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Channasanon S, Kaewkong P, Chantaweroad S, Tesavibul P, Pratumwal Y, Otarawanna S, Kirihara S, Tanodekaew S. Scaffold geometry and computational fluid dynamics simulation supporting osteogenic differentiation in dynamic culture. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024; 27:587-598. [PMID: 37014922 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2195961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Geometry of porous scaffolds is critical to the success of cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation in bone tissue engineering. In this study, the effect of scaffold geometry on osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts in a perfusion bioreactor was investigated. Three geometries of oligolactide-HA scaffolds, named Woodpile, LC-1000, and LC-1400, were fabricated with uniform pore size distribution and interconnectivity using stereolithography (SL) technique, and tested to evaluate for the most suitable scaffold geometry. Compressive tests revealed sufficiently high strength of all scaffolds to support new bone formation. The LC-1400 scaffold showed the highest cell proliferation in accordance with the highest level of osteoblast-specific gene expression after 21 days of dynamic culture in a perfusion bioreactor; however, it deposited less amount of calcium than the LC-1000 scaffold. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was employed to predict and explain the effect of flow behavior on cell response under dynamic culture. The findings concluded that appropriate flow shear stress enhanced cell differentiation and mineralization in the scaffold, with the LC-1000 scaffold performing best due to its optimal balance between permeability and flow-induced shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pakkanun Kaewkong
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klongluang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Surapol Chantaweroad
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klongluang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Passakorn Tesavibul
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klongluang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Yotsakorn Pratumwal
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klongluang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Somboon Otarawanna
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klongluang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Soshu Kirihara
- Joining and Welding Research International (JWRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Siriporn Tanodekaew
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klongluang, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Kaewkong P, Kosorn W, Sonthithai P, Lertwimol T, Thavornyutikarn B, Chantaweroad S, Janvikul W. Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Macrophage Polarization on 3D-Printed Poly(ε-caprolactone)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blended Scaffolds with Different Secondary Porous Structures. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2022; 5:2689-2702. [PMID: 35594556 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages cultured on poly(ε-caprolactone) (PC)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PH) blended scaffolds with dual primary (PP) and secondary (SP) pores, which were fabricated via a 3D printing technique, i.e., fused deposition modeling, followed by a salt-leaching process at 50 °C for varied times, i.e., 15, 30, and 60 min. Sodium chloride (SC), a porogen, was initially incorporated in the blend at varied weight percentages, i.e., 0, 25, and 50%, whereas 1 M NaOH solution and deionized water were used as salt-leaching agents. To elucidate the surface properties of the developed scaffolds, directly governed by the amount of the salt originally mixed and the salt-leaching efficiency, several characterization techniques, e.g., scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microcomputed tomography, mercury intrusion porosimetry, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle measurement, were used. Meanwhile, the salt-leaching efficiency was determined by means of weight loss measurement and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the alkaline solution could satisfactorily leach out the salt particles in 60 min with a mild etching of the polymer framework. The most immensely and homogeneously pitted filament surface was observed in the NaOH-treated scaffold initially integrated with 50% salt, i.e., 60B_PC/PH/50SC; the SP structure was mostly open and interconnected. The size of most of micropores was about 0.14 μm. With its suitable microsurface roughness and hydrophilicity, 60B_PC/PH/50SC could properly support the initial attachment and lamellipodia formation of hMSCs, which was favorable for chondrogenesis. Consequently, a significantly increased ratio of glycosaminoglycans/deoxyribonucleic acid and a superior expression of the COL2A1 gene were detected when cells were grown on this material. Although 60B_PC/PH/50SC induced the macrophages to secrete a slightly high level of IL-1β during the first few days of culture, the polarized M1 cells could return to a nearly normal stage at Day7, suggesting no unfavorable chronic inflammation caused by the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakkanun Kaewkong
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wasana Kosorn
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pacharapan Sonthithai
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Tareerat Lertwimol
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Boonlom Thavornyutikarn
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Surapol Chantaweroad
- Assistive Technology and Medical Devices Research Center, Central Office, 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanida Janvikul
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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Kosorn W, Sakulsumbat M, Lertwimol T, Thavornyutikarn B, Uppanan P, Chantaweroad S, Janvikul W. Chondrogenic phenotype in responses to poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffolds catalyzed by bioenzymes: effects of surface topography and chemistry. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2019; 30:128. [PMID: 31776772 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) has been increasingly investigated as a promising scaffolding material for articular cartilage tissue repair. However, its use can be limited due to its surface hydrophobicity and topography. In this study, 3D porous PCL scaffolds fabricated by a fused deposition modeling (FDM) machine were enzymatically hydrolyzed using two different biocatalysts, namely Novozyme®435 and Amano lipase PS, at varied treatment conditions in a pH 8.0 phosphate buffer solution. The improved surface topography and chemistry of the PCL scaffolds were anticipated to ultimately boost the growth of porcine articular chondrocytes and promote the chondrogenic phenotype during cell culture. Alterations in surface roughness, wettability, and chemistry of the PCL scaffolds after enzymatic treatment were thoroughly investigated using several techniques, e.g., SEM, AFM, contact angle and surface energy measurement, and XPS. With increasing enzyme content, incubation time, and incubation temperature, the surfaces of the PCL scaffolds became rougher and more hydrophilic. In addition, Novozyme®435 was found to have a higher enzyme activity than Amano lipase PS when both were used in the same enzymatic treatment condition. Interestingly, the enzymatic degradation process rarely induced the deterioration of compressive strength of the bulk porous PCL material and slightly reduced the molecular weight of the material at the filament surface. After 28 days of culture, both porous PCL scaffolds catalyzed by Novozyme®435 and Amano lipase PS could facilitate the chondrocytes to not only proliferate properly, but also function more effectively, compared with the non-modified porous PCL scaffold. Furthermore, the enzymatic treatments with 50 mg of Novozyme®435 at 25 °C from 10 min to 60 min were evidently proven to provide the optimally enhanced surface roughness and hydrophilicity most significantly favorable for induction of chondrogenic phenotype, indicated by the greatest expression level of cartilage-specific gene and the largest production of total glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasana Kosorn
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Morakot Sakulsumbat
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Tareerat Lertwimol
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Boonlom Thavornyutikarn
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Paweena Uppanan
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Surapol Chantaweroad
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanida Janvikul
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
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Tesavibul P, Chantaweroad S, Laohaprapanon A, Channasanon S, Uppanan P, Tanodekaew S, Chalermkarnnon P, Sitthiseripratip K. Biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite scaffolds processed by lithography-based additive manufacturing. Biomed Mater Eng 2016; 26:31-8. [PMID: 26484553 DOI: 10.3233/bme-151549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications by using lithography-based additive manufacturing techniques has been introduced due to the abilities to control porous structures with suitable resolutions. In this research, the use of hydroxyapatite cellular structures, which are processed by lithography-based additive manufacturing machine, as a bone tissue engineering scaffold was investigated. The utilization of digital light processing system for additive manufacturing machine in laboratory scale was performed in order to fabricate the hydroxyapatite scaffold, of which biocompatibilities were eventually evaluated by direct contact and cell-culturing tests. In addition, the density and compressive strength of the scaffolds were also characterized. The results show that the hydroxyapatite scaffold at 77% of porosity with 91% of theoretical density and 0.36 MPa of the compressive strength are able to be processed. In comparison with a conventionally sintered hydroxyapatite, the scaffold did not present any cytotoxic signs while the viability of cells at 95.1% was reported. After 14 days of cell-culturing tests, the scaffold was able to be attached by pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) leading to cell proliferation and differentiation. The hydroxyapatite scaffold for bone tissue engineering was able to be processed by the lithography-based additive manufacturing machine while the biocompatibilities were also confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Passakorn Tesavibul
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand
| | - Surapol Chantaweroad
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand
| | - Apinya Laohaprapanon
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand
| | - Somruethai Channasanon
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand
| | - Paweena Uppanan
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Tanodekaew
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand
| | - Prasert Chalermkarnnon
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand
| | - Kriskrai Sitthiseripratip
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand
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Kosorn W, Sakulsumbat M, Uppanan P, Kaewkong P, Chantaweroad S, Jitsaard J, Sitthiseripratip K, Janvikul W. PCL/PHBV blended three dimensional scaffolds fabricated by fused deposition modeling and responses of chondrocytes to the scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:1141-1150. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wasana Kosorn
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center; Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Morakot Sakulsumbat
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center; Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Paweena Uppanan
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center; Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Pakkanun Kaewkong
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center; Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Surapol Chantaweroad
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center; Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Jaturong Jitsaard
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center; Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Kriskrai Sitthiseripratip
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center; Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Wanida Janvikul
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center; Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
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