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Chutturi M, Gillela S, Yadav SM, Wibowo ES, Sihag K, Rangppa SM, Bhuyar P, Siengchin S, Antov P, Kristak L, Sinha A. A comprehensive review of the synthesis strategies, properties, and applications of transparent wood as a renewable and sustainable resource. Sci Total Environ 2023; 864:161067. [PMID: 36565890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The uncertainties of the environment and the emission levels of nonrenewable resources have compelled humanity to develop sustainable energy savers and sustainable materials. One of the most abundant and versatile bio-based structural materials is wood. Wood has several promising advantages, including high toughness, low thermal conductivity, low density, high Young's modulus, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. Furthermore, while wood has many ecological and structural advantages, it does not meet optical transparency requirements. Transparent wood is ideal for use in various industries, including electronics, packaging, automotive, and construction, due to its high transparency, haze, and environmental friendliness. As a necessary consequence, current research on developing fine wood is summarized in this review. This review begins with an explanation of the history of fine wood. The concept and various synthesis strategies, such as delignification, refractive index measurement methods, and transparent lumber polymerization, are discussed. Approaches and techniques for the characterization of transparent wood are outlined, including microscopic, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Furthermore, the characterization, physical properties, mechanical properties, optical properties, and thermal conductivity of transparent wood are emphasized. Eventually, a brief overview of the various applications of fine wood is presented. The present review summarized the first necessary actions toward future transparent wood applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Chutturi
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad 502279, Telangana, India
| | - Swetha Gillela
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad 502279, Telangana, India
| | - Sumit Manohar Yadav
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad 502279, Telangana, India; Centre of Advanced Materials, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Eko Setio Wibowo
- Research Center for Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation of Indonesia, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; Department of Wood and Paper Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kapil Sihag
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad 502279, Telangana, India
| | - Sanjay Mavinkere Rangppa
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), 10800 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prakash Bhuyar
- International College (MJU-IC), Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), 10800 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lubos Kristak
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Arijit Sinha
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, 234 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Abstract
AbstractThe modification of pristine nanoclay and its application in wood plastic composite (WPC) have been investigated in this paper. Pristine nanoclay was modified using transition metal ion (TMI) which was copper (II) chloride to achieve good dispersion and to improve properties of WPC. The morphology, composition, structure, and thermal stability of TMI-modified nanoclay were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis. The pristine (WPC/MMT) and TMI-modified (WPC/MMT Cu) nanoclay based WPC were made from polypropylene (PP), wood flour (WF), and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) coupling agent. Pristine and modified nanoclay with different concentration (1 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 4 wt% and 5 wt%) were used as a reinforcing filler for WPC. Mechanical, physical, morphological, and thermal properties of the prepared composites were evaluated. Result exhibit that at 1 wt% nanoclay content, the tensile, flexural, and impact strength of WPC/MMT improved by approximately 6%, 4%, and 8%, respectively, compared to WPC without nanoclay. For the WPC/MMT Cu, the improvements in these properties were about 2.6, 2.1 and 3 times higher than the WPC/MMT. The physical and thermal properties also improved by incorporating modified nanoclay in WPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Manohar Yadav
- 1Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 23600 Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Bin Yusoh
- 1Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 23600 Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia
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