
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher R. Smith
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John M. Ketcham
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew A. Marx
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Stephen J. Harwood
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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3
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Harwood SJ, Smith CR, Lawson JD, Ketcham JM. Selected Approaches to Disrupting Protein-Protein Interactions within the MAPK/RAS Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087373. [PMID: 37108538 PMCID: PMC10139024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the MAPK/RAS pathway, there exists a plethora of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). For many years, scientists have focused efforts on drugging KRAS and its effectors in hopes to provide much needed therapies for patients with KRAS-mutant driven cancers. In this review, we focus on recent strategies to inhibit RAS-signaling via disrupting PPIs associated with SOS1, RAF, PDEδ, Grb2, and RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J David Lawson
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John M Ketcham
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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4
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Harwood SJ, Palkowitz MD, Gannett CN, Perez P, Yao Z, Sun L, Abruña HD, Anderson SL, Baran PS. Modular terpene synthesis enabled by mild electrochemical couplings. Science 2022; 375:745-752. [PMID: 35175791 PMCID: PMC9248352 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of terpenes is a large field of research that is woven deeply into the history of chemistry. Terpene biosynthesis is a case study of how the logic of a modular design can lead to diverse structures with unparalleled efficiency. This work leverages modern nickel-catalyzed electrochemical sp2-sp3 decarboxylative coupling reactions, enabled by silver nanoparticle-modified electrodes, to intuitively assemble terpene natural products and complex polyenes by using simple modular building blocks. The step change in efficiency of this approach is exemplified through the scalable preparation of 13 complex terpenes, which minimized protecting group manipulations, functional group interconversions, and redox fluctuations. The mechanistic aspects of the essential functionalized electrodes are studied in depth through a variety of spectroscopic and analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cara N. Gannett
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Paulo Perez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Zhen Yao
- Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. No. 71, 7 Ave., TEDA Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Lijie Sun
- Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. No. 71, 7 Ave., TEDA Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Hector D. Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA,Correspondence to: , ,
| | - Scott L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA,Correspondence to: , ,
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Correspondence to: , ,
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5
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Hung K, Condakes ML, Novaes LFT, Harwood SJ, Morikawa T, Yang Z, Maimone TJ. Development of a Terpene Feedstock-Based Oxidative Synthetic Approach to the Illicium Sesquiterpenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3083-3099. [PMID: 30698435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Illicium sesquiterpenes are a family of natural products containing over 100 highly oxidized and structurally complex members, many of which display interesting biological activities. This comprehensive account chronicles the evolution of a semisynthetic strategy toward these molecules from (+)-cedrol, seeking to emulate key aspects of their presumed biosynthesis. An initial route generated lower oxidation state analogs but failed in delivering a crucial hydroxy group in the final step. Insight gathered during these studies, however, ultimately led to a synthesis of the pseudoanisatinoids along with the allo-cedrane natural product 11- O-debenzoyltashironin. A second-generation strategy was then developed to access the more highly oxidized majucinoid compounds including jiadifenolide and majucin itself. Overall, one dozen natural products can be accessed from an abundant and inexpensive terpene feedstock. A multitude of general observations regarding site-selective C(sp3)-H bond functionalization reactions in complex polycyclic architectures are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hung
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Matthew L Condakes
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Luiz F T Novaes
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Stephen J Harwood
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Takahiro Morikawa
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Thomas J Maimone
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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6
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Condakes M, Rosen RZ, Harwood SJ, Maimone TJ. A copper-catalyzed double coupling enables a 3-step synthesis of the quassinoid core architecture. Chem Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A cross coupling/SN2′ tandem reaction is described to construct the polycyclic core architecture of the quassinoids, a fascinating class of degraded triterpenes with potent anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Z. Rosen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California, Berkeley
- Berkeley
- USA
| | | | - Thomas J. Maimone
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California, Berkeley
- Berkeley
- USA
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7
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Abstract
In The Logic of Chemical Synthesis, E. J. Corey stated that the key to retrosynthetic analysis was a "wise choice of appropriate simplifying transforms" ( Corey , E. J. ; Cheng , X.-M. The Logic of Chemical Synthesis ; John Wiley : New York , 1989 ). Through the lens of "ideality", chemists can identify opportunities that can lead to more practical, scalable, and sustainable synthesis. The percent ideality of a synthesis is defined as [(no. of construction rxns) + (no. of strategic redox rxns)]/(total no. of steps) × 100. A direct consequence of designing "wise" or "ideal" plans is that new transformations often need invention. For example, if functional group interconversions are to be avoided, one is faced with the prospect of directly functionalizing C-H bonds ( Gutekunst , W. R. ; Baran , P. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011 , 40 , 1976 ; Brückl , T. ; et al. Acc. Chem. Res. 2012 , 45 , 826 ). If protecting groups are minimized, methods testing the limits of chemoselectivity require invention ( Baran , P. S. ; et al. Nature 2007 , 446 , 404 ; Young , I. S. ; Baran , P. S. Nat. Chem. 2009 , 1 , 193 ). Finally, if extraneous redox manipulations are to be eliminated, methods directly generating key skeletal bonds result ( Burns , N. Z. ; et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009 , 48 , 2854 ). Such analyses applied to total synthesis have seen an explosion of interest in recent years. Thus, it is the interplay of aspirational strategic demands with the limits of available methods that can influence and inspire ingenuity. E. J. Corey's sage advice holds true when endeavoring in complex molecule synthesis, but together with the tenets of the "ideal" synthesis, avoiding concession steps leads to the most strategically and tactically optimal route ( Hendrickson , J. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975 , 97 , 5784 ; Gaich , T. ; Baran , P. S. J. Org. Chem. 2010 , 75 , 4657 ). Polar disconnections are intuitive and underlie much of retrosynthetic logic. Undergraduates exposed to multistep synthesis are often taught to assemble organic molecules through the combination of positively and negatively charged synthons because, after all, opposites attract. Indeed, the most employed two-electron C-C bond forming reactions today are those based upon either classical cross-coupling reactions (e.g., Suzuki, Negishi, or Heck) or polar additions (aldol, Michael, or Grignard). These reactions are the mainstay of modern synthesis and have revolutionized the way molecules are constructed due to their robust and predictable nature. In contrast, radical chemistry is sparsely covered beyond the basic principles of radical chain processes (i.e., radical halogenation). The historical perception of radicals as somewhat uncontrollable species does not help the situation. As a result, synthetic chemists are not prone to make radical-based strategic bond disconnections during first-pass retrosynthetic analyses. Recent interest in the use of one-electron radical cross-coupling (RCC) methods has been fueled by the realization of their uniquely chemoselective profiles and the opportunities they uncover for dramatically simplifying synthesis. In general, such couplings can proceed by relying on the innate preferences of a substrate (innate RCC) or through interception with a mediator (usually a transition metal) to achieve programmed RCC. This Account presents a series of case studies illustrating the inherent strategic and tactical advantages of employing both types of radical-based cross-couplings in a variety of disparate settings. Thematically, it is clear that one-electron disconnections, while not considered to be intuitive, can serve to enable syntheses that are more direct and feature a minimal use of protecting group chemistry, functional group interconversions, and nonstrategic redox fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037, United States
| | - Stephen J. Harwood
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037, United States
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8
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Condakes M, Hung K, Harwood SJ, Maimone TJ. Total Syntheses of (-)-Majucin and (-)-Jiadifenoxolane A, Complex Majucin-Type Illicium Sesquiterpenes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17783-17786. [PMID: 29148748 PMCID: PMC5729088 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the first chemical syntheses of both (-)-majucin and (-)-jiadifenoxolane A via 10 net oxidations from the ubiquitous terpene (+)-cedrol. Additionally, this approach allows for access to other majucin-type sesquiterpenes, like (-)-jiadifenolide, (-)-jiadifenin, and (-)-(1R,10S)-2-oxo-3,4-dehydroxyneomajucin (ODNM) along the synthetic pathway. Site-selective aliphatic C(sp3)-H bond oxidation reactions serve as the cornerstone of this work which offers access to highly oxidized natural products from an abundant and renewable terpene feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
L. Condakes
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California-Berkeley, 826 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin Hung
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California-Berkeley, 826 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen J. Harwood
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California-Berkeley, 826 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thomas J. Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California-Berkeley, 826 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Abstract
The best ratio is 1:1:3 for the components Yb, K, and binaphthol in the new heterobimetallic complex, which efficiently catalyzes an asymmetric nitro-Mannich-type reaction. The desired nitro-Mannich products 2 are obtained with up to 91 % ee starting from N-phosphinoyl imines 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 (Japan)
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10
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Harwood SJ, Valdivia S, Hung GL, Quenzer RW. Use of Sulesomab, a radiolabeled antibody fragment, to detect osteomyelitis in diabetic patients with foot ulcers by leukoscintigraphy. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:1200-5. [PMID: 10451153 DOI: 10.1086/514791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients suspected of having osteomyelitis secondary to foot ulcers underwent scintigraphic imaging with Sulesomab, an anti-granulocyte antibody Fab' fragment labeled with technetium-99m. Among 122 patients who had osteomyelitis confirmed or excluded by histopathologic and/or microbiologic techniques, Sulesomab had a 91% sensitivity, a 56% specificity, and an accuracy of 80%. One planar imaging session was usually sufficient for diagnosis, typically requiring 20-30 minutes of camera time 1-2 hours after injection. Compared with ex vivo autologous white blood cell (WBC) scans, Sulesomab performed comparably but with significantly greater sensitivity (92% vs. 79%; P < .05). Sulesomab results were more sensitive than radiography (90% vs. 62%; P < .05) and more specific than bone scans (50% vs. 21%; P < .05) and would have altered management plans in most patients. No related adverse events occurred, and there was no induction of human anti-mouse antibody. Sulesomab is an effective and rapid imaging agent that is diagnostically comparable or superior to WBC scans in this setting, with significant advantages in safety and ease of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Harwood
- Bay Pines Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Florida 33744, USA.
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11
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Mardirossian G, Brill AB, Harwood SJ, Olsen J, Dwyer KA, Siegel JA. Radiation absorbed dose estimates for indium-111-labeled B72.3, an IgG antibody to ovarian and colorectal cancer: MIRD dose estimate report No. 18. J Nucl Med 1998; 39:671-6. [PMID: 9544680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Mardirossian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA
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12
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Hakki S, Harwood SJ, Morrissey MA, Camblin JG, Laven DL, Webster WB. Comparative study of monoclonal antibody scan in diagnosing orthopaedic infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997:275-85. [PMID: 9020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
When clinical data are insufficient to diagnose infection of bone or joints, nuclear scanning becomes crucial in making an accurate diagnosis. The efficacy of (99m)technetium antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody Fab' fragment (LeukoScan) is prospectively compared with (111)indium white blood cell and (99m)technetium methylene diphosphonate bone scans in 74 patients with suspected musculoskeletal infections. They were grouped according to site of suspected infection: 33 long bones, 23 prosthetic joints, and 18 diabetic feet. Sixty-two of these 74 patients had surgical verification with histopathology or culture. The remaining 12 patients had clinical followup as proof of absence of infection. The overall sensitivity of LeukoScan, (111)indium white blood cell, and (99m)technetium methylene diphosphonate bone scans was 93%, 85% and 92%, respectively. Specificity was 89%, 75% and 52%, and accuracy was 90%, 79% and 74%, respectively. The conclusion from this study is that LeukoScan is more accurate in detecting osteomyelitis, with better sensitivity and specificity in prosthetic joints. Compared with (111)indium white blood cell scans, LeukoScan++ gives superior images, and results are obtained in 1 to 6 hours without biohazard risk from handling blood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hakki
- Bay Pines Veterans Administration Medical Center, FL, USA
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13
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Abstract
The decision to employ haemofiltration and/or haemodialysis is based on various criteria depending on institutional protocol. Cardiac surgical patients, especially those with renal failure, often require fluid and electrolyte intervention. In the past haemodialysis patients were closely monitored and often delayed for surgery depending on their electrolyte status. Operative technique was changed to accommodate the impending sequelae of cardioplegic solutions, blood transfusions and fluid administration. Although haemofiltration has been used successfully in the management of hypervolaemia and anaemia due to haemodilution, the rate of uraemic toxins and solute removal may not be adequate. The use of haemodialysis helps in the treatment of these difficult and often unpredictable cases. The type of dialysate and method of administration has simplied the technique of haemodialysis, during CPB, allowing effective solute and toxin removal while being able to control the amount of fluid removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Hamilton
- Cardiovascular Perfusion Services, Sunnybrook Health Science Center, Toronto, Ontario
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14
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Harwood SJ, Camblin JG, Hakki S, Morrissey MA, Laven DL, Zangara LM, Patel JU, Webster WB, Carroll RG. Use of technetium antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody Fab' fragments for the detection of osteomyelitis. Cell Biophys 1994; 24-25:99-107. [PMID: 7736546 DOI: 10.1007/bf02789220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Accurate early diagnosis of osteomyelitis is critical for optimal clinical management. Conventional radiology (X-rays, CT) and nuclear medicine scans (bone, gallium, and technetium/indium white blood cell [WBC]) have limitations and drawbacks. The monoclonal antibody (MAb) ImmuRAID-MN3 (Immunomedics Inc., Morris Plains, NJ), a 99m-Tc Antigranulocyte Fab' fragment, recognizes a surface glycoprotein NCA-90/95 shared by granulocytes, carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), and meconium antigen (MA). Intravenous injection of radiolabeled MAb enables in vivo labeling of human granulocytes and targets infected lesions in the bone and throughout the body. Technetium labeled Fab' fragments rapidly clear the blood pool and high-quality images can be obtained the same day, as early as 1 h postinjection. Results at our institution on 13 patients with clinically suspected osteomyelitis of infected long bones, prostheses, and diabetic foot ulcers were compared with the surgical/bacteriological verification of the presence or absence of infection. The MAb scan showed six true positives, six true negatives, and one false negative (very low grade infection). The procedure was safe, no clinical or laboratory adverse reactions were encountered. The MAb fragments are markedly less immunogenic than whole IgG, resulting in lower induction of human antimouse antibody (HAMA) titers. No HAMA to this MAb fragment has been detected in 24 patients (data from multiple institutions). Our preliminary results suggest that 99m-Tc ImmuRAID-MN3 is highly accurate for detection of osteomyelitis. This study is part of an ongoing multiinstitutional project sponsored by Immunomedics, Inc. to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this radiopharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Harwood
- Nuclear Medicine Service; Dept. of Veterans Affairs VAMC, Bay Pines, FL 33504
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15
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Collier BD, Abdel-Nabi H, Doerr RJ, Harwood SJ, Olsen J, Kaplan EH, Winzelberg GG, Grossman SJ, Krag DN, Mitchell EP. Immunoscintigraphy performed with In-111-labeled CYT-103 in the management of colorectal cancer: comparison with CT. Radiology 1992; 185:179-86. [PMID: 1523304 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.185.1.1523304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunoscintigraphy performed after intravenous administration of indium-111-labeled CYT-103, an immunoconjugate of monoclonal antibody B72.3, was evaluated in patients with suspected primary or recurrent colorectal cancer at 25 centers in the United States. Gamma camera imaging, computed tomography (CT), and confirmatory surgical exploration were completed in 169 of 227 patients who received single infusions of In-111 CYT-103. Eight patients (3.5%) had reversible, nonserious adverse reactions, and 39% developed antimurine antibodies. Surgery revealed that 155 of 169 patients had colorectal carcinoma. In these 155 patients, immunoscintigraphy and CT demonstrated similar sensitivity (69% and 68%, respectively) and specificity (77%). However, immunoscintigraphy had greater sensitivity in detection of pelvic tumors (74% vs 57%, P = .035) and extrahepatic abdominal tumors (66% vs 34%, P less than .001); CT enabled detection of a greater proportion of liver metastases (84% vs 41%, P less than .001). These results indicate that In-111 CYT-103 can be administered safely and that immunoscintigraphy performed with this agent frequently enables identification of extrahepatic abdominal sites of disease not visualized with CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Collier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226
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Abstract
ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) causes rapid sequestration and destruction of thrombocytes by the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and reticuloendothelial elements of other organs. The usefulness of multiple radionuclide functional imaging procedures in the management of a 34-year-old woman with chronic ITP, two splenectomies (removal of the initial spleen and then a hypertrophied accessory spleen), and the failure of chemotherapy to control her thrombocytopenia, are discussed. A combination of In-111 oxine autologous platelet imaging, liver/spleen imaging, disofenin (liver/gallbladder) imaging, and glucoheptonate renal imaging demonstrated that her platelets were being sequestered by a markedly enlarged left hepatic lobe extending to the left lateral wall, with a small amount in the kidneys and lungs, and that there was no second accessory spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Harwood
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Bay Pines Veterans Administration Medical Center, Florida
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Webster WB, Harwood SJ, Carroll RG, Morrissey MA. Pharmacokinetics of indium-111-labeled B72.3 monoclonal antibody in colorectal cancer patients. J Nucl Med 1992; 33:498-504. [PMID: 1552331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mean time parameters provide a new approach to plasma pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled Mabs that may show important patient differences affecting diagnosis or treatment. We determined mean time pharmacokinetic parameters for 11 patients entered in a Phase I/II clinical trial for detection of colorectal cancer. Patients were administered 0.5-2 mg of B72.3 anti-TAG-72 radiolabeled with 3.5-5 mCi of 111In, plasma activity was measured over time. Mean time pharmacokinetic parameters were (mean +/- s.e.m.): mean residence time; body (MRTB) 88.9 +/- 7.2 hr, central (MRTC) 73.8 +/- 6.0 hr; mean transit time, central (MTTC) 41.1 +/- 9.0 hr; mean residence time, periphery (MRTP) 15.1 +/- 3.4 hr; intrinsic mean residence time, periphery (IMPTP) 39.0 +/- 7.6 hr; mean transit time, periphery (MTTP) 24.0 +/- 6.7 hr; probability of distribution (PRD) 50% +/- 10%; and n compartmental cycles of 4.54 +/- 2.3 times. In patients with increased circulating specific TAG-72 antigen, MRTC greater than MTTC and n much greater than 1. In patients without specific antigen, MRTC approximately equal to MTTC and n much less than 1. Pharmacokinetic studies may identify patients who do not have the tumor produced target antigen for the specific Mab and may provide an opportunity to select another specific Mab with an increased chance for successful diagnosis or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Webster
- Department of Pharmacy, Bay Pines VA Medical Center, Florida
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Harwood
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bay Pines Veterans Administration Medical Center, FL 33504
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Harwood SJ, Carroll RG, Webster WB, Zangara LM, Laven DL, Morrissey MA, Sinni BJ. Human biodistribution of 111In-labeled B72.3 monoclonal antibody. Cancer Res 1990; 50:932s-936s. [PMID: 2297744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody B72.3 reacts with human colorectal, breast, lung, pancreatic, gastric, and ovarian tumors. Human biodistribution studies using intact 131I-B72.3 have been reported by Carrasquillo et al. (J. Nucl. Med., 29: 1022-1030, 1988). We have performed similar studies on five patients using i.v. infusion of 20 mg of intact 111In-B72.3 (Cytogen Corp.). Serum clearance is similar with a t1/2 of 64.2 h (range, 44-80) for 111In-B72.3 and 65 h (range, 32-106) for 131I-B72.3 (J. A. Carrasquillo et al., J. Nucl. Med., 29: 1022-1030, 1988). However, organ biodistribution is markedly different. For 131I-B72.3, hepatic and splenic clearance mirrors blood pool clearance (J. A. Carrasquillo et al., J. Nucl, Med., 29: 1022-1030, 1988). For 111In-B72.3, there is rapid uptake in tumor, liver, spleen, kidney, lumbar spine, and testes by 2-6 h with no significant clearance over the next 9 days. For 111In-B72.3, quantitative analysis of liver (from biopsy specimens), spleen, kidney, and lumbar spine (from scintiphoto regions of interest after background subtraction and attenuation correction) shows the following peak organ biodistributions in percentage infused dose: liver, 32%; spleen, 3.9%; kidneys, 3.5%; and lumbar vertebral bodies (marrow sample), 2.7%. For both 111In-B72.3 and 131I-B72.3, the principal route of excretion from the body is urinary with excretion rate of 131I faster than 111In. The marked differences between 111In-B72.3 and 131I-B72.3 biodistribution and clearance strongly influence the dosimetry, immunodetection, and immunotherapeutic potentials of B72.3 MoAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Harwood
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bay Pines Veterans Administration Medical Center, Florida 33504
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Abstract
Thirty gallium scans, using currently acceptable dosage levels (5-6 mCi) and a conventional rotating gamma camera, were performed on 20 patients with lymphoma or infection. Compared to planar scans, SPECT increased sensitivity and lesion detection from 48% to 89% in lymphoma, and from 50% to 80% in infection. The predictive value of a negative site was 81% in lymphoma and 67% in infection. Gallium utility is markedly increased by SPECT imaging. A normal gallium SPECT scan is highly accurate in ruling out disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Harwood
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Bay Pines VA Medical Center, Florida 33504
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Harwood SJ, Carroll RG. Scrotal scan in traumatic hematoma. Clin Nucl Med 1987; 12:559-60. [PMID: 3038449 DOI: 10.1097/00003072-198707000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) was measured utilizing 1-131 orthoiodohippurate (OIH). The OIH ERPF was correlated in 50 patients with routine 24-hour urine creatinine clearance measurements and with a formula predicting creatinine clearance based on age, weight, and serum creatinine (formula creatinine clearance). The filtration fraction (routine creatinine clearance/OIH ERPF) in 38 patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis, tubulointerstitial renal disease, or normal renal function were compared. Filtration fractions in the three groups tested were not statistically different. ERPF had a correlation coefficient of 0.62 with routine creatinine clearance and 0.72 with formula creatinine clearance. Thus, OIH ERPF correlates with creatinine clearance measurements but cannot be used to replace creatinine clearance as a method of evaluating renal function. The reasons for the lack of a stronger positive correlation between ERPF and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remain to be elucidated.
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Rosansky SJ, Harwood SJ, Kaufman JM. Massive hydroureteronephrosis presenting as multiple masses protruding from the anterior abdominal wall. J S C Med Assoc 1982; 78:551-3. [PMID: 6958921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Anencephaly can be diagnosed using real-time ultrasonography. This enables visualization of the fetal movements and facilitates identification of the fetal parts, making certain the exact orientation of the fetus. Thus, the negative finding of the lack of fetal calvarium, as well as the positive finding of insufficient space for a calvarium to exist between the fetal thorax and the uterine wall, can be confidently ascertained. One can then be certain that a fetal head is not being missed by the ultrasound beam, as is possible with a rapidly moving fetus using B-mode ultrasound.
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Abstract
Splenic visualization with a bone-seeking agent 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) with absence of splenic uptake using sulfur colloid was seen in a 15-year-old boy in sickle cell crisis. Uptake of 99mTc-MDP is probably due to splenic infarction and calcification. This represents a potentially sensitive method for following the functional auto-splenectomy process in sickle cell disease and may also detect the presence of splenic tissue when it is not visualized in a sulfur colloid liver/spleen scan. Splenic visualization by bone-seeking agents should not be confused with skeletal lesions or indicate the presence of an abnormal left upper quadrant mass lesion.
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Harwood SJ, Cole GW. Reference values based on hospital admission laboratory data. JAMA 1978; 240:270-4. [PMID: 351227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory values taken from more than 13,000 newly admitted patients to the University of Alabama Hospital were analyzed using a percentile ranking system, and histograms for 24 laboratory tests were prepared. The percentile system is a better way to express test results than the classic normal range. The ability to correlate a test result with a clinical problem rises proportional to the degree of deviation from the midrange. Minor deviations frequently are without explanation, even after intensive clinical investigation. Invariably, great deviations are explainable. If one limits the interpretation of results to three ranges--abnormally low, abnormally high, and normal--much of the value of laboratory test interpretation is lost.
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Abstract
Over a period of one year, 75 patients with jaundice were evaluated by grey scale ultrasonography. Intravenous cholangiography was attempted in 26 instances (bilirubin value greater than 4.3 mg/100 ml) and was diagnostic in only four. Ultrasound, on the other hand, was diagnostic for surgical jaundice in 62 of the 75 cases (82%). In 52 of the 62 patients a cause for the extrahepatic obstruction was demonstrated: 40 had cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis, and 12 had tumors (11 pancreatic tumors, one lymphoma). In the remaining ten instances, obstruction was sonographically demonstrated but the cause was not. Of these, four patients were subsequently proven to have distal common duct stones, five had carcinoma of the pancreas and one had cholangiocarcinoma. This evidence indicates that ultrasound should be the noninvasive procedure of choice in the clinical assessment of obstructive jaundice.
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Harwood SJ, Catrou PG, Cole GW. Creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme fractions in the serum of a patient struck by lightning. Arch Intern Med 1978; 138:645-6. [PMID: 637650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Serial creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme determinations were taken in an 8-year-old boy whose being struck by lightning resulted in prolonged cerebral anoxia, inferolateral myocardial infarction and death. All three isoenzyme levels (CPK-MM, CPK-MB, and CPK-BB) were elevated. The CPK-BB isoenzyme level increase was transient, being very high three hours postlightning strike and disappearing at approximately 24 hours.
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Harwood SJ, Wells RD. Micrococcus luteus deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase. Studies on the initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro. J Biol Chem 1970; 245:5625-34. [PMID: 5472361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Harwood SJ, Schendel PF, Wells RD. Micrococcus luteus deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase. Studies of the enzymic reaction and properties of the deoxyribonucleic acid product. J Biol Chem 1970; 245:5614-24. [PMID: 4990612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Harwood SJ, Schendel PF, Miller LK, Wells RD. Dinucleotides as products of an exonucleolytic activity association with the Micrococcus luteus DNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 66:595-602. [PMID: 5269226 PMCID: PMC283091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.66.3.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The partially purified DNA polymerase from Micrococcus luteus contains a low level of exonucleolytic activity. The enzyme preparation (1200-fold purified) contains approximately 100 times more polymerase than exonuclease activity. Both single- and double-stranded DNA are degraded at the same rate. The predominant products are dinucleoside diphosphates (d-pXpY); mononucleotides and a trace of trinucleotides are also produced. Each of these products is formed at a constant rate throughout the course of the reaction. The nuclease degrades a DNA chain from the 5'-end. The enzyme preparation contains no detectable endonuclease activity.
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