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Keshari S, Shavkunov AS, Miao Q, Saha A, Williams CD, Highsmith AM, Pineda JE, Alspach E, Hu KH, Pauken KE, Chen K, Gubin MM. Neoantigen Cancer Vaccines and Different Immune Checkpoint Therapies Each Utilize Both Converging and Distinct Mechanisms that in Combination Enable Synergistic Therapeutic Efficacy. bioRxiv 2024:2023.12.20.570816. [PMID: 38187708 PMCID: PMC10769249 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.570816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The goal of therapeutic cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) is to eliminate cancer by expanding and/or sustaining T cells with anti-tumor capabilities. However, whether cancer vaccines and ICT enhance anti-tumor immunity by distinct or overlapping mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we compared effective therapeutic tumor-specific mutant neoantigen (NeoAg) cancer vaccines with anti-CTLA-4 and/or anti-PD-1 ICT in preclinical models. Both NeoAg vaccines and ICT induce expansion of intratumoral NeoAg-specific CD8 T cells, though the degree of expansion and acquisition of effector activity was much more substantial following NeoAg vaccination. Further, we found that NeoAg vaccines are particularly adept at inducing proliferating and stem-like NeoAg-specific CD8 T cells. Single cell T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing revealed that TCR clonotype expansion and diversity of NeoAg-specific CD8 T cells relates to their phenotype and functional state associated with specific immunotherapies employed. Effective NeoAg vaccines and ICT required both CD8 and CD4 T cells. While NeoAg vaccines and anti-PD-1 affected the CD4 T cell compartment, it was to less of an extent than observed with anti-CTLA-4, which notably induced ICOS+Bhlhe40+ Th1-like CD4 T cells and, when combined with anti-PD-1, a small subset of Th2-like CD4 T cells. Although effective NeoAg vaccines or ICT expanded intratumoral M1-like iNOS+ macrophages, NeoAg vaccines expanded rather than suppressed (as observed with ICT) M2-like CX3CR1+CD206+ macrophages, associated with the vaccine adjuvant. Further, combining NeoAg vaccination with ICT induced superior efficacy compared to either therapy in isolation, highlighting the utility of combining these modalities to eliminate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Keshari
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander S. Shavkunov
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qi Miao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Akata Saha
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charmelle D. Williams
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anna M. Highsmith
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Josué E. Pineda
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elise Alspach
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Hu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The James P. Allison Institute, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristen E. Pauken
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew M. Gubin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Ching-Ju Huang, Zayabaatar E, Wang SM, Keshari S, Peng WH, Kung HN, Lee YH. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-Inoculated GABA-Rich Rice Upregulate Neuropeptide Y to Relieve Psychological Stress through Mediations of GABAB Receptor and Vagus Nerves. BIOL BULL+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022700054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Keshari S, Williams CD, Sanchez ED, Shavkunov AS, Gubin MM. Abstract 1387: High-dimensional analysis of T cell responses to mutant neoantigens and nonmutant antigens in mouse models of melanoma. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Effective cancer immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) [e.g., anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1], is dependent on T cell recognition of tumor antigens presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and leads to durable responses in certain cancer patients. Recent advances have facilitated identification of tumor mutant neoantigens and led to efforts to develop effective personalized neoantigen cancer vaccines. However, little is known about how expression of multiple neoantigens with variable peptide-MHC (pMHC) binding or TCR affinity/avidity affects T cell responses to both discrete neoantigens and shared non-mutant antigens, and if the localization of T cells with distinctive pMHC specificity differs within the tumor. To address this, we genetically introduced multiple combinations of MHC-I and MHC-II neoantigens in the poorly immunogenic Brafv600e Pten-/- Cdkn2a-/- YUMM1.7 (Y1.7) mouse melanoma line that contains a paucity of neoantigens. We expressed neoantigens previously found in a mouse sarcoma line of the same MHC haplotype as Y1.7. The MHC-I neoantigens used were formed by G1254V mutation in Laminin alpha subunit-4 (Lama4) and A506T mutation in the Asparagine-linked glycosylation 8 (Alg8) and the MHC-II neoantigen was formed by A710T mutation in Integrin beta-1 (Itgb1). We generated Y1.7 lines expressing minigenes for mLama4, mAlg8, or mLama4 + mAlg8 MHC-I neoantigens. All three lines also expressed the mItgb1 MHC-II neoantigen. Whereas ICT-treated mice bearing the parental Y1.7 melanoma line showed rapid tumor growth, modified Y1.7 lines expressing mLama4 and/or mAlg8 plus mItgb1 were rendered sensitive to ICT. Tumors expressing mLama4 and/or mAlg8 contained mLama4- and/or mAlg8-specific CD8+ T cells, respectively. Preliminary analysis revealed expression of either MHC-I neoantigen alters the frequency of CD8+ T cells specific for non-mutant endogenous antigens in Y1.7. Interestingly, therapeutic synthetic long-peptide (SLP) vaccines incorporating mLama4 and/or mAlg8 neoantigens plus poly I:C induced tumor rejection comparable to ICT. Moreover, SLP vaccines amplified intratumoral mLama4- and mAlg8-specific CD8+ T cells, as well as in tumor-draining lymph nodes, where these neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells were found to express IFN-γ. During either vaccination or ICT, CD8+ T cell response to mLama4 was higher than that to mAlg8 when both neoantigens were co-expressed. Altogether, these melanoma models will enable us to determine whether expression of one or more MHC-I neoantigens influences CD8+ T cell responses to both distinct neoantigens and non-mutant antigens (e.g., gp100, Trp2) during ICT and SLP vaccination. Furthermore, high-dimensional analyses approaches including scRNA-seq. and CODEX imaging are ongoing and will facilitate development of improved immunotherapies and may help uncover novel biomarkers of response.
Citation Format: Sunita Keshari, Charmelle D. Williams, Elizabeth D. Sanchez, Alexander S. Shavkunov, Matthew M. Gubin. High-dimensional analysis of T cell responses to mutant neoantigens and nonmutant antigens in mouse models of melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1387.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Keshari
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Shavkunov AS, Salmon AJ, Miao Q, Keshari S, Williams CD, Pineda JE, Chen K, Edelson BT, Gubin MM. Abstract 1365: BHLHE40 orchestrates remodeling of the intratumoral immune cell populations in response to immune checkpoint therapy. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The success of immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) in generating durable clinical responses is remarkable but not all cancer patients respond for reasons that are incompletely understood. In our previous studies of immune responses to ICT in the mouse T3 sarcoma model, we found strong upregulation of the BHLHE40 transcription factor in a number of immune cell populations. It was particularly prominent in the tumor antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, which are crucial for ICT-induced tumor rejection and elimination. We used global and cell-type specific Bhlhe40 knockout (KO) mice to investigate its role in tumor rejection. Both global Bhlhe40-/- and CD4-Cre+ Bhlhe40f/f (CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-specific Bhlhe40 deletion) mice bearing the 1956 methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma line failed to respond to either anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 ICT, in stark contrast to wild type (WT) mice. At the same time, Bhlhe40 deletion in macrophages and granulocytes (LysM-Cre+ Bhlhe40f/f mice) did not have an apparent effect on ICT-mediated tumor rejection. To gain insight into the functional changes orchestrated by BHLHE40 in response to ICT, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to analyze the transcriptional profiles of the CD45+ tumor-infiltrating immune cells from 1956 tumor-bearing Bhlhe40+/+ and Bhlhe40-/- mice treated with control, anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 mAb. While no major changes in the relative fractions of effector T cell clusters were observed, ICT induced BHLHE40-dependent remodeling within individual CD4+ and CD8+ clusters. Most notably, Bhlhe40-/- mice were strongly deficient in ICT-induced Ifng expression by CD8+ T cells, with intracellular cytokine staining revealing low IFNγ production by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. GSEA and Ingenuity Pathway analysis indicated changes in energy metabolism, hypoxia adaptation, NF-κB signaling, IFNγ response, and actin cytoskeleton remodeling in a number of Bhlhe40-/- T cell clusters. This was accompanied by upregulation of the inhibitory receptor Tigit mRNA, altered expression of chemokine/chemokine receptor genes, as well as granzyme gene family members. In addition to changes in the transcriptional profile shared between anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 treatments, each checkpoint inhibitor induced its own specific alterations both in WT and KO mice. Analysis of macrophage populations also revealed a notable difference between Bhlhe40+/+ and Bhlhe40-/- mice. The shift of macrophages from the CX3CR1+ CD206+ to the iNOS+ phenotype, typically observed during effective ICT, was dramatically reduced in the Bhlhe40-/- mice, which was confirmed by flow cytometry. Our results provide the basis for understanding the role of BHLHE40 in the ICT-induced tumor rejection, the pathways and effector mechanisms under its control, and the potential ways for therapeutic targeting of this regulatory network to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
Citation Format: Alexander S. Shavkunov, Avery J. Salmon, Qi Miao, Sunita Keshari, Charmelle D. Williams, Josué E. Pineda, Ken Chen, Brian T. Edelson, Matthew M. Gubin. BHLHE40 orchestrates remodeling of the intratumoral immune cell populations in response to immune checkpoint therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1365.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qi Miao
- 1UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | - Ken Chen
- 1UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Salmon AJ, Shavkunov AS, Miao Q, Jarjour NN, Keshari S, Esaulova E, Williams CD, Ward JP, Highsmith AM, Pineda JE, Taneja R, Chen K, Edelson BT, Gubin MM. BHLHE40 Regulates the T-Cell Effector Function Required for Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling and Immune Checkpoint Therapy Efficacy. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:597-611. [PMID: 35181783 PMCID: PMC9164498 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) using antibody blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) can provoke T cell-dependent antitumor activity that generates durable clinical responses in some patients. The epigenetic and transcriptional features that T cells require for efficacious ICT remain to be fully elucidated. Herein, we report that anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 ICT induce upregulation of the transcription factor BHLHE40 in tumor antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and that T cells require BHLHE40 for effective ICT in mice bearing immune-edited tumors. Single-cell RNA sequencing of intratumoral immune cells in BHLHE40-deficient mice revealed differential ICT-induced immune cell remodeling. The BHLHE40-dependent gene expression changes indicated dysregulated metabolism, NF-κB signaling, and IFNγ response within certain subpopulations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Intratumoral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from BHLHE40-deficient mice exhibited higher expression of the inhibitory receptor gene Tigit and displayed alterations in expression of genes encoding chemokines/chemokine receptors and granzyme family members. Mice lacking BHLHE40 had reduced ICT-driven IFNγ production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and defects in ICT-induced remodeling of macrophages from a CX3CR1+CD206+ subpopulation to an iNOS+ subpopulation that is typically observed during effective ICT. Although both anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 ICT in BHLHE40-deficient mice led to the same outcome-tumor outgrowth-several BHLHE40-dependent alterations were specific to the ICT that was used. Our results reveal a crucial role for BHLHE40 in effective ICT and suggest that BHLHE40 may be a predictive or prognostic biomarker for ICT efficacy and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery J Salmon
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alexander S Shavkunov
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qi Miao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nicholas N Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sunita Keshari
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ekaterina Esaulova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Charmelle D Williams
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey P Ward
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Anna M Highsmith
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Josué E Pineda
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Healthy Longevity Translation Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew M Gubin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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6
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Williams C, Shavkunov A, Keshari S, Salmon A, Highsmith A, Pineda J, Gubin M. Defining the cooperation between T cell responses to MHC-I and MHC-II melanoma neoantigens towards developing effective personalized cancer immunotherapies. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.180.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) (e.g. anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1) enables durable T-cell dependent anti-tumor immunity in patients with solid tumors. Since not all patients respond to ICT, this work aims at developing a more in-depth understanding of T-cell responses to MHC class I (MHC-I) and MHC class II (MHC-II) tumor antigens that occur as a consequence of aberrant expression of non-mutant antigens or driver and passenger mutations that form tumor neoantigens. We used a poorly immunogenic Brafv600e Pten−/−Cdkn2a−/− YUMM1.7 (Y1.7) murine melanoma line that with a paucity of endogenous neoantigens that is unresponsive to ICT, and introduced model neoantigens previously identified in a murine sarcoma tumor line expressing the same MHC haplotype as the Y1.7 line. The MHC-I neoantigen used was formed by a G1254V point mutation in the Laminin alpha subunit-4 (Lama4) and the MHC-II neoantigen was formed by an A710T point mutation in Integrin beta-1 (Itgb1). Anti-CTLA-4-treated mice bearing the parental Y1.7 melanoma displayed progressive tumor growth, whereas the modified Y1.7 line expressing mLama4 and mItgb1 (Y1.7.mLama4.mItgb1) was rendered sensitive to ICT. Preliminary data showed that anti-CTLA-4 treated Y1.7.mLama4.mItgb1 tumors reject in mice in a CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell-dependent manner. Additionally, intratumoral mLama4-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in anti-CTLA-4-treated Y1.7.mLama4.mItgb1 melanoma bearing mice. Overall this model will allow us to better understand T cell mediated anti-tumor responses to both MHC-I and MHC-II neoantigens, as well as shared, non-mutant melanoma antigens (e.g. Pmel/GP100 and Trp2), which may facilitate development of improved neoantigen-based personalized immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmelle Williams
- 1Department of Immunology, The Univ. of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Ctr. UTHealth Grad. Sch. of Biomed. Sci
| | | | | | - Avery Salmon
- 1Department of Immunology, The Univ. of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Ctr. UTHealth Grad. Sch. of Biomed. Sci
| | | | - Josue Pineda
- 1Department of Immunology, The Univ. of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Ctr. UTHealth Grad. Sch. of Biomed. Sci
| | - Matthew Gubin
- 2Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Ctr
- 3MD Anderson Cancer Ctr
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Marito S, Keshari S, Traisaeng S, My DTT, Balasubramaniam A, Adi P, Hsieh MF, Herr DR, Huang CM. Electricity-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis counteracts Cutibacterium acnes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12001. [PMID: 34099817 PMCID: PMC8184966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) ATCC 12228 was incubated with 2% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-8 Laurate to yield electricity which was measured by a voltage difference between electrodes. Production of electron was validated by a Ferrozine assay. The anti-Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) activity of electrogenic S. epidermidis was assessed in vitro and in vivo. The voltage change (~ 4.4 mV) reached a peak 60 min after pipetting S. epidermidis plus 2% PEG-8 Laurate onto anodes. The electricity produced by S. epidermidis caused significant growth attenuation and cell lysis of C. acnes. Intradermal injection of C. acnes and S. epidermidis plus PEG-8 Laurate into the mouse ear considerably suppressed the growth of C. acnes. This suppressive effect was noticeably reversed when cyclophilin A of S. epidermidis was inhibited, indicating the essential role of cyclophilin A in electricity production of S. epidermidis against C. acnes. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that skin S. epidermidis, in the presence of PEG-8 Laurate, can mediate cyclophilin A to elicit an electrical current that has anti-C. acnes effects. Electricity generated by S. epidermidis may confer immediate innate immunity in acne lesions to rein in the overgrowth of C. acnes at the onset of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinta Marito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sunita Keshari
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Do Thi Tra My
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Arun Balasubramaniam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Prakoso Adi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fa Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Kao HJ, Wang YH, Keshari S, Yang JJ, Simbolon S, Chen CC, Huang CM. Propionic acid produced by Cutibacterium acnes fermentation ameliorates ultraviolet B-induced melanin synthesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11980. [PMID: 34099789 PMCID: PMC8184931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet irradiation induces melanin accumulation, which can be reduced by the use of chemical whitening products. However, the associated safety concerns of such products have prompted the search for natural and harmless alternatives. This study aimed to identify a natural acidic formulation to reduce skin pigmentation. The metabolite propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH, PA) was the most abundant fatty acid in the filtrate from Pluronic F68 (PF68) fermentation of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and reduced the DOPA-positive melanocytes by significantly inhibiting cellular tyrosinase activity via binding to the free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2). Moreover, 4 mM PA treatment did not alter melanocyte proliferation, indicating that it is an effective solution for hyperpigmentation, causing no cellular damage. The reduced DOPA-positive melanocytes and tyrosinase activity were also observed in mice ear skin tissue injected with a mixture of C. acnes and PF68, supporting that the inhibition of melanogenesis is likely to be mediated through fermentation metabolites from C. acnes fermentation using PF68 as a carbon source. Additionally, PA did not affect the growth of its parent bacteria C. acnes, hence is a potent fermentation metabolite that does not disrupt the balance of the skin microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jou Kao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongda Rd, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 32001, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yan-Han Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sunita Keshari
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - John Jackson Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shinta Simbolon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongda Rd, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 32001, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Chuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongda Rd, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 32001, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongda Rd, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 32001, Taiwan, ROC.
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Negari IP, Keshari S, Huang CM. Probiotic Activity of Staphylococcus epidermidis Induces Collagen Type I Production through FFaR2/p-ERK Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031414. [PMID: 33572500 PMCID: PMC7866835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type I is a key structural component of dermis tissue and is produced by fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix. The skin aging process, which is caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors, such as natural aging or free radical exposure, greatly reduces collagen expression, thereby leading to obstructed skin elasticity. We investigated the effective fermentation of Cetearyl isononanoate (CIN), a polyethylene glycol (PEG) analog, as a carbon source with the skin probiotic bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis (S.epidermidis) or butyrate, as their fermentation metabolites could noticeably restore collagen expression through phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (p-ERK) activation in mouse fibroblast cells and skin. Both the in vitro and in vivo knockdown of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) or free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFaR2) considerably blocked the probiotic effect of S. epidermidis on p-ERK-induced collagen type I induction. These results demonstrate that butyric acid (BA) in the metabolites of fermenting skin probiotic bacteria mediates FFaR2 to induce the synthesis of collagen through p-ERK activation. We hereby imply that metabolites from the probiotic S. epidermidis fermentation of CIN as a potential carbon source could restore impaired collagen in the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM), providing integrity and elasticity to skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Putri Negari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Sunita Keshari
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-422-7151 (ext. 36101); Fax: +886-3-425-3427
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Balasubramaniam A, Adi P, Tra My DT, Keshari S, Sankar R, Chen CL, Huang CM. Repurposing INCI-registered compounds as skin prebiotics for probiotic Staphylococcus epidermidis against UV-B. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21585. [PMID: 33299009 PMCID: PMC7725810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Repurposing existing compounds for new indications may facilitate the discovery of skin prebiotics which have not been well defined. Four compounds that have been registered by the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) were included to study their abilities to induce the fermentation of Staphylococcusepidermidis (S. epidermidis), a bacterial species abundant in the human skin. Liquid coco-caprylate/caprate (LCC), originally used as an emollient, effectively initiated the fermentation of S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, produced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and provoked robust electricity. Application of LCC plus electrogenic S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 on mouse skin significantly reduced ultraviolet B (UV-B)-induced injuries which were evaluated by the formation of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), and skin lesions. A S. epidermidis S2 isolate with low expressions of genes encoding pyruvate dehydrogenase (pdh), and phosphate acetyltransferase (pta) was found to be poorly electrogenic. The protective action of electrogenic S. epidermidis against UV-B-induced skin injuries was considerably suppressed when mouse skin was applied with LCC in combination with a poorly electrogenic S. epidermidis S2 isolate. Exploring new indication of LCC for promoting S. epidermidis against UV-B provided an example of repurposing INCI-registered compounds as skin prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Balasubramaniam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Prakoso Adi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Do Thi Tra My
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sunita Keshari
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Raman Sankar
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lung Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Landseed International Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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11
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Marito S, Keshari S, Huang CM. PEG-8 Laurate Fermentation of Staphylococcus epidermidis Reduces the Required Dose of Clindamycin Against Cutibacterium acnes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145103. [PMID: 32707723 PMCID: PMC7404057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The probiotic activity of skin Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) bacteria can elicit diverse biological functions via the fermentation of various carbon sources. Here, we found that polyethylene glycol (PEG)-8 Laurate, a carbon-rich molecule, can selectively induce the fermentation of S. epidermidis, not Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), a bacterium associated with acne vulgaris. The PEG-8 Laurate fermentation of S. epidermidis remarkably diminished the growth of C. acnes and the C. acnes-induced production of pro-inflammatory macrophage-inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) cytokines in mice. Fermentation media enhanced the anti-C. acnes activity of a low dose (0.1%) clindamycin, a prescription antibiotic commonly used to treat acne vulgaris, in terms of the suppression of C. acnes colonization and MIP-2 production. Furthermore, PEG-8 Laurate fermentation of S. epidermidis boosted the activity of 0.1% clindamycin to reduce the sizes of C. acnes colonies. Our results demonstrated, for the first time, that the PEG-8 Laurate fermentation of S. epidermidis displayed the adjuvant effect on promoting the efficacy of low-dose clindamycin against C. acnes. Targeting C. acnes by lowering the required doses of antibiotics may avoid the risk of creating drug-resistant C. acnes and maintain the bacterial homeostasis in the skin microbiome, leading to a novel modality for the antibiotic treatment of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinta Marito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Sunita Keshari
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-422-7151 (ext. 36101); Fax: +886-3-425-3427
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12
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Balasubramaniam A, Keshari S, Adi P, Huang CM. Abstract B22: The human skin bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis ameliorates UVB-induced free radicals through reduction of labile iron. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.mvc2020-b22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
UVB-induced skin damage results in various inflammatory disorders through the induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that quickly inundate tissue antioxidants and chronic disorders; in severe cases it can lead to skin cancer. We investigated efficacies of human skin commensal bacteria S. epidermidis (ATCC12228) with glycerol, which on fermentation produces electrons. In vivo affirmation on ICR mice has confirmed the antioxidative role of topically applied S. epidermidis with glycerol against UVB irradiation and maintained sufficient expression of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), a major biomarker for lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Upon UVB irradiation in keratinocyte cell lines treated with glycerol mediated S. epidermidis fermentation product show the reduced intracellular oxidative stress. S. epidermidis or glycerol alone in In vivo topical application in mice skin and in vitro fermentation product treatment in keratinocytes does not influence the level of oxidative stress. Further electrochemical behavior of glycerol mediated S. epidermidis fermented medium found to produce electron transfer; this result suggests the electrogenic and antioxidant property of S. epidermidis. The electrons produced by S. epidermidis fermentation product initiate reduction of free radicals by converting toxic Fe3+ (ferric ion) back to nontoxic Fe2+ (ferrous ion); thereby it terminates Fenton’s reaction and maintains iron hemostasis. The novel pathway linking electrons produced by probiotic skin bacteria and iron metabolism has been further analyzed.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference.
Citation Format: Arun Balasubramaniam, Sunita Keshari, Prakaso Adi, Chun-Ming Huang. The human skin bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis ameliorates UVB-induced free radicals through reduction of labile iron [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Microbiome, Viruses, and Cancer; 2020 Feb 21-24; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(8 Suppl):Abstract nr B22.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Prakaso Adi
- National Central University, Zhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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13
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Kumar M, Myagmardoloonjin B, Keshari S, Negari IP, Huang CM. 5-methyl Furfural Reduces the Production of Malodors by Inhibiting Sodium l-lactate Fermentation of Staphylococcus epidermidis: Implication for Deodorants Targeting the Fermenting Skin Microbiome. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7080239. [PMID: 31387211 PMCID: PMC6723266 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) is a common bacterial colonizer on the surface of human skin. Lactate is a natural constituent of skin. Here, we reveal that S. epidermidis used sodium l-lactate as a carbon source to undergo fermentation and yield malodors detected by gas colorimetric tubes. Several furan compounds such as furfural originating from the fermentation metabolites play a role in the negative feedback regulation of the fermentation process. The 5-methyl furfural (5MF), a furfural analog, was selected as an inhibitor of sodium l-lactate fermentation of S. epidermidis via inhibition of acetolactate synthase (ALS). S. epidermidis treated with 5MF lost its ability to produce malodors, demonstrating the feasibility of using 5MF as an ingredient in deodorants targeting malodor-causing bacteria in the skin microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320009, Taiwan
| | | | - Sunita Keshari
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 320009, Taiwan
| | - Indira Putri Negari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320009, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320009, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 320009, Taiwan.
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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14
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Keshari S, Sipayung AD, Hsieh CC, Su LJ, Chiang YR, Chang HC, Yang WC, Chuang TH, Chen CL, Huang CM. IL-6/p-BTK/p-ERK signaling mediates calcium phosphate-induced pruritus. FASEB J 2019; 33:12036-12046. [PMID: 31365830 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900016rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Uremic pruritus with elevated levels of calcium phosphate (CaP) in skin is a common symptom in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, we demonstrate that intradermal injection of CaP into mice triggered scratching by up-regulating the IL-6 in skin and phosphorylation of ERKs in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in a dose-dependent manner. IL-6 is essential because the CaP-induced up-regulation of phosphorylated (p)-ERK in DRG was considerably reduced in the IL-6 knockout mice. Microarray analysis in conjunction with real-time PCR revealed a higher mRNA expression of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene in DRG after CaP injection. The inhibition of BTK by ibrutinib noticeably diminish the CaP-induced up-regulation of IL-6 and p-ERK in mice. A high amount of IL-6 was detected in itchy skin and blood of patients with CKD. The expressions of p-BTK and p-ERK in DRG primary cells reached maximum levels at 1 and 10 min, respectively, after treatment of recombinant IL-6 and were significantly reduced by treatment of IL-6 along with ibrutinib. The mechanism by which the CaP-induced pruritus mediated by the IL-6/p-BTK/p-ERK signaling was revealed.-Keshari, S., Sipayung, A. D., Hsieh, C.-C., Su, L.-J., Chiang, Y.-R., Chang, H.-C., Yang, W.-C., Chuang, T.-H., Chen, C.-L., Huang, C.-M. IL-6/p-BTK/p-ERK signaling mediates calcium phosphate-induced pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Keshari
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Ching-Chuan Hsieh
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jen Su
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Wu-Chang Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lung Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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15
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Keshari S, Kumar M, Balasubramaniam A, Chang TW, Tong Y, Huang CM. Prospects of acne vaccines targeting secreted virulence factors of Cutibacterium acnes. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:433-437. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1593830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Keshari
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Arun Balasubramaniam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun Tong
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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16
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Kumari K, Keshari S, Sengupta D, Sabat SC, Mishra SK. Transcriptome analysis of genes associated with breast cancer cell motility in response to Artemisinin treatment. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:858. [PMID: 29246124 PMCID: PMC5732364 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Well-known anti-malarial drug artemisinin exhibits potent anti-cancerous activities. In-vivo and in-vitro studies showed its anti-tumor and immunomodulatory properties signifying it as a potent drug candidate for study. The studies of mechanisms of cell movement are relevant which can be understood by knowing the involvement of genes in an effect of a drug. Although cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative activity of artemisinin is evident, the genes participating in its anti-migratory and reduced invasive effect are not well studied. The present study reports the alteration in the expression of 84 genes involved in cell motility upon artemisinin treatment in MCF-7 breast cancer cells using pathway focused gene expression PCR array. In addition, the effect of artemisinin on epigenetic modifier HDACs is studied. Methods We checked the functional stimulus of artemisinin on cell viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis in breast cancerous cell lines. Using qRT-PCR and western blot, we validated the altered expression of relevant genes associated with proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and mammary gland development. Results Artemisinin inhibited cell proliferation of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells with fewer efficacies in comparison to estrogen receptor positive ones. At the same time, cell viability and proliferation of normal breast epithelial MCF10A cells was un-affected. Artemisinin strongly inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion. Along with orphan nuclear receptors (ERRα, ERRβ and ERRγ), artemisinin altered the ERα/ERβ/PR/Her expression status of MCF-7 cells. The expression of genes involved in the signaling pathways associated with proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis was significantly altered which cooperatively resulted into reduced growth promoting activities of breast cancer cells. Interestingly, artemisinin exhibited inhibitory effect on histone deacetylases (HDACs). Conclusions Upregulated expression of tumor suppressor genes along with reduced expression of oncogenes significantly associated with growth stimulating signaling pathways in response to artemisinin treatment suggests its efficacy as an effective drug in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Kumari
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (Government of India), Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | | | | | - Surendra C Sabat
- Molecular biology of abiotic stress, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Sandip K Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (Government of India), Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India.
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17
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Chaudhary S, Madhukrishna B, Adhya AK, Keshari S, Mishra SK. Overexpression of caspase 7 is ERα dependent to affect proliferation and cell growth in breast cancer cells by targeting p21(Cip). Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e219. [PMID: 27089142 PMCID: PMC4848833 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase 7 (CASP7) expression has important function during cell cycle progression and cell growth in certain cancer cells and is also involved in the development and differentiation of dental tissues. However, the function of CASP7 in breast cancer cells is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of CASP7 in breast carcinoma patients and determine the role of CASP7 in regulating tumorigenicity in breast cancer cells. In this study, we show that the CASP7 expression is high in breast carcinoma tissues compared with normal counterpart. The ectopic expression of CASP7 is significantly associated with ERα expression status and persistently elevated in different stages of the breast tumor grades. High level of CASP7 expression showed better prognosis in breast cancer patients with systemic endocrine therapy as observed from Kaplan–Meier analysis. S3 and S4, estrogen responsive element (ERE) in the CASP7 promoter, is important for estrogen-ERα-mediated CASP7 overexpression. Increased recruitment of p300, acetylated H3 and pol II in the ERE region of CASP7 promoter is observed after hormone stimulation. Ectopic expression of CASP7 in breast cancer cells results in cell growth and proliferation inhibition via p21Cip reduction, whereas small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated reduction of CASP7 rescued p21Cip levels. We also show that pro- and active forms of CASP7 is located in the nucleus apart from cytoplasmic region of breast cancer cells. The proliferation and growth of breast cancer cells is significantly reduced by broad-spectrum peptide inhibitors and siRNA of CASP7. Taken together, our findings show that CASP7 is aberrantly expressed in breast cancer and contributes to cell growth and proliferation by downregulating p21Cip protein, suggesting that targeting CASP7-positive breast cancer could be one of the potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chaudhary
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Gene Function and Regulation group, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - B Madhukrishna
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Gene Function and Regulation group, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - A K Adhya
- Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT Rd, Chandaka Industrial Estate, Patia, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India
| | - S Keshari
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Gene Function and Regulation group, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - S K Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Gene Function and Regulation group, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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18
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Kumar V, Kishore K, Palit A, Keshari S, Sharma MC, Das VN, Shivakumar S, Roy MS, Sinha NK, Prasad M, Kar SK. Vectorial efficacy of Phlebotomus argentipes in Kala-azar endemic foci of Bihar (India) under natural and artificial conditions. J Commun Dis 2001; 33:102-9. [PMID: 12170928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Ability of Phlebotomus argentipes to acquire Leishmania donovani the causative agent of Indian Kala-azar was evaluated in the laboratory. Flies were fed artificially on infected blood suspensions, using a chick-skin-membrane feeding apparatus, and naturally on Leishmania donovani infected mice. In addition flies collected from different endemic areas were dissected and examined for natural infection. Flies fed on infected mice showed significantly higher feeding rate (14.4%, p < 0.01) compared to that of other experiments (9%, 8.75%) but the percentage of infection was very low (2.43%). No Chi-square comparison was made between infection rate and feeding rate because of low value in infection rate (less than 5). Flies dissected for natural infection showed only 0.1% infection. Not much difference was observed in the intensity of Leishmania donovani infection in the mid gut of sandflies examined from any of these experiments. These observations have confirmed that Phlebotomus argentipes has ability to acquire infection and it provides the final piece of evidence that Phlebotomus argentipes is the vector of Leishmania donovani in Bihar State.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, (ICMR), Patna, Bihar
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