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Morsch S, Lyon SB, Gibbon S, Irwin M. Internal topology and water transport in tetrafunctional epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Morsch
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Stuart B. Lyon
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Simon Gibbon
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK
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Morsch S, Wand CR, Emad S, Lyon S, Siperstein F, Malanin M, Muche J, Caspari A, Drechsler A, Eichhorn KJ, Gibbon S. Molecular origins of Epoxy-Amine/Iron oxide interphase formation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 613:415-425. [PMID: 35042039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Interphase properties in composites, adhesives and protective coatings can be predicted on the basis of interfacial interactions between polymeric precursor molecules and the inorganic surface during network formation. The strength of molecular interactions is expected to determine local segmental mobility (polymer glass transition temperature, Tg) and cure degree. EXPERIMENTS Conventional analysis techniques and atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared (AFM-IR) are applied to nanocomposite specimens to precisely characterise the epoxy-amine/iron oxide interphase, whilst molecular dynamics simulations are applied to identify the molecular interactions underpinning its formation. FINDINGS Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and high-resolution AFM-IR mapping confirm the presence of nanoscale under-cured interphase regions. Interfacial segregation of the molecular triethylenetetraamine (TETA) cross-linker results in an excess of epoxy functionality near synthetic hematite, (Fe2O3) magnetite (Fe3O4) and goethite (Fe(O)OH) particle surfaces. This occurs independently of the variable surface binding energies, as a result of entropic segregation during the cure. Thermal analysis and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that restricted segmental motion is imparted by strong interfacial binding between surface Fe sites in goethite, where the position of surface hydroxyl protons enables synergistic hydrogen bonding and electrostatic binding to Fe atoms at specific sites. This provides a strong driving force for molecular orientation resulting in significantly raised Tg values for the goethite composite samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Morsch
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Charlie R Wand
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Seyedgholamreza Emad
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stuart Lyon
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Flor Siperstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mikhail Malanin
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Muche
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Caspari
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Astrid Drechsler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus-Jochen Eichhorn
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Gibbon
- AkzoNobel, Stoneygate Lane, Felling, Gateshead NE10 0JY, UK
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Abstract
AFM-IR combines the chemical sensitivity of infrared spectroscopy with the lateral resolution of scanning probe microscopy, allowing nanoscale chemical analysis of almost any organic material under ambient conditions. As a result, this versatile technique is rapidly gaining popularity among materials scientists. Here, we report a previously overlooked source of data and artifacts in AFM-IR analysis; reflection from the buried interface. Periodic arrays of gold on glass are used to show that the overall signal in AFM-IR is affected by the wavelength-dependent reflectivity and thermal response of the underlying substrate. Excitingly, this demonstrates that remote analysis of heterogeneities at the buried interface is possible alongside that of an overlying organic film. On the other hand, AFM-IR users should carefully consider the composition and topography of underlying substrates when interpreting nanoscale infrared data. The common practice of generating ratio images, or indeed the normalization of AFM-IR spectra, should be approached with caution in the presence of substrate heterogeneity or variable sample thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Morsch
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Lyon
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Edmondson
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gibbon
- AkzoNobel, Stoneygate Lane, Felling, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear NE10 0JY, United Kingdom
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Morsch S, Liu Y, Lyon S, Gibbon S, Gabriele B, Malanin M, Eichhorn KJ. Examining the early stages of thermal oxidative degradation in epoxy-amine resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Morsch
- Department of Materials The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Stuart Lyon
- Department of Materials The University of Manchester Manchester UK
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Sirovica S, Solheim JH, Skoda MWA, Hirschmugl CJ, Mattson EC, Aboualizadeh E, Guo Y, Chen X, Kohler A, Romanyk DL, Rosendahl SM, Morsch S, Martin RA, Addison O. Origin of micro-scale heterogeneity in polymerisation of photo-activated resin composites. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1849. [PMID: 32296060 PMCID: PMC7160210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-activated resin composites are widely used in industry and medicine. Despite extensive chemical characterisation, the micro-scale pattern of resin matrix reactive group conversion between filler particles is not fully understood. Using an advanced synchrotron-based wide-field IR imaging system and state-of-the-art Mie scattering corrections, we observe how the presence of monodispersed silica filler particles in a methacrylate based resin reduces local conversion and chemical bond strain in the polymer phase. Here we show that heterogeneity originates from a lower converted and reduced bond strain boundary layer encapsulating each particle, whilst at larger inter-particulate distances light attenuation and monomer mobility predominantly influence conversion. Increased conversion corresponds to greater bond strain, however, strain generation appears sensitive to differences in conversion rate and implies subtle distinctions in the final polymer structure. We expect these findings to inform current predictive models of mechanical behaviour in polymer-composite materials, particularly at the resin-filler interface. Resin-based-composites are widely used in industry and medicine but the influence of the filler particles on the reactive group conversion in photocurable resins is yet to be elucidated. Here the authors observe reduced local conversion and chemical bond strain in silica filler acrylate composite using synchrotron-based wide-field IR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slobodan Sirovica
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Johanne H Solheim
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1432, Norway
| | - Maximilian W A Skoda
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Carol J Hirschmugl
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Eric C Mattson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ebrahim Aboualizadeh
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Yilan Guo
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Achim Kohler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1432, Norway
| | - Dan L Romanyk
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Scott M Rosendahl
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Suzanne Morsch
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Richard A Martin
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Owen Addison
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK. .,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
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Morsch S, van Driel BA, van den Berg KJ, Dik J. Investigating the Photocatalytic Degradation of Oil Paint using ATR-IR and AFM-IR. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:10169-10179. [PMID: 28256818 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As linseed oil has a longstanding and continuing history of use as a binder in artistic paints, developing an understanding of its degradation mechanism is critical to conservation efforts. At present, little can be done to detect the early stages of oil paint deterioration due to the complex chemical composition of degrading paints. In this work, we use advanced infrared analysis techniques to investigate the UV-induced deterioration of model linseed oil paints in detail. Subdiffraction limit infrared analysis (AFM-IR) is applied to identify and map accelerated degradation in the presence of two different grades of titanium white pigment particles (rutile or anatase TiO2). Differentiation between the degradation of these two formulations demonstrates the sensitivity of this approach. The identification of characteristic peaks and transient species residing at the paint surface allows infrared absorbance peaks related to degradation deeper in the film to be extricated from conventional ATR-FTIR spectra, potentially opening up a new approach to degradation monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Morsch
- Corrosion and Protection Centre,School of Materials, The University of Manchester , The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit A van Driel
- Rijksmuseum , Hobbemastraat, 22, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cultural Heritage Agency of The Netherlands , Hobbemastraat, 22, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Materials for Arts and Archeology , 3ME, TU Delft, Mekelweg, 3, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Jan van den Berg
- Cultural Heritage Agency of The Netherlands , Hobbemastraat, 22, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Dik
- Materials for Arts and Archeology , 3ME, TU Delft, Mekelweg, 3, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The first direct observation of a chemically heterogeneous nanostructure within an epoxy resin is reported. Epoxy resins comprise the matrix component of many high performance composites, coatings and adhesives, yet the molecular network structure that underpins the performance of these industrially essential materials is not well understood. Internal nodular morphologies have repeatedly been reported for epoxy resins analyzed using SEM or AFM, yet the origin of these features remains a contentious subject, and epoxies are still commonly assumed to be chemically homogeneous. Uniquely, in this contribution we use the recently developed AFM-IR technique to eliminate previous differences in interpretation, and establish that nodule features correspond to heterogeneous network connectivity within an epoxy phenolic formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Morsch
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester , The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Yanwen Liu
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester , The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart B Lyon
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester , The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Gibbon
- Research & Development, AkzoNobel Supply Chain , Stoneygate Lane, Felling, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear NE10 0JY, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The long-term failure of seemingly intact corrosion resistant organic coatings is thought to occur via the development of ionic transport channels, which spontaneously evolve from hydrophilic regions on immersion, i.e., as a result of localized water uptake. To this end, we investigate water uptake characteristics for industrial epoxy-phenolic can coatings after immersion in deionized water and drying. Moisture sorption and the changing nature of polymer-water interactions are assessed using FTIR for dry and pre-soaked films. More water is found to be absorbed by the pre-soaked coatings on exposure to a humid environment, with a greater degree of hydrogen-bonding between the polymer and water. Furthermore, morphological changes are then correlated to localized water uptake using the AFM-IR technique. Nanoscale softened regions develop on soaking, and these are found to absorb a greater proportion of water from a humid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morsch
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Cook A, Frankel G, Davenport A, Hughes T, Gibbon S, Williams D, Bluhm H, Maurice V, Lyth S, Marcus P, Shoesmith D, Wren C, Wharton J, Hunt G, Lyon S, Majchrowski T, Lindsay R, Williams G, Rico Oller B, Todorova M, Nixon S, Cheng ST, Scully J, Wilson A, Renner F, Chen YH, Taylor C, Habazaki H, Michaelides A, Morsch S, Visser P, Kyhl L, Kokalj A. Corrosion control: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2015; 180:543-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd90047f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Surface-tethered bottlebrushes have been prepared by ATRP grafting of the macroinitiator brush backbone onto plasmachemical-deposited poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) initiator nanofilms followed by ATRP growth of the side chains (bristles). The surface density of bottlebrushes can be precisely tailored by varying the plasmachemical deposition parameters employed for producing the poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) initiator nanolayers. Lateral force scanning probe microscopy has shown that poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-graft-poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) bottlebrush-decorated surfaces give rise to an enhancement in lubrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morsch
- Department of Chemistry, Science Laboratories, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, England, UK
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Abstract
Patterned polymer brush surfaces have been fabricated using the molecular scratchcard lithography technique, where a functional top nanolayer (acting also as a resist) is selectively removed using a scanning probe tip to expose underlying atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator sites. The lateral spreading of grafted polymer brush patterns across the adjacent functional resist surface can be reversibly actuated via solvent exposure. Effectively, this methodology provides a means for hiding/unveiling functional surfaces on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morsch
- Department of Chemistry, Science Laboratories, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, England, UK
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