1
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Puthiyaveetil S, McKenzie SD. Plant photosystem II assembly: TROL2 to the rescue. Mol Plant 2023; 16:1719-1721. [PMID: 37743626 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Steven D McKenzie
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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2
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Agarwal T, Wang X, Mildenhall F, Ibrahim IM, Puthiyaveetil S, Varala K. Chilling stress drives organ-specific transcriptional cascades and dampens diurnal oscillation in tomato. Hortic Res 2023; 10:uhad137. [PMID: 37564269 PMCID: PMC10410299 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Improving chilling tolerance in cold-sensitive crops, e.g. tomato, requires knowledge of the early molecular response to low temperature in these under-studied species. To elucidate early responding processes and regulators, we captured the transcriptional response at 30 minutes and 3 hours in the shoots and at 3 hours in the roots of tomato post-chilling from 24°C to 4°C. We used a pre-treatment control and a concurrent ambient temperature control to reveal that majority of the differential expression between cold and ambient conditions is due to severely compressed oscillation of a large set of diurnally regulated genes in both the shoots and roots. This compression happens within 30 minutes of chilling, lasts for the duration of cold treatment, and is relieved within 3 hours of return to ambient temperatures. Our study also shows that the canonical ICE1/CAMTA-to-CBF cold response pathway is active in the shoots, but not in the roots. Chilling stress induces synthesis of known cryoprotectants (trehalose and polyamines), in a CBF-independent manner, and induction of multiple genes encoding proteins of photosystems I and II. This study provides nuanced insights into the organ-specific response in a chilling sensitive plant, as well as the genes influenced by an interaction of chilling response and the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Agarwal
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaojin Wang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Frederick Mildenhall
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Iskander M Ibrahim
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kranthi Varala
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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3
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Svoboda V, Oung HMO, Koochak H, Yarbrough R, Mckenzie SD, Puthiyaveetil S, Kirchhoff H. Quantification of energy-converting protein complexes in plant thylakoid membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 2023; 1864:148945. [PMID: 36442511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about the exact abundance and ratio of photosynthetic protein complexes in thylakoid membranes is central to understanding structure-function relationships in energy conversion. Recent modeling approaches for studying light harvesting and electron transport reactions rely on quantitative information on the constituent complexes in thylakoid membranes. Over the last decades several quantitative methods have been established and refined, enabling precise stoichiometric information on the five main energy-converting building blocks in the thylakoid membrane: Light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), Photosystem II (PSII), Photosystem I (PSI), cytochrome b6f complex (cyt b6f complex), and ATPase. This paper summarizes a few quantitative spectroscopic and biochemical methods that are currently available for quantification of plant thylakoid protein complexes. Two new methods are presented for quantification of LHCII and the cyt b6f complex, which agree well with established methods. In addition, recent improvements in mass spectrometry (MS) allow deeper compositional information on thylakoid membranes. The comparison between mass spectrometric and more classical protein quantification methods shows similar quantities of complexes, confirming the potential of thylakoid protein complex quantification by MS. The quantitative information on PSII, PSI, and LHCII reveal that about one third of LHCII must be associated with PSI for a balanced light energy absorption by the two photosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Svoboda
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Hui Min Olivia Oung
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Haniyeh Koochak
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Robert Yarbrough
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Steven D Mckenzie
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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4
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Ibrahim IM, Rowden SJL, Cramer WA, Howe CJ, Puthiyaveetil S. Thiol redox switches regulate the oligomeric state of cyanobacterial Rre1, RpaA, and RpaB response regulators. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1533-1543. [PMID: 35353903 PMCID: PMC9321951 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria employ two‐component sensor‐response regulator systems to monitor and respond to environmental challenges. The response regulators RpaA, RpaB, Rre1 and RppA are integral to circadian clock function and abiotic stress acclimation in cyanobacteria. RpaA, RpaB and Rre1 are known to interact with ferredoxin or thioredoxin, raising the possibility of their thiol regulation. Here, we report that Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Rre1, RpaA and RpaB exist as higher‐order oligomers under oxidising conditions and that reduced thioredoxin A converts them to monomers. We further show that these response regulators contain redox‐responsive cysteine residues with an Em7 around −300 mV. These findings suggest a direct thiol modulation of the activity of these response regulators, independent of their cognate sensor kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskander M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Stephen J L Rowden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - William A Cramer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christopher J Howe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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5
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Kayanja GE, Ibrahim IM, Puthiyaveetil S. Regulation of Phaeodactylum plastid gene transcription by redox, light, and circadian signals. Photosynth Res 2021; 147:317-328. [PMID: 33387192 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are a diverse group of photosynthetic unicellular algae with a plastid of red-algal origin. As prolific primary producers in the ocean, diatoms fix as much carbon as all rainforests combined. The molecular mechanisms that contribute to the high photosynthetic productivity and ecological success of diatoms are however not yet fully understood. Using the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, here we show rhythmic transcript accumulation of plastid psaA, psbA, petB, and atpB genes as driven by a free running circadian clock. Treatment with the electron transport inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea overrides the circadian signal by markedly downregulating transcription of psaA, petB, and atpB genes but not the psbA gene. Changes in light quantity produce little change in plastid gene transcription while the effect of light quality seems modest with only the psaA gene responding in a pattern that is dependent on the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. The significance of these plastid transcriptional responses and the identity of the underlying genetic control systems are discussed with relevance to diatom photosynthetic acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert E Kayanja
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Iskander M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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6
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Müh F, van Oort B, Puthiyaveetil S, Kirchhoff H. Reply to: Is the debate over grana stacking formation finally solved? Nat Plants 2021; 7:279-281. [PMID: 33707740 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Müh
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.
| | - Bart van Oort
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Puthiyaveetil S, McKenzie SD, Kayanja GE, Ibrahim IM. Transcription initiation as a control point in plastid gene expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech 2021; 1864:194689. [PMID: 33561560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2021.194689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extensive processing and protein-assisted stabilization of transcripts have been taken as evidence for a viewpoint that the control of gene expression had shifted entirely in evolution from transcriptional in the bacterial endosymbiont to posttranscriptional in the plastid. This suggestion is however at odds with many observations on plastid gene transcription. Chloroplasts of flowering plants and mosses contain two or more RNA polymerases with distinct promoter preference and division of labor for the coordinated synthesis of plastid RNAs. Plant and algal plastids further possess multiple nonredundant sigma factors that function as transcription initiation factors. The controlled accumulation of plastid sigma factors and modification of their activity by sigma-binding proteins and phosphorylation constitute additional transcriptional regulatory strategies. Plant and algal plastids also contain dedicated one- or two-component transcriptional regulators. Transcription initiation thus continues to form a critical control point at which varied developmental and environmental signals intersect with plastid gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Steven D McKenzie
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gilbert E Kayanja
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Iskander M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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8
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Puthiyaveetil S, Ibrahim IM. Redox and light signals in the partitioning of photosynthetic electrons. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.07175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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McKenzie SD, Ibrahim IM, Aryal UK, Puthiyaveetil S. Stoichiometry of protein complexes in plant photosynthetic membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 2020; 1861:148141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Macadlo LA, Ibrahim IM, Puthiyaveetil S. Sigma factor 1 in chloroplast gene transcription and photosynthetic light acclimation. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:1029-1038. [PMID: 31639823 PMCID: PMC6977190 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sigma factors are dissociable subunits of bacterial RNA polymerase that ensure efficient transcription initiation from gene promoters. Owing to their prokaryotic origin, chloroplasts possess a typical bacterial RNA polymerase together with its sigma factor subunit. The higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana contain as many as six sigma factors for the hundred or so of its chloroplast genes. The role of this relatively large number of transcription initiation factors for the miniature chloroplast genome, however, is not fully understood. Using two Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants, we show that sigma factor 1 (SIG1) initiates transcription of a specific subset of chloroplast genes. We further show that the photosynthetic control of PSI reaction center gene transcription requires complementary regulation of the nuclear SIG1 gene at the transcriptional level. This SIG1 gene regulation is dependent on both a plastid redox signal and a light signal transduced by the phytochrome photoreceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Macadlo
- Department of Biochemistry and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Iskander M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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11
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Ibrahim IM, Wu H, Ezhov R, Kayanja GE, Zakharov SD, Du Y, Tao WA, Pushkar Y, Cramer WA, Puthiyaveetil S. An evolutionarily conserved iron-sulfur cluster underlies redox sensory function of the Chloroplast Sensor Kinase. Commun Biol 2020; 3:13. [PMID: 31925322 PMCID: PMC6949291 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic efficiency depends on equal light energy conversion by two spectrally distinct, serially-connected photosystems. The redox state of the plastoquinone pool, located between the two photosystems, is a key regulatory signal that initiates acclimatory changes in the relative abundance of photosystems. The Chloroplast Sensor Kinase (CSK) links the plastoquinone redox signal with photosystem gene expression but the mechanism by which it monitors the plastoquinone redox state is unclear. Here we show that the purified Arabidopsis and Phaeodactylum CSK and the cyanobacterial CSK homologue, Histidine kinase 2 (Hik2), are iron-sulfur proteins. The Fe-S cluster of CSK is further revealed to be a high potential redox-responsive [3Fe-4S] center. CSK responds to redox agents with reduced plastoquinone suppressing its autokinase activity. Redox changes within the CSK iron-sulfur cluster translate into conformational changes in the protein fold. These results provide key insights into redox signal perception and propagation by the CSK-based chloroplast two-component system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskander M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Roman Ezhov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gilbert E Kayanja
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Stanislav D Zakharov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yanyan Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Andy Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - William A Cramer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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12
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Ness J, Naurin S, Effinger K, Stadnytskyi V, Ibrahim IM, Puthiyaveetil S, Cramer WA. Structure‐based control of the rate limitation of photosynthetic electron transport. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2103-2111. [PMID: 31198994 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Ness
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Sejuti Naurin
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | | | | | | | | | - William A. Cramer
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
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13
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Cramer WA, Ness J, Hasan SS, Ehringer K, Naurin S, Stadnytskyi V, Ibrahim IM, Puthiyaveetil S. Structure-Based Change in the Rate-Limiting Step of Photosynthetic Electron Transport. Biophys J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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14
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Koochak H, Puthiyaveetil S, Mullendore DL, Li M, Kirchhoff H. The structural and functional domains of plant thylakoid membranes. Plant J 2019; 97:412-429. [PMID: 30312499 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the stacking of part of the photosynthetic thylakoid membrane generates two main subcompartments: the stacked grana core and unstacked stroma lamellae. However, a third distinct domain, the grana margin, has been postulated but its structural and functional identity remains elusive. Here, an optimized thylakoid fragmentation procedure combined with detailed ultrastructural, biochemical, and functional analyses reveals the distinct composition of grana margins. It is enriched with lipids, cytochrome b6 f complex, and ATPase while depleted in photosystems and light-harvesting complexes. A quantitative method is introduced that is based on Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) and dot immunoblotting for quantifying various photosystem II (PSII) assembly forms in different thylakoid subcompartments. The results indicate that the grana margin functions as a degradation and disassembly zone for photodamaged PSII. In contrast, the stacked grana core region contains fully assembled and functional PSII holocomplexes. The stroma lamellae, finally, contain monomeric PSII as well as a significant fraction of dimeric holocomplexes that identify this membrane area as the PSII repair zone. This structural organization and the heterogeneous PSII distribution support the idea that the stacking of thylakoid membranes leads to a division of labor that establishes distinct membrane areas with specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniyeh Koochak
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Daniel L Mullendore
- Franceschi Microscopy and Imaging Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
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15
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Ibrahim IM, Wang L, Puthiyaveetil S, Krauß N, Nield J, Allen JF. Oligomeric states in sodium ion-dependent regulation of cyanobacterial histidine kinase-2. Protoplasma 2018; 255:937-952. [PMID: 29290041 PMCID: PMC5904244 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) consist of sensor histidine kinases and response regulators. TCSs mediate adaptation to environmental changes in bacteria, plants, fungi and protists. Histidine kinase 2 (Hik2) is a sensor histidine kinase found in all known cyanobacteria and as chloroplast sensor kinase in eukaryotic algae and plants. Sodium ions have been shown to inhibit the autophosphorylation activity of Hik2 that precedes phosphoryl transfer to response regulators, but the mechanism of inhibition has not been determined. We report on the mechanism of Hik2 activation and inactivation probed by chemical cross-linking and size exclusion chromatography together with direct visualisation of the kinase using negative-stain transmission electron microscopy of single particles. We show that the functional form of Hik2 is a higher-order oligomer such as a hexamer or octamer. Increased NaCl concentration converts the active hexamer into an inactive tetramer. The action of NaCl appears to be confined to the Hik2 kinase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskander M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Norbert Krauß
- Botanisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jon Nield
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - John F Allen
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
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16
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Kirchhoff H, Li M, Puthiyaveetil S. Sublocalization of Cytochrome b 6f Complexes in Photosynthetic Membranes. Trends Plant Sci 2017; 22:574-582. [PMID: 28483636 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the majority of energy-converting photosynthetic protein complexes in plant thylakoid membrane are nonhomogenously distributed between stacked and unstacked membrane regions. Yet, the sublocalization of the central cytochrome b6f complex remains controversial. We present a structural model that explains the variation in cytochrome b6f sublocalization data. Small changes in the distance between adjacent membranes in stacked grana regions either allow or restrict access of cytochrome b6f complexes to grana. If the width of the gap falls below a certain threshold, then the steric hindrance prevents cytochrome b6f access to grana. Evidence is presented that the width of stromal gap is variable, demonstrating that the postulated mechanism can regulate the lateral distribution of the cytochrome b6f complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Kirchhoff
- Insitute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Meng Li
- Insitute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Insitute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA; Current address: Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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17
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Puthiyaveetil S, van Oort B, Kirchhoff H. Surface charge dynamics in photosynthetic membranes and the structural consequences. Nat Plants 2017; 3:17020. [PMID: 28263304 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The strict stacking of plant photosynthetic membranes into granal structures plays a vital role in energy conversion. The molecular forces that lead to grana stacking, however, are poorly understood. Here we evaluate the interplay between repulsive electrostatic (Fel) and attractive van der Waals (FvdWaals) forces in grana stacking. In contrast to previous reports, we find that the physicochemical balance between attractive and repulsive forces fully explains grana stacking. Extending the force balance analysis to lateral interactions within the oxygen-evolving photosystem II (PSII)-light harvesting complex II (LHCII) supercomplex reveals that supercomplex stability is very sensitive to Fel changes. Fel is highly dynamic, increasing up to 1.7-fold on addition of negative charges by phosphorylation of grana-hosted proteins. We show that this leads to specific destabilization of the supercomplex, and that changes in Fel have contrasting effects on vertical stacking and lateral intramembrane organization. This enables discrete biological control of these central structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, USA
| | - Bart van Oort
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, USA
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18
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Ibrahim IM, Puthiyaveetil S, Khan C, Allen JF. Probing the nucleotide-binding activity of a redox sensor: two-component regulatory control in chloroplasts. Photosynth Res 2016; 130:93-101. [PMID: 26873738 PMCID: PMC5054060 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-component signal transduction systems mediate adaptation to environmental changes in bacteria, plants, fungi, and protists. Each two-component system consists of a sensor histidine kinase and a response regulator. Chloroplast sensor kinase (CSK) is a modified sensor histidine kinase found in chloroplasts-photosynthetic organelles of plants and algae. CSK regulates the transcription of chloroplast genes in response to changes in photosynthetic electron transport. In this study, the full-length and truncated forms of Arabidopsis CSK proteins were overexpressed and purified in order to characterise their kinase and redox sensing activities. Our results show that CSK contains a modified kinase catalytic domain that binds ATP with high affinity and forms a quinone adduct that may confer redox sensing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskander M Ibrahim
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - John F Allen
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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19
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Ibrahim IM, Puthiyaveetil S, Allen JF. A Two-Component Regulatory System in Transcriptional Control of Photosystem Stoichiometry: Redox-Dependent and Sodium Ion-Dependent Phosphoryl Transfer from Cyanobacterial Histidine Kinase Hik2 to Response Regulators Rre1 and RppA. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:137. [PMID: 26904089 PMCID: PMC4751278 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-component systems (TCSs) are ubiquitous signaling units found in prokaryotes. A TCS consists of a sensor histidine kinase and a response regulator protein as signal transducers. These regulatory systems mediate acclimation to various environmental changes by coupling environmental cues to gene expression. Hik2 is a sensor histidine kinase and its gene is found in all cyanobacteria. Hik2 is the homolog of Chloroplast Sensor Kinase (CSK), a protein involved in redox regulation of chloroplast gene expression during changes in light quality in plants and algae. Here we describe biochemical characterization of the signaling mechanism of Hik2 and its phosphotransferase activity. Results presented here indicate that Hik2 undergoes autophosphorylation on a conserved histidine residue, and becomes rapidly dephosphorylated by the action of response regulators Rre1 and RppA. We also show that the autophosphorylation of Hik2 is specifically inhibited by sodium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskander M. Ibrahim
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham MaritimeKent, UK
| | | | - John F. Allen
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College LondonLondon, UK
- *Correspondence: John F. Allen
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20
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Tietz S, Puthiyaveetil S, Enlow HM, Yarbrough R, Wood M, Semchonok DA, Lowry T, Li Z, Jahns P, Boekema EJ, Lenhert S, Niyogi KK, Kirchhoff H. Functional Implications of Photosystem II Crystal Formation in Photosynthetic Membranes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14091-106. [PMID: 25897076 PMCID: PMC4447980 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.619841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural organization of proteins in biological membranes can affect their function. Photosynthetic thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts have the remarkable ability to change their supramolecular organization between disordered and semicrystalline states. Although the change to the semicrystalline state is known to be triggered by abiotic factors, the functional significance of this protein organization has not yet been understood. Taking advantage of an Arabidopsis thaliana fatty acid desaturase mutant (fad5) that constitutively forms semicrystalline arrays, we systematically test the functional implications of protein crystals in photosynthetic membranes. Here, we show that the change into an ordered state facilitates molecular diffusion of photosynthetic components in crowded thylakoid membranes. The increased mobility of small lipophilic molecules like plastoquinone and xanthophylls has implications for diffusion-dependent electron transport and photoprotective energy-dependent quenching. The mobility of the large photosystem II supercomplexes, however, is impaired, leading to retarded repair of damaged proteins. Our results demonstrate that supramolecular changes into more ordered states have differing impacts on photosynthesis that favor either diffusion-dependent electron transport and photoprotection or protein repair processes, thus fine-tuning the photosynthetic energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Tietz
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Heather M Enlow
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Robert Yarbrough
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Magnus Wood
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Dmitry A Semchonok
- the Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Troy Lowry
- the Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4370
| | - Zhirong Li
- the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-3102, and
| | - Peter Jahns
- the Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Egbert J Boekema
- the Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Lenhert
- the Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4370
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-3102, and
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340,
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21
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Puthiyaveetil S, Woodiwiss T, Knoerdel R, Zia A, Wood M, Hoehner R, Kirchhoff H. Significance of the photosystem II core phosphatase PBCP for plant viability and protein repair in thylakoid membranes. Plant Cell Physiol 2014; 55:1245-54. [PMID: 24793754 PMCID: PMC4184360 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PSII undergoes photodamage, which results in photoinhibition-the light-induced loss of photosynthetic activity. The main target of damage in PSII is the reaction center protein D1, which is buried in the massive 1.4 MDa PSII holocomplex. Plants have evolved a PSII repair cycle that degrades the damaged D1 subunit and replaces it with a newly synthesized copy. PSII core proteins, including D1, are phosphorylated in high light. This phosphorylation is important for the mobilization of photoinhibited PSII from stacked grana thylakoids to the repair machinery in distant unstacked stroma lamellae. It has been recognized that the degradation of the damaged D1 is more efficient after its dephosphorylation by a protein phosphatase. Recently a protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C)-type PSII core phosphatase (PBCP) has been discovered, which is involved in the dephosphorylation of PSII core proteins. Its role in PSII repair, however, is unknown. Using a range of spectroscopic and biochemical techniques, we report that the inactivation of the PBCP gene affects the growth characteristic of plants, with a decreased biomass and altered PSII functionality. PBCP mutants show increased phosphorylation of core subunits in dark and photoinhibitory conditions and a diminished degradation of the D1 subunit. Our results on D1 turnover in PBCP mutants suggest that dephosphorylation of PSII subunits is required for efficient D1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Timothy Woodiwiss
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Ryan Knoerdel
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Ahmad Zia
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Magnus Wood
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Ricarda Hoehner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
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22
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Puthiyaveetil S, Ibrahim IM, Allen JF. Evolutionary rewiring: a modified prokaryotic gene-regulatory pathway in chloroplasts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120260. [PMID: 23754813 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic electron transport regulates chloroplast gene transcription through the action of a bacterial-type sensor kinase known as chloroplast sensor kinase (CSK). CSK represses photosystem I (PS I) gene transcription in PS I light and thus initiates photosystem stoichiometry adjustment. In cyanobacteria and in non-green algae, CSK homologues co-exist with their response regulator partners in canonical bacterial two-component systems. In green algae and plants, however, no response regulator partner of CSK is found. Yeast two-hybrid analysis has revealed interaction of CSK with sigma factor 1 (SIG1) of chloroplast RNA polymerase. Here we present further evidence for the interaction between CSK and SIG1. We also show that CSK interacts with quinone. Arabidopsis SIG1 becomes phosphorylated in PS I light, which then specifically represses transcription of PS I genes. In view of the identical signalling properties of CSK and SIG1 and of their interactions, we suggest that CSK is a SIG1 kinase. We propose that the selective repression of PS I genes arises from the operation of a gene-regulatory phosphoswitch in SIG1. The CSK-SIG1 system represents a novel, rewired chloroplast-signalling pathway created by evolutionary tinkering. This regulatory system supports a proposal for the selection pressure behind the evolutionary stasis of chloroplast genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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23
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Puthiyaveetil S, Kirchhoff H. A phosphorylation map of the photosystem II supercomplex C2S2M2. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:459. [PMID: 24298276 PMCID: PMC3828554 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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24
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Puthiyaveetil S, Ibrahim IM, Allen JF. Oxidation-reduction signalling components in regulatory pathways of state transitions and photosystem stoichiometry adjustment in chloroplasts. Plant Cell Environ 2012; 35:347-59. [PMID: 21554328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
State transitions and photosystem stoichiometry adjustment are two oxidation-reduction (redox)-regulated acclimatory responses in photosynthesis. State transitions are short-term adaptations that, in chloroplasts, involve reversible post-translational modification by phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II (LHC II). Photosystem stoichiometry adjustments are long-term responses involving transcriptional regulation of reaction centre genes. Both responses are initiated by changes in light quality and are regulated by the redox state of plastoquinone (PQ). The LHC II kinase involved in the state 2 transition is a serine/threonine kinase known as STT7 in Chlamydomonas, and as STN7 in Arabidopsis. The phospho-LHC II phosphatase that produces the state 1 transition is a PP2C-type protein phosphatase currently termed both TAP38 and PPH1. In plants and algae, photosystem stoichiometry adjustment is governed by a modified two-component sensor kinase of cyanobacterial origin - chloroplast sensor kinase (CSK). CSK is a sensor of the PQ redox state. Chloroplast sigma factor 1 (SIG1) and plastid transcription kinase (PTK) are the functional partners of CSK in chloroplast gene regulation. We suggest a signalling pathway for photosystem stoichiometry adjustment. The signalling pathways of state transitions and photosystem stoichiometry adjustments are proposed to be distinct, with the two pathways sensing PQ redox state independently of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Queen Mary, University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, London, UK
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25
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Allen JF, de Paula WBM, Puthiyaveetil S, Nield J. A structural phylogenetic map for chloroplast photosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci 2011; 16:645-55. [PMID: 22093371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are cytoplasmic organelles and the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. Advances in structural biology and comparative genomics allow us to identify individual components of the photosynthetic apparatus precisely with respect to the subcellular location of their genes. Here we present outline maps of four energy-transducing thylakoid membranes. The maps for land plants and red and green algae distinguish protein subunits encoded in the nucleus from those encoded in the chloroplast. We find no defining structural feature that is common to all chloroplast gene products. Instead, conserved patterns of gene location are consistent with photosynthetic redox chemistry exerting gene regulatory control over its own rate-limiting steps. Chloroplast DNA carries genes whose expression is placed under this control.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Allen
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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26
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Allen JF, Santabarbara S, Allen CA, Puthiyaveetil S. Discrete redox signaling pathways regulate photosynthetic light-harvesting and chloroplast gene transcription. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26372. [PMID: 22039472 PMCID: PMC3198397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In photosynthesis in chloroplasts, two related regulatory processes balance the actions of photosystems I and II. These processes are short-term, post-translational redistribution of light-harvesting capacity, and long-term adjustment of photosystem stoichiometry initiated by control of chloroplast DNA transcription. Both responses are initiated by changes in the redox state of the electron carrier, plastoquinone, which connects the two photosystems. Chloroplast Sensor Kinase (CSK) is a regulator of transcription of chloroplast genes for reaction centres of the two photosystems, and a sensor of plastoquinone redox state. We asked whether CSK is also involved in regulation of absorbed light energy distribution by phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II (LHC II). Chloroplast thylakoid membranes isolated from a CSK T-DNA insertion mutant and from wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana exhibit similar light- and redox-induced (32)P-labelling of LHC II and changes in 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra, while room-temperature chlorophyll fluorescence emission transients from Arabidopsis leaves are perturbed by inactivation of CSK. The results indicate indirect, pleiotropic effects of reaction centre gene transcription on regulation of photosynthetic light-harvesting in vivo. A single, direct redox signal is transmitted separately to discrete transcriptional and post-translational branches of an integrated cytoplasmic regulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Allen
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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27
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Puthiyaveetil S. A mechanism for regulation of chloroplast LHC II kinase by plastoquinol and thioredoxin. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1717-21. [PMID: 21557941 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
State transitions are acclimatory responses to changes in light quality in photosynthesis. They involve the redistribution of absorbed excitation energy between photosystems I and II. In plants and green algae, this redistribution is produced by reversible phosphorylation of the chloroplast light harvesting complex II (LHC II). The LHC II kinase is activated by reduced plastoquinone (PQ) in photosystem II-specific low light. In high light, when PQ is also reduced, LHC II kinase becomes inactivated by thioredoxin. Based on newly identified amino acid sequence features of LHC II kinase and other considerations, a mechanism is suggested for its redox regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.
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28
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Puthiyaveetil S, Ibrahim IM, Jeličić B, Tomašić A, Fulgosi H, Allen JF. Transcriptional control of photosynthesis genes: the evolutionarily conserved regulatory mechanism in plastid genome function. Genome Biol Evol 2010; 2:888-96. [PMID: 21071627 PMCID: PMC3012001 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evq073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast sensor kinase (CSK) is a bacterial-type sensor histidine kinase found in chloroplasts—photosynthetic plastids—in eukaryotic plants and algae. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we demonstrate recognition and interactions between: CSK, plastid transcription kinase (PTK), and a bacterial-type RNA polymerase sigma factor-1 (SIG-1). CSK interacts with itself, with SIG-1, and with PTK. PTK also interacts directly with SIG-1. PTK has previously been shown to catalyze phosphorylation of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP), suppressing plastid transcription nonspecifically. Phospho-PTK is inactive as a PEP kinase. Here, we propose that phospho-CSK acts as a PTK kinase, releasing PTK repression of chloroplast transcription, while CSK also acts as a SIG-1 kinase, blocking transcription specifically at the gene promoter of chloroplast photosystem I. Oxidation of the photosynthetic electron carrier plastoquinone triggers phosphorylation of CSK, inducing chloroplast photosystem II while suppressing photosystem I. CSK places photosystem gene transcription under the control of photosynthetic electron transport. This redox signaling pathway has its origin in cyanobacteria, photosynthetic prokaryotes from which chloroplasts evolved. The persistence of this mechanism in cytoplasmic organelles of photosynthetic eukaryotes is in precise agreement with the CoRR hypothesis for the function of organellar genomes: the plastid genome and its primary gene products are Co-located for Redox Regulation. Genes are retained in plastids primarily in order for their expression to be subject to this rapid and robust redox regulatory transcriptional control mechanism, whereas plastid genes also encode genetic system components, such as some ribosomal proteins and RNAs, that exist in order to support this primary, redox regulatory control of photosynthesis genes. Plastid genome function permits adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to changing environmental conditions of light quantity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iskander M. Ibrahim
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Branka Jeličić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Tomašić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Fulgosi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - John F. Allen
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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29
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Jurić S, Hazler-Pilepić K, Tomasić A, Lepedus H, Jelicić B, Puthiyaveetil S, Bionda T, Vojta L, Allen JF, Schleiff E, Fulgosi H. Tethering of ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase to thylakoid membranes is mediated by novel chloroplast protein TROL. Plant J 2009; 60:783-94. [PMID: 19682289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Working in tandem, two photosystems in the chloroplast thylakoid membranes produce a linear electron flow from H(2)O to NADP(+). Final electron transfer from ferredoxin to NADP(+) is accomplished by a flavoenzyme ferredoxin:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (FNR). Here we describe TROL (thylakoid rhodanese-like protein), a nuclear-encoded component of thylakoid membranes that is required for tethering of FNR and sustaining efficient linear electron flow (LEF) in vascular plants. TROL consists of two distinct modules; a centrally positioned rhodanese-like domain and a C-terminal hydrophobic FNR binding region. Analysis of Arabidopsis mutant lines indicates that, in the absence of TROL, relative electron transport rates at high-light intensities are severely lowered accompanied with significant increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Thus, TROL might represent a missing thylakoid membrane docking site for a complex between FNR, ferredoxin and NADP(+). Such association might be necessary for maintaining photosynthetic redox poise and enhancement of the NPQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snjezana Jurić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruder Bosković Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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30
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Abstract
Two-component signal transduction, consisting of sensor kinases and response regulators, is the predominant signalling mechanism in bacteria. This signalling system originated in prokaryotes and has spread throughout the eukaryotic domain of life through endosymbiotic, lateral gene transfer from the bacterial ancestors and early evolutionary precursors of eukaryotic, cytoplasmic, bioenergetic organelles—chloroplasts and mitochondria. Until recently, it was thought that two-component systems inherited from an ancestral cyanobacterial symbiont are no longer present in chloroplasts. Recent research now shows that two-component systems have survived in chloroplasts as products of both chloroplast and nuclear genes. Comparative genomic analysis of photosynthetic eukaryotes shows a lineage-specific distribution of chloroplast two-component systems. The components and the systems they comprise have homologues in extant cyanobacterial lineages, indicating their ancient cyanobacterial origin. Sequence and functional characteristics of chloroplast two-component systems point to their fundamental role in linking photosynthesis with gene expression. We propose that two-component systems provide a coupling between photosynthesis and gene expression that serves to retain genes in chloroplasts, thus providing the basis of cytoplasmic, non-Mendelian inheritance of plastid-associated characters. We discuss the role of this coupling in the chronobiology of cells and in the dialogue between nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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31
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Puthiyaveetil S, Kavanagh TA, Cain P, Sullivan JA, Newell CA, Gray JC, Robinson C, van der Giezen M, Rogers MB, Allen JF. The ancestral symbiont sensor kinase CSK links photosynthesis with gene expression in chloroplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:10061-6. [PMID: 18632566 PMCID: PMC2474565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803928105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel, typically prokaryotic, sensor kinase in chloroplasts of green plants. The gene for this chloroplast sensor kinase (CSK) is found in cyanobacteria, prokaryotes from which chloroplasts evolved. The CSK gene has moved, during evolution, from the ancestral chloroplast to the nuclear genomes of eukaryotic algae and green plants. The CSK protein is now synthesised in the cytosol of photosynthetic eukaryotes and imported into their chloroplasts as a protein precursor. In the model higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana, CSK is autophosphorylated and required for control of transcription of chloroplast genes by the redox state of an electron carrier connecting photosystems I and II. CSK therefore provides a redox regulatory mechanism that couples photosynthesis to gene expression. This mechanism is inherited directly from the cyanobacterial ancestor of chloroplasts, is intrinsic to chloroplasts, and is targeted to chloroplast genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- *School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Cain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Sullivan
- *School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Christine A. Newell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; and
| | - John C. Gray
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Colin Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark van der Giezen
- Centre for Eukaryotic Evolutionary Microbiology, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B. Rogers
- Centre for Eukaryotic Evolutionary Microbiology, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Allen
- *School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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32
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Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of chloroplast genes is demonstrated by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). These genes encode apoproteins of the reaction centres of photosystem I and photosystem II. Their transcription is regulated by changes in wavelength of light selectively absorbed by photosystem I and photosystem II, and therefore by the redox state of an electron carrier located between the two photosystems. Chloroplast transcriptional redox regulation is shown to have greater amplitude, and the kinetics of transcriptional changes are more complex, than suggested by previous experiments using only DNA probes in Northern blot experiments. Redox effects on chloroplast transcription appear to be superimposed on an endogenous rhythm of mRNA abundance. The functional significance of these transients in chloroplast gene transcription is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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33
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Abstract
The work of mitochondria and chloroplasts is energy transduction in respiration and photosynthesis. The physico-chemical mechanisms of bioenergetics do not directly involve genes and heredity, and furthermore, redox chemistry is intrinsically mutagenic. Thus the small, functional genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are an oddity. Although extensively sequenced and catalogued, cytoplasmic genomes are still not explained. Genomic lethargy is not the answer. Some genes linger from the bacterial ancestors of these organelles, true, but most have left, and new ones arrive. There is a mounting case for a massive and indiscriminate intracellular gene transfer between organelles and the cell nucleus, with the frequency of relocation being comparable to that of mutation. Nevertheless, a few organellar proteins, all working at the core of bioenergetics, always seem to keep the genes encoding them close at hand. Stability amid flux suggests the invisible hand of selection. Selection for what? There are clues, and the beginnings of experimental support, for the theory that expression of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes is regulated by the function of their gene products. For safe and efficient energy transduction, genes in organelles are in the right place at the right time.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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