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Mohd Fuad AS, Amran NA, Nasruddin NS, Burhanudin NA, Dashper S, Arzmi MH. The Mechanisms of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics in Oral Cancer Management. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1298-1311. [PMID: 36048406 PMCID: PMC9434094 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oral carcinogenesis is preceded by oral diseases associated with inflammation such as periodontitis and oral candidiasis, which are contributed by chronic alcoholism, smoking, poor oral hygiene, and microbial infections. Dysbiosis is an imbalance of microbial composition due to oral infection, which has been reported to contribute to oral carcinogenesis. Therefore, in this review, we summarised the role of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics in promoting a balanced oral microbiome, which may prevent oral carcinogenesis due to oral infections. Probiotics have been shown to produce biofilm, which possesses antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. Meanwhile, prebiotics can support growth and increase the benefit of probiotics. In addition, postbiotics possess antibacterial, anticariogenic, and anticancer properties that potentially aid in oral cancer prevention and treatment. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics for oral cancer management is still limited despite their vast potential, thus, discovering their prospects could herald a novel approach to disease prevention and treatment while participating in combating antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalina Sakiinah Mohd Fuad
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Aqilah Amran
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Jardin Pharma Berhad, Sunway Subang Business Park, Selangor, 40150, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Nurrul Shaqinah Nasruddin
- Department of Diagnostic Craniofacial and Bioscience, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Aszlitah Burhanudin
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Diagnosis, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3055, Australia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
- Jardin Pharma Berhad, Sunway Subang Business Park, Selangor, 40150, Shah Alam, Malaysia.
- Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
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Kabwe M, Brown TL, Dashper S, Speirs L, Ku H, Petrovski S, Chan HT, Lock P, Tucci J. Author Correction: Genomic, morphological and functional characterisation of novel bacteriophage FNU1 capable of disrupting Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11335. [PMID: 37443377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mwila Kabwe
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Teagan L Brown
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan Speirs
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heng Ku
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve Petrovski
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hiu Tat Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Lock
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Tucci
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.
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Martins de Sousa K, Linklater DP, Murdoch BJ, Al Kobaisi M, Crawford RJ, Judge R, Dashper S, Sloan AJ, Losic D, Ivanova EP. Modulation of MG-63 Osteogenic Response on Mechano-Bactericidal Micronanostructured Titanium Surfaces. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6:1054-1070. [PMID: 36880728 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the development of orthopedic devices, implant-related failures that occur as a result of poor osseointegration and nosocomial infection are frequent. In this study, we developed a multiscale titanium (Ti) surface topography that promotes both osteogenic and mechano-bactericidal activity using a simple two-step fabrication approach. The response of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells and antibacterial activity toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was compared for two distinct micronanoarchitectures of differing surface roughness created by acid etching, using either hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4), followed by hydrothermal treatment, henceforth referred to as either MN-HCl or MN-H2SO4. The MN-HCl surfaces were characterized by an average surface microroughness (Sa) of 0.8 ± 0.1 μm covered by blade-like nanosheets of 10 ± 2.1 nm thickness, whereas the MN-H2SO4 surfaces exhibited a greater Sa value of 5.8 ± 0.6 μm, with a network of nanosheets of 20 ± 2.6 nm thickness. Both micronanostructured surfaces promoted enhanced MG-63 attachment and differentiation; however, cell proliferation was only significantly increased on MN-HCl surfaces. In addition, the MN-HCl surface exhibited increased levels of bactericidal activity, with only 0.6% of the P. aeruginosa cells and approximately 5% S. aureus cells remaining viable after 24 h when compared to control surfaces. Thus, we propose the modulation of surface roughness and architecture on the micro- and nanoscale to achieve efficient manipulation of osteogenic cell response combined with mechanical antibacterial activity. The outcomes of this study provide significant insight into the further development of advanced multifunctional orthopedic implant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denver P Linklater
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Billy J Murdoch
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Mohammad Al Kobaisi
- School of Engineering, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Russell J Crawford
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Roy Judge
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alastair J Sloan
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dusan Losic
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Elena P Ivanova
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Lopez DJ, Hegde S, Whelan M, Dashper S, Tsakos G, Singh A. Trends in social inequalities in early childhood caries using population‐based clinical data. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2022. [PMID: 36424707 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the longitudinal trends in social inequalities in early childhood caries (ECC) using collected population-based data. METHODS Clinical data on children were routinely collected from 2008 to 2019 in Victoria, Australia. ECC prevalence and severity (dmft) were quantified according to Indigenous status, culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) status, concession cardholder status, geographic remoteness and area deprivation. The inverse probability weighting was used to quantify social inequalities in ECC. The weighted prevalence differences, and the ratio between the weighted prevalence of ECC and mean dmft and their 95% confidence interval, were then plotted. RESULTS Absolute inequalities in ECC prevalence increased for children by 7% for CALD status and cardholder status between 2008 and 2019. Likewise, absolute inequalities in ECC severity in this time period increased by 0.6 for CALD status and by 0.4 for cardholder status. Relative inequalities in ECC increased by CALD (ratio: 1.3 to 2.0), cardholder status (1.3 to 2.0) and area deprivation (1.1 to 1.3). Relative inequalities in severity increased by CALD (1.5 to 2.8), cardholder (1.4 to 2.5) or area deprivation (1.3 to 1.5). Although children with Indigenous status experienced inequalities in ECC prevalence and severity, these did not increase on the absolute (ECC: 0.1-0.1 Severity: 1.0-0.1) or relative scale (ECC ratio: 1.3-1.3 Severity ratio: 1.6-1.1). CONCLUSIONS Trends in inequalities in ECC were different according to sociodemographic measures. Oral health policies and interventions must be evaluated on the basis of reducing the prevalence of oral diseases and oral health inequalities between population sub-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego J. Lopez
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Shalika Hegde
- Dental Health Services Victoria Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Martin Whelan
- Dental Health Services Victoria Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Melbourne Dental School University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Georgios Tsakos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London London UK
| | - Ankur Singh
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Melbourne Dental School University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Kabwe M, Dashper S, Tucci J. The Microbiome in Pancreatic Cancer-Implications for Diagnosis and Precision Bacteriophage Therapy for This Low Survival Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:871293. [PMID: 35663462 PMCID: PMC9160434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.871293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the mortality rates for many cancers have decreased due to improved detection and treatments, that of pancreatic cancer remains stubbornly high. The microbiome is an important factor in the progression of many cancers. Greater understanding of the microbiome in pancreatic cancer patients, as well as its manipulation, may assist in diagnosis and treatment of this disease. In this report we reviewed studies that compared microbiome changes in pancreatic cancer patients and non-cancer patients. We then identified which bacterial genera were most increased in relative abundance across the oral, pancreatic, duodenal, and faecal tissue microbiomes. In light of these findings, we discuss the potential for utilising these bacteria as diagnostic biomarkers, as well as their potential control using precision targeting with bacteriophages, in instances where a causal oncogenic link is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwila Kabwe
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph Tucci
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
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6
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Kabwe M, Dashper S, Bachrach G, Tucci J. Bacteriophage manipulation of the microbiome associated with tumour microenvironments-can this improve cancer therapeutic response? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6188389. [PMID: 33765142 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Some cancer treatment failures have been attributed to the tumour microbiota, with implications that microbiota manipulation may improve treatment efficacy. While antibiotics have been used to control bacterial growth, their dysbiotic effects on the microbiome, failure to penetrate biofilms and decreased efficacy due to increasing antimicrobial resistance by bacteria, suggest alternatives are needed. Bacteriophages may provide a precise means for targeting oncobacteria whose relative abundance is increased in tumour tissue microbiomes. Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Prevotella, Parvimonas, and Treponema species are prevalent in tumour tissue microbiomes of some cancers. They may promote cancer growth by dampening immunity, stimulating release of proinflammatory cytokines, and directly interacting with cancer cells to stimulate proliferation. Lytic bacteriophages against some of these oncobacteria have been isolated and characterised. The search continues for others. The possibility exists for their testing as adjuncts to complement existing therapies. In this review, we highlight the role of oncobacteria, specifically those whose relative abundance in the intra-tumour microbiome is increased, and discuss the potential for bacteriophages against these micro-organisms to augment existing cancer therapies. The capacity for bacteriophages to modulate immunity and kill specific bacteria makes them suitable candidates to manipulate the tumour microbiome and negate the effects of these oncobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwila Kabwe
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Sharon St. Bendigo, Victoria 3550, Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston St, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gilad Bachrach
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, PO Box 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Joseph Tucci
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Sharon St. Bendigo, Victoria 3550, Australia
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Mokhtar M, Rismayuddin NAR, Mat Yassim AS, Ahmad H, Abdul Wahab R, Dashper S, Arzmi MH. Streptococcus salivarius K12 inhibits Candida albicans aggregation, biofilm formation and dimorphism. Biofouling 2021; 37:767-776. [PMID: 34425729 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1967334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans causes candidiasis, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Streptococcus salivarius K12 (K12) is a probiotic isolated from a healthy oral cavity. The study aimed to determine the effect of K12 on C. albicans aggregation, biofilm formation and dimorphism. C. albicans ATCC MYA-4901, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) isolate (ALC2), and oral cancer isolate (ALC3) and K12 were used in the study. All C. albicans strains and K12 were grown in yeast peptone dextrose agar and brain heart infusion agar, respectively, prior to aggregation, biofilm and dimorphism assays. Auto-aggregation of C. albicans MYA-4901 and ALC2 was categorised as high, while the co-aggregation of the strains was low in the presence of K12. C. albicans total cell count decreased significantly when co-cultured with K12 compared with monocultured C. albicans biofilm (p < 0.05). Inhibition of yeast-to-hyphae transition was also observed when co-cultured with K12. In conclusion, K12 inhibits C. albicans aggregation, biofilm formation and dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirah Mokhtar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Alia Risma Rismayuddin
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Aini Syahida Mat Yassim
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Hasna Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ridhwan Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Engku Nasrullah Satiman EAF, Ahmad H, Ramzi AB, Abdul Wahab R, Kaderi MA, Wan Harun WHA, Dashper S, McCullough M, Arzmi MH. The role of Candida albicans candidalysin ECE1 gene in oral carcinogenesis. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 49:835-841. [PMID: 32170981 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is associated with many known risk factors including tobacco smoking, chronic alcoholism, poor oral hygiene, unhealthy dietary habits and microbial infection. Previous studies have highlighted Candida albicans host tissue infection as a risk factor in the initiation and progression of oral cancer. C albicans invasion induces several cancerous hallmarks, such as activation of proto-oncogenes, induction of DNA damage and overexpression of inflammatory signalling pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms behind these responses remain unclear. A recently discovered fungal toxin peptide, candidalysin, has been reported as an essential molecule in epithelial damage and host recognition of C albicans infection. Candidalysin has a clear role in inflammasome activation and induction of cell damage. Several inflammatory molecules such as IL-6, IL-17, NLRP3 and GM-CSF have been linked to carcinogenesis. Candidalysin is encoded by the ECE1 gene, which has been linked to virulence factors of C albicans such as adhesion, biofilm formation and filamentation properties. This review discusses the recent epidemiological burden of oral cancer and highlights the significance of the ECE1 gene and the ECE1 protein breakdown product, candidalysin in oral malignancy. The immunological and molecular mechanisms behind oral malignancy induced by inflammation and the role of the toxic fungal peptide candidalysin in oral carcinogenesis are explored. With increasing evidence associating C albicans with oral carcinoma, identifying the possible fungal pathogenicity factors including the role of candidalysin can assist in efforts to understand the link between C albicans infection and carcinogenesis, and pave the way for research into therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engku Anis Fariha Engku Nasrullah Satiman
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia.,Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Hasna Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia.,Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ridhwan Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Arifin Kaderi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Stuart Dashper
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Department of Fundamental Dental & Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
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9
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Arzmi MH, Cirillo N, Lenzo JC, Catmull DV, O'Brien-Simpson N, Reynolds EC, Dashper S, McCullough M. Monospecies and polymicrobial biofilms differentially regulate the phenotype of genotype-specific oral cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:184-193. [PMID: 30428016 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial infection has been shown to involve in oral carcinogenesis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to characterize the growth of oral microorganisms as both monospecies and polymicrobial biofilms and determine the effects of their products on oral keratinocytes. Candida albicans (ALC3), Actinomyces naeslundii (AN) and Streptococcus mutans (SM) biofilms or a combination of these (TRI) were grown in flow-cell system for 24 h. The biofilms were subjected to fluorescent in situ hybridization using species-specific probes and analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The effluent derived from each biofilm was collected and incubated with malignant (H357) and normal (OKF6) oral keratinocytes to assess extracellular matrix adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cytokines expression. Incubation of OKF6 with ALC3 and TRI effluent significantly decreased adhesion of the oral keratinocyte to collagen I, whereas incubation of H357 with similar effluent increased adhesion of the oral keratinocyte to laminin I, significantly when compared with incubation with artificial saliva containing serum-free medium (NE; P < 0.05). In OKF6, changes in E-cadherin and vimentin expression were not consistent with EMT although there was evidence of a mesenchymal to epithelial transition in malignant oral keratinocytes incubated with AN and SM effluent. A significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, particularly interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, was observed when H357 was incubated with all biofilm effluents after 2- and 24-h incubation when compared with NE (P < 0.05). In conclusion, C.albicans, A.naeslundii and S.mutans form polymicrobial biofilms which differentially modulate malignant phenotype of oral keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deanne V Catmull
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil O'Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael McCullough
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Arzmi MH, Dashper S, McCullough M. Polymicrobial interactions of Candida albicans and its role in oral carcinogenesis. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:546-551. [PMID: 31183906 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The oral microbiome is composed of microorganisms residing in the oral cavity, which are critical components of health and disease. Disruption of the oral microbiome has been proven to influence the course of oral diseases, especially among immunocompromised patients. Oral microbiome is comprised of inter-kingdom microorganisms, including yeasts such as Candida albicans, bacteria, archaea and viruses. These microorganisms can interact synergistically, mutualistically and antagonistically, wherein the sum of these interactions dictates the composition of the oral microbiome. For instance, polymicrobial interactions can improve the ability of C albicans to form biofilm, which subsequently increases the colonisation of oral mucosa by the yeast. Polymicrobial interactions of C albicans with other members of the oral microbiome have been reported to enhance the malignant phenotype of oral cancer cells, such as the attachment to extracellular matrix molecules (ECM) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Polymicrobial interactions may also exacerbate an inflammatory response in oral epithelial cells, which may play a role in carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the role of polymicrobial interactions between C albicans and other oral microorganisms, including its role in promoting oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Johnson S, Carpenter L, Amezdroz E, Dashper S, Gussy M, Calache H, de Silva AM, Waters E. Cohort Profile: The VicGeneration (VicGen) study: An Australian oral health birth cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 46:29-30. [PMID: 27143137 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shae Johnson
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren Carpenter
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily Amezdroz
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Gussy
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Hanny Calache
- Dental Health Services Victoria, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea M de Silva
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Applied Oral Health Research, Dental Health Services Victoria, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Waters
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
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Arzmi MH, Alnuaimi AD, Dashper S, Cirillo N, Reynolds EC, McCullough M. Polymicrobial biofilm formation by Candida albicans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Streptococcus mutans is Candida albicans strain and medium dependent. Med Mycol 2016; 54:856-64. [PMID: 27354487 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral biofilms comprise of extracellular polysaccharides and polymicrobial microorganisms. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of polymicrobial interactions of Candida albicans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Streptococcus mutans on biofilm formation with the hypotheses that biofilm biomass and metabolic activity are both C. albicans strain and growth medium dependent. To study monospecific biofilms, C. albicans, A. naeslundii, and S. mutans were inoculated into artificial saliva medium (ASM) and RPMI-1640 in separate vials, whereas to study polymicrobial biofilm formation, the inoculum containing microorganisms was prepared in the same vial prior inoculation into a 96-well plate followed by 72 hours incubation. Finally, biofilm biomass and metabolic activity were measured using crystal violet and XTT assays, respectively. Our results showed variability of monospecies and polymicrobial biofilm biomass between C. albicans strains and growth medium. Based on cut-offs, out of 32, seven RPMI-grown biofilms had high biofilm biomass (HBB), whereas, in ASM-grown biofilms, 14 out of 32 were HBB. Of the 32 biofilms grown in RPMI-1640, 21 were high metabolic activity (HMA), whereas in ASM, there was no biofilm had HMA. Significant differences were observed between ASM and RPMI-grown biofilms with respect to metabolic activity (P <01). In conclusion, biofilm biomass and metabolic activity were both C. albicans strain and growth medium dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ali D Alnuaimi
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael McCullough
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gussy M, Ashbolt R, Carpenter L, Virgo‐Milton M, Calache H, Dashper S, Leong P, de Silva A, de Livera A, Simpson J, Waters E. Natural history of dental caries in very young Australian children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2016; 26:173-83. [PMID: 25967851 PMCID: PMC5347873 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst the global burden of caries is increasing, the trajectory of decay in young children and the point at which prevention should occur has not been well established. AIM To identify the 'natural history' of dental caries in early childhood. DESIGN A birth cohort study was established with 467 mother/child dyads followed at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 36 months of age. Parent-completed surveys captured demographic, social, and behavioural data, and oral examinations provided clinical and data. RESULTS Eight per cent of children (95% confidence interval (CI): 5-12%) at 18 months and 23% (95% CI: 18-28%) at 36 months experienced decay. Interesting lesion behaviour was found between 18 and 36 months, with rapid development of new lesions on sound teeth (70% of teeth, 95% CI: 63-76%) and regression of many lesions from non-cavitated lesions to sound (23% of teeth, 95% CI: 17-30%). Significant associations were found between soft drink consumption and lesion progression. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest optimal time periods for screening and prevention of a disease which significantly impacts multiple health and well-being outcomes across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gussy
- Department of Dentistry and Oral HealthLa Trobe Rural Health SchoolLa Trobe UniversityBendigoVic.Australia,Melbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Rosie Ashbolt
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing ProgramMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Lauren Carpenter
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing ProgramMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Monica Virgo‐Milton
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing ProgramMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Hanny Calache
- Dental Health Services VictoriaCarltonVic.Australia,Melbourne Dental SchoolUniversity of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia,Department of Dentistry and Oral HealthLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research CentreMelbourne Dental SchoolThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Pamela Leong
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing ProgramMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia,Early Life Epigenetics GroupMurdoch Childrens Research InstituteRoyal Childrens HospitalParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Andrea de Silva
- Melbourne Dental SchoolUniversity of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia,Centre for Applied Oral Health ResearchDental Health Services VictoriaCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Alysha de Livera
- Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Julie Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Elizabeth Waters
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing ProgramMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
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Arzmi MH, Dashper S, Catmull D, Cirillo N, Reynolds EC, McCullough M. Coaggregation ofCandida albicans,Actinomyces naeslundiiandStreptococcus mutansisCandida albicansstrain dependent. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov038. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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15
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Dashper S, Mitchell H, Adams G, Reynolds E. Polymicrobial nature of chronic oral disease. Microbiol Aust 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ma15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Gully N, Bright R, Marino V, Marchant C, Cantley M, Haynes D, Butler C, Dashper S, Reynolds E, Bartold M. Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase, a key contributor in the pathogenesis of experimental periodontal disease and experimental arthritis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100838. [PMID: 24959715 PMCID: PMC4069180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the suggested role of Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) in the relationship between the aetiology of periodontal disease and experimentally induced arthritis and the possible association between these two conditions. METHODS A genetically modified PAD-deficient strain of P. gingivalis W50 was produced. The effect of this strain, compared to the wild type, in an established murine model for experimental periodontitis and experimental arthritis was assessed. Experimental periodontitis was induced following oral inoculation with the PAD-deficient and wild type strains of P. gingivalis. Experimental arthritis was induced via the collagen antibody induction process and was monitored by assessment of paw swelling and micro-CT analysis of the radio-carpal joints. Experimental periodontitis was monitored by micro CT scans of the mandible and histological assessment of the periodontal tissues around the mandibular molars. Serum levels of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and P. gingivalis were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS The development of experimental periodontitis was significantly reduced in the presence of the PAD-deficient P. gingivalis strain. When experimental arthritis was induced in the presence of the PAD-deficient strain there was less paw swelling, less erosive bone damage to the joints and reduced serum ACPA levels when compared to the wild type P. gingivalis inoculated group. CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated that a PAD-deficient strain of P. gingivalis was associated with significantly reduced periodontal inflammation. In addition the extent of experimental arthritis was significantly reduced in animals exposed to prior induction of periodontal disease through oral inoculation of the PAD-deficient strain versus the wild type. This adds further evidence to the potential role for P. gingivalis and its PAD in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and exacerbation of arthritis. Further studies are now needed to elucidate the mechanisms which drive these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Gully
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Bright
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Victor Marino
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ceilidh Marchant
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Melissa Cantley
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Haynes
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Butler
- Oral Health Collaborative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Oral Health Collaborative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Reynolds
- Oral Health Collaborative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Bartold
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Liu V, Dashper S, Parashos P, Liu SW, Stanton D, Shen P, Chivatxaranukul P, Reynolds EC. Antibacterial efficacy of casein-derived peptides against Enterococcus faecalis. Aust Dent J 2012; 57:339-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2012.01711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pidot SJ, Porter JL, Tobias NJ, Anderson J, Catmull D, Seemann T, Kidd S, Davies JK, Reynolds E, Dashper S, Stinear TP. Regulation of the 18 kDa heat shock protein in Mycobacterium ulcerans: an alpha-crystallin orthologue that promotes biofilm formation. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:1216-31. [PMID: 21091506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of the debilitating skin disease Buruli ulcer, which is most prevalent in Western and Central Africa. M. ulcerans shares >98% DNA sequence identity with Mycobacterium marinum, however, M. marinum produces granulomatous, but not ulcerative, lesions in humans and animals. Here we report the differential expression of a small heat shock protein (Hsp18) between strains of M. ulcerans (Hsp18(+) ) and M. marinum (Hsp18(-) ) and describe the molecular basis for this difference. We show by gene deletion and GFP reporter assays in M. marinum that a divergently transcribed gene called hspR_2, immediately upstream of hsp18, encodes a MerR-like regulatory protein that represses hsp18 transcription while promoting its own expression. Naturally occurring mutations within a 70 bp segment of the 144 bp hspR_2-hsp18 intergenic region among M. ulcerans strains inhibit hspR_2 transcription and explain the Hsp18(+) phenotype. We also propose a biological role for Hsp18, as we show that this protein significantly enhances bacterial attachment or aggregation during biofilm formation. This study has uncovered a new member of the MerR family of transcriptional regulators and suggests that upregulation of hsp18 expression was an important pathoadaptive response in the evolution of M. ulcerans from a M. marinum-like ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha J Pidot
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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de Silva-Sanigorski AM, Calache H, Gussy M, Dashper S, Gibson J, Waters E. The VicGeneration study--a birth cohort to examine the environmental, behavioural and biological predictors of early childhood caries: background, aims and methods. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:97. [PMID: 20181292 PMCID: PMC2847982 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries (decay) during childhood is largely preventable however it remains a significant and costly public health concern, identified as the most prevalent chronic disease of childhood. Caries in children aged less than five years (early childhood caries) is a rapid and progressive disease that can be painful and debilitating, and significantly increases the likelihood of poor child growth, development and social outcomes. Early childhood caries may also result in a substantial social burden on families and significant costs to the public health system. A disproportionate burden of disease is also experienced by disadvantaged populations. METHODS/DESIGN This study involves the establishment of a birth cohort in disadvantaged communities in Victoria, Australia. Children will be followed for at least 18 months and the data gathered will explore longitudinal relationships and generate new evidence on the natural history of early childhood caries, the prevalence of the disease and relative contributions of risk and protective biological, environmental and behavioural factors. Specifically, the study aims to:1. Describe the natural history of early childhood caries (at ages 1, 6, 12 and 18 months), tracking pathways from early bacterial colonisation, through non-cavitated enamel white spot lesions to cavitated lesions extending into dentine.2. Enumerate oral bacterial species in the saliva of infants and their primary care giver.3. Identify the strength of concurrent associations between early childhood caries and putative risk and protective factors, including biological (eg microbiota, saliva), environmental (fluoride exposure) and socio-behavioural factors (proximal factors such as: feeding practices and oral hygiene; and distal factors such as parental health behaviours, physical health, coping and broader socio-economic conditions).4. Quantify the longitudinal relationships between these factors and the development and progression of early childhood caries from age 1-18 months. DISCUSSION There is currently a lack of research describing the natural history of early childhood caries in very young children, or exploring the interactions between risk and protective factors that extend to include contemporary measures of socio-behavioural factors. This study will generate knowledge about pathways, prevalence and preventive opportunities for early childhood caries, the most prevalent child health inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M de Silva-Sanigorski
- Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Mark Gussy
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, LaTrobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Oral Health CRC, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Jane Gibson
- Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Waters
- Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
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20
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Orth R, O'Brien-Simpson N, Dashper S, Walsh K, Reynolds E. An efficient method for enumerating oral spirochetes using flow cytometry. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 80:123-8. [PMID: 19932718 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spirochetes, such as Treponema denticola, are thin walled, helical, motile bacteria. They are notoriously difficult to enumerate due to their thinness and the difficulties associated with culturing them. Here we have developed a modified oral bacterial growth medium (OBGM) that significantly improves the cultivation of T. denticola compared with a previously published growth medium. Three methods for the enumeration of T. denticola, semi-solid growth medium colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, DNA analysis and flow cytometry, are described and compared. Enumeration of T. denticola using the semi-solid agar method resulted in a positive linear relationship with absorbance of the culture (R(2)=0.9423). However, the semi-solid agar method was found to consistently underestimate (by 50 fold) the T. denticola cell density compared to previously published data. DNA analysis of T. denticola cultures reliably and consistently resulted in a positive linear relationship with absorbance (R(2)=0.9360), giving a calculated cell density of 6.9 x 10(8)cells/mL at an absorbance of 0.2 at 650 nm. Flow cytometry was also found to result in a positive linear relationship with absorbance (R(2)=0.9874), giving a calculated cell density of 6.6 x 10(8)cells/mL at an absorbance of 0.2 at 650 nm. In comparing all of these enumeration methods, the flow cytometry method was found to have distinct advantages, as it is accurate, rapid, and could distinguish between live and dead bacteria. Thus flow cytometry is a recommended means for the rapid and reliable enumeration of viable spirochetes from culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Orth
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, Melbourne Dental School, Australia
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Abstract
Dental caries or tooth decay is one of the most prevalent bacterial infectious diseases of mankind. In recent oral health surveys, more than 60% of Australian teenagers surveyed had experienced the disease and most dentate adults surveyed exhibited multiple teeth affected by caries. Treating the consequences of dental caries accounts for over 50% of the total cost of providing dental services in Australia, which in 1998 was estimated at $2.6 billion. Dental caries is a dynamic process that is initiated by microbial biofilms on the tooth surfaces (dental plaque) resulting in a disturbance of the equilibrium between tooth mineral and the surrounding plaque fluid so that over time there is a net loss of mineral from the tooth surface. This demineralisation of the enamel may ultimately lead to cavitation of the surface of the tooth and once this stage of the disease has been reached only restorative methods (fillings) can be employed to limit the spread of decay and eventual loss of the tooth.
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Jackson CA, Kirszbaum L, Dashper S, Reynolds EC. Cloning, expression and sequence analysis of the genes encoding the heterodimeric methylmalonyl-CoA mutase of Porphyromonas gingivalis W50. Gene 1995; 167:127-32. [PMID: 8566763 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two genes that encode methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) have been characterised in Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 (Pg). The genes, designated mcmA and mcmB are transcribed in an operon and encode the MCM small subunit (SS, 68,626 Da) and the MCM large subunit (LS, 78,703 Da), respectively. A recombinant Escherichia coli (Ec) clone harbouring the Pg mcmA and mcmB genes expressed MCM activity 280-times higher than that of the Ec control. The C terminus of the MCM LS has sequence homology to domains of a variety of enzymes that consume or produce methylmalonyl-CoA, suggesting that the MCM LS C-terminal domain is involved in substrate binding. The MCM LS C-terminal region also exhibits homology to other enzymes that have cobalamin-containing cofactors. It is likely, therefore, that the C terminus of the MCM LS is an important MCM domain involved in both substrate and cofactor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Jackson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Dental Science, University of Melbourne, Australia
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