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Hezel AF, Noel MS, Allen JN, Abrams TA, Yurgelun M, Faris JE, Goyal L, Clark JW, Blaszkowsky LS, Murphy JE, Zheng H, Khorana AA, Connolly GC, Hyrien O, Baran A, Herr M, Ng K, Sheehan S, Harris DJ, Regan E, Borger DR, Iafrate AJ, Fuchs C, Ryan DP, Zhu AX. Phase II study of gemcitabine, oxaliplatin in combination with panitumumab in KRAS wild-type unresectable or metastatic biliary tract and gallbladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:430-6. [PMID: 24960403 PMCID: PMC4119993 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current data suggest that platinum-based combination therapy is the standard first-line treatment for biliary tract cancer. EGFR inhibition has proven beneficial across a number of gastrointestinal malignancies; and has shown specific advantages among KRAS wild-type genetic subtypes of colon cancer. We report the combination of panitumumab with gemcitabine (GEM) and oxaliplatin (OX) as first-line therapy for KRAS wild-type biliary tract cancer. METHODS Patients with histologically confirmed, previously untreated, unresectable or metastatic KRAS wild-type biliary tract or gallbladder adenocarcinoma with ECOG performance status 0-2 were treated with panitumumab 6 mg kg(-1), GEM 1000 mg m(-2) (10 mg m(-2) min(-1)) and OX 85 mg m(-2) on days 1 and 15 of each 28-day cycle. The primary objective was to determine the objective response rate by RECIST criteria v.1.1. Secondary objectives were to evaluate toxicity, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival. RESULTS Thirty-one patients received at least one cycle of treatment across three institutions, 28 had measurable disease. Response rate was 45% and disease control rate was 90%. Median PFS was 10.6 months (95% CI 5-24 months) and median overall survival 20.3 months (95% CI 9-25 months). The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were anaemia 26%, leukopenia 23%, fatigue 23%, neuropathy 16% and rash 10%. CONCLUSIONS The combination of gemcitabine, oxaliplatin and panitumumab in KRAS wild type metastatic biliary tract cancer showed encouraging efficacy, additional efforts of genetic stratification and targeted therapy is warranted in biliary tract cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Hezel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M S Noel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J N Allen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T A Abrams
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Yurgelun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J E Faris
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Goyal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J W Clark
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L S Blaszkowsky
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J E Murphy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Zheng
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A A Khorana
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - G C Connolly
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - O Hyrien
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Baran
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M Herr
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - K Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Sheehan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D J Harris
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Regan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D R Borger
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A J Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D P Ryan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A X Zhu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Zhu AX, Gold PJ, El-Khoueiry AB, Abrams TA, Morikawa H, Ohtomo T, Philip PA. A phase I study of GC33, a recombinant humanized antibody against glypican-3, in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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3
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Chan JA, Ryan DP, Fuchs CS, Zhu AX, Abrams TA, Wolpin BM, Malinowski P, Regan E, Kulke M. Updated results of a phase I study of pasireotide (SOM230) in combination with everolimus (RAD001) in patients (pts) with advanced neuroendocrine tumors (NET). J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chan JA, Blaszkowsky LS, Enzinger PC, Ryan DP, Abrams TA, Zhu AX, Temel JS, Schrag D, Bhargava P, Meyerhardt JA, Wolpin BM, Fidias P, Zheng H, Florio S, Regan E, Fuchs CS. A multicenter phase II trial of single-agent cetuximab in advanced esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:1367-1373. [PMID: 21217058 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in a significant proportion of esophageal and gastric carcinomas. Although previous studies have examined tyrosine kinase inhibitors of EGFR, there remains limited data regarding the role of EGFR-directed monoclonal antibody therapy in these malignancies. We carried out a multi-institutional phase II study of cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody against EGFR, in patients with unresectable or metastatic esophageal or gastric adenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-five patients with previously treated metastatic esophageal or gastric adenocarcinoma were treated with weekly cetuximab, at an initial dose of 400 mg/m(2) followed by weekly infusions at 250 mg/m(2). Patients were followed for toxicity, treatment response, and survival. RESULTS Treatment with cetuximab was well tolerated; no patients were taken off study due to drug-related adverse events. One (3%) partial treatment response was noted. Two (6%) patients had stable disease after 2 months of treatment. Median progression-free survival and overall survival were 1.6 and 3.1 months, respectively. CONCLUSION Although well tolerated, cetuximab administered as a single agent had minimal clinical activity in patients with metastatic esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma. Ongoing studies of EGFR inhibitors in combination with other agents may define a role for these agents in the treatment of esophageal and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Chan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School.
| | - L S Blaszkowsky
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - P C Enzinger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School
| | - D P Ryan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - T A Abrams
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School
| | - A X Zhu
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - J S Temel
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - D Schrag
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School
| | - P Bhargava
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School
| | - J A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School
| | - B M Wolpin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School
| | - P Fidias
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - H Zheng
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School; Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - S Florio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston
| | - E Regan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston
| | - C S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School
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Blaszkowsky LS, Abrams TA, Miksad RA, Zheng H, Meyerhardt JA, Schrag D, Kwak EL, Fuchs C, Ryan DP, Zhu AX. Phase I/II study of everolimus in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e14542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Meyerhardt JA, Schrag D, Kulke M, Enzinger PC, Chan JA, Blaszkowsky LS, Goldstein M, Allen B, Regan E, Abrams TA. Phase I study of cetuximab, irinotecan, and vandetanib (ZD6474) in previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Zhu AX, Meyerhardt JA, Blaszkowsky LS, Muzikansky A, Abrams TA, Chan JA, Enzinger PC, Bhargava P, Kwak EL, Sahani DV. Phase II and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) study in patients with advanced biliary tract cancers (BTCs) receiving bevacizumab (B) in combination with gemcitabine (GEM) and oxaliplatin (OX). J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
4578 Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression is present in BTCs and is associated with poor survival. We performed a phase II study to examine the efficacy and tolerability of GEM and OX in combination with B (GEMOX-B) in patients (pts) with advanced BTCs. We also assessed the use of FDG-PET as an early indicator of response following treatment. Methods: Eligibility criteria included unresectable or metastatic measurable BTCs, 0–1 prior chemotherapy regimens, performance status ≤ 2, and adequate organ functions. Pts were treated with all 3 drugs intravenously on days 1 and 15 every 28 days (one cycle): B was given first at 10 mg/kg, followed by GEM at 1000 mg/m2 as a dose-rate infusion at 10 mg/m2/minute, and OX at 85 mg/m2. Whole body FDG-PET scan was obtained at baseline and at the end of cycle 2. The primary endpoint of the study was progression-free survival (PFS). Results: The planned 35 pts (25 cholangiocarcinoma and 10 gallbladder carcinoma) were enrolled: median age = 60 (25–82), M/F = 21/14, median ECOG 1. All pts were evaluable for toxicity and 29 were evaluable for response. Treatment related grade 3–4 toxicities included neutropenia (20%), ALT (17%), neuropathy (14%), hypertension (11%), AST (9%), anorexia (9%), and thrombocytopenia (9%). 13 pts (45%) had a partial response (PR) and an additional 10 pts (34%) had stable disease (SD). With a median follow up of 9.9 months, the median overall survival was 13.2 months (95% CI, 7.3 to 20.5 months), and the median PFS was 7.0 months (95% CI, 5.4 to 9.6 months). The mean baseline SUVmax was 5.72±2.01 and post-treatment SUVmax was 3.73±1.88 with a median 36.4% decrease (n=32). The difference in SUV changes between the groups with PR/SD and progressive disease was statistically significant (p=0.006). An increase in adjusted post- to pre-treatment SUV increased the risk for tumor progression (hazard ratio=3.054). Conclusions: GEMOX-B demonstrated significant antitumor activity with tolerable safety profiles in patients with advanced BTCs. FDG-PET showed significant early decreases in SUVmax following treatment, and these changes correlated with tumor response and time to tumor progression. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- A. X. Zhu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - J. A. Meyerhardt
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - L. S. Blaszkowsky
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - A. Muzikansky
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - T. A. Abrams
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - J. A. Chan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - P. C. Enzinger
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - P. Bhargava
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - E. L. Kwak
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - D. V. Sahani
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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Wolpin BM, Hezel AF, Ryan DP, Abrams TA, Meyerhardt JA, Blaszkowsky LS, Clark JW, Allen B, Regan EM, Fuchs CS. Phase II study of RAD001 in previously treated patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.4614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Enzinger PC, Ryan DP, Regan EM, Lehman N, Abrams TA, Hezel AF, Fidias P, Sequist LV, Blaszkowsky LS, Fuchs CS. Phase II trial of docetaxel, cisplatin, irinotecan, and bevacizumab in metastatic esophagogastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Zhu AX, Sahani DV, di Tomaso E, Duda DG, Catalano OA, Ancukiewicz M, Blaszkowsky LS, Abrams TA, Ryan DP, Jain RK. Sunitinib monotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): Insights from a multidisciplinary phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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11
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Blaszkowsky LS, Zhu AX, Abrams TA, Earle CC, Kwak E, Hezel AF, Meyerhardt JA, Horgan K, Zheng H, Ryan DP. A phase II study of gemcitabine (G), bevacizumab (B), and erlotinib (E) in locally advanced (LAPC) and metastatic adenocarcinoma (MPC) of the pancreas. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.15515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Clark JW, Meyerhardt JA, Sahani DV, Namasivayam S, Abrams TA, Stuart K, Bhargava P, Blaszkowsky LS, Jain SR, Zhu AX. Phase II study of gemcitabine, oxaliplatin in combination with bevacizumab (GEMOX-B) in patients with unresectable or metastatic biliary tract and gallbladder cancers. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.4625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
4625 Background: Patients (Pts) with unresectable or metastatic biliary tract cancer (BTC) and gallbladder cancer (GBC) have a poor prognosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression has been detected in BTC and GBC. Increased angiogenesis has been correlated with advanced stage of disease and poor prognosis. Given reported activity of gemcitabine (GEM) and oxaliplatin (OX) in BTC/GBC and potential benefits of targeting the VEGF pathway with bevacizumab (B), we performed a study to examine the efficacy and tolerability of GEM, OX and B (GEMOX-B) in unresectable or metastatic BTC/GBC. Methods: Eligibility criteria included unresectable or metastatic measurable BTC/GBC, 0–1 prior chemotherapy regimens, performance status = 2, and adequate organ function. No clinically significant cardiovascular disease or history of active bleeding. Pts were treated with all 3 drugs intravenously on days 1 and 15 every 28 days (one cycle): B was given first at 10 mg/kg, followed by GEM at 1000 mg/m2 as dose rate infusion at 10 mg/m2/minute, and OX at 85 mg/m2. Whole body FDG-PET scan was obtained at baseline and after cycle 2. The primary endpoint of the study was progression-free survival (PFS). Results: 19 pts (10 BTC and 9 GBC) have been enrolled since May 17, 2006: median age = 69 (25–82), M/F = 13/6, ECOG 0/1/2 = 7/10/2. Treatment has been well tolerated with no grade 4–5 toxicities seen. Treatment related grade 3 toxicities included (number of pts): hypertension (2), neutropenia (1), transient SGPT elevation (1), proteinuria (1), neuropathy (1), and fatigue (1). Of 11 pts followed for at least 4 months, 3 had confirmed partial responses (PR), 5 had stable disease (SD) of at least 4 cycles, and 3 had progressive disease (PD) per RECIST criteria. Five pts had more than 50% decrease in CA19–9 levels. Of 16 PET studies analyzed, changes in SUV values from baseline to after 2 cycles of treatment were: 11 PRs, 4 SDs, 1 PD per EORTC criteria. Conclusions: GEMOX-B can be safely administered with tolerable safety profiles in patients with advanced BTC/GBC. Early evidence of antitumor activity was seen. A decreased SUV in FDG-PET following GEMOX-B treatment was observed in the majority of patients. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. W. Clark
- MGH/Harvard, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - J. A. Meyerhardt
- MGH/Harvard, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - D. V. Sahani
- MGH/Harvard, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - S. Namasivayam
- MGH/Harvard, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - T. A. Abrams
- MGH/Harvard, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - K. Stuart
- MGH/Harvard, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - P. Bhargava
- MGH/Harvard, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - L. S. Blaszkowsky
- MGH/Harvard, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - S. R. Jain
- MGH/Harvard, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - A. X. Zhu
- MGH/Harvard, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
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Hall MO, Prieto AL, Obin MS, Abrams TA, Burgess BL, Heeb MJ, Agnew BJ. Outer segment phagocytosis by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells requires Gas6. Exp Eye Res 2001; 73:509-20. [PMID: 11825022 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2001.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The function and viability of vertebrate photoreceptors requires the daily phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (OS) by the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We demonstrate here a critical role in this process for Gas6 and by implication one of its receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RTKs), Mertk (Mer). Gas6 specifically and selectively stimulates the phagocytosis of OS by normal cultured rat RPE cells. The magnitude of the response is dose-dependent and shows an absolute requirement for calcium. By contrast the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat RPE cells, in which a mutation in the gene Mertk results in the expression of a truncated, non-functional receptor, does not respond to Gas6. These data strongly suggest that activation of Mertk by its ligand, Gas6, is the specific signaling pathway responsible for initiating the ingestion of shed OS. Moreover, photoreceptor degeneration in the RCS rat retina, which lacks Mertk, and in humans with a mutation in Mertk, strongly suggests that the Gas6/Mertk signaling pathway is essential for photoreceptor viability. We believe that this is the first demonstration of a specific function for Gas6 in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Hall
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA Medical Center, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7008, USA.
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Hall MO, Burgess BL, Abrams TA, Ershov AV, Gregory CY. Further studies on the identification of the phagocytosis receptor of rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 1996; 63:255-64. [PMID: 8943698 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1996.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously produced a polyclonal antiserum (R1S5) against a plasma membrane-enriched fraction of rat retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells which inhibits the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (OS) by these cells. This antiserum has now been used to purify a subset of RPE membrane glycoproteins. Using a combination of lectin affinity chromatography, and chromatography on an affinity column made with R1S5-IgG, we have enriched an RPE membrane extract about 100-fold. This enriched extract contains only 12 components, all of which are glycoproteins, and retains the ability to adsorb out the inhibitory activity of antiserum R1S5. This shows that one or more of these glycoproteins recognizes an inhibitory IgG in R1S5 and suggests that one or more of these glycoproteins may participate in the phagocytosis of OS by RPE cells, possibly as the phagocytosis receptor. We have performed N-terminal microsequencing of seven of these glycoproteins: four of the seven, with Mrs of 34, 36, 51 and 55 kDa, show no sequence homology to any known proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Hall
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine 90095-7008, USA
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Hall MO, Burgess BL, Abrams TA, Martinez MO. Carbachol does not correct the defect in the phagocytosis of outer segments by Royal College of Surgeons rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996; 37:1473-7. [PMID: 8641851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of carbachol on the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (OS) in cultures of normal Long-Evans and dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS Retinal pigment epithelial cells from normal and RCS rats were grown in tissue culture. On reaching confluence, they were presented with OS suspended in Krebs-Henseleit buffer in the presence or absence of carbachol and LiCl. The number of bound and ingested OS was quantitated using double immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS LiCl inhibited the ingestion of OS by more than 90% but had no effect on the binding of OS by Long-Evans RPE cells. The addition of carbachol further reduced OS ingestion. Carbachol alone decreased OS ingestion by normal RPE cells by 30% but had no effect on OS binding. The effect of LiCl and carbachol on RCS RPE cells was similar to their effect on normal RPE cells. CONCLUSIONS Carbachol does not increase OS phagocytosis in normal or RCS rat RPE cells. The phagocytic defect in RCS rat RPE cannot be reversed or overcome by stimulation of the IP3 pathway by carbachol. LiCl strongly inhibits the ingestion of OS by normal and by RCS RPE cells, and this effect is enhanced by carbachol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Hall
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine 90095-7008, USA
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Kuriyama S, Hall MO, Abrams TA, Mittag TW. Isoproterenol inhibits rod outer segment phagocytosis by both cAMP-dependent and independent pathways. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995; 36:730-6. [PMID: 7890503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors studied the involvement of cAMP-dependent second messenger systems in the inhibition of rod outer segment (ROS) phagocytosis by isoproterenol (ISO) and forskolin (FSK) using two membrane-permeant analogs of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), the Rp and Sp diastereoisomers of cyclic adenosine 3',5' monophosphothioate (cAMPS). Rp-cAMPS is a potent competitive inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase I and II (PKA I and II), whereas Sp-cAMPS is a potent activator of these enzymes. METHODS ROS phagocytosis was quantitated in cultured rat RPE cells using a previously described double immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS Sp-cAMPS showed a dose-dependent inhibition of ROS phagocytosis, whereas 100 microM Rp-cAMPS had no effect on this process. Rp-cAMPS fully prevented the inhibitory effect of Sp-cAMPS and FSK but was able to prevent only partially the inhibition of ROS phagocytosis induced by ISO. Isoproterenol plus FSK showed an additive effect on the inhibition of phagocytosis, suggesting that they act at two independent sites. However, ISO plus Sp-cAMPS or FSK plus Sp-cAMPS showed no additivity. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that FSK inhibits ROS phagocytosis by RPE cells through a cAMP-dependent pathway, whereas ISO inhibits ROS phagocytosis by RPE cells through cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuriyama
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine 90024-7008
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Gregory CY, Abrams TA, Hall MO. Stimulation of A2 adenosine receptors inhibits the ingestion of photoreceptor outer segments by retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994; 35:819-25. [PMID: 8125744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have shown that A2 adenosine receptors are present in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In this study, the effect of adenosine and adenosine analogues on photoreceptor outer segment (ROS) phagocytosis by RPE was investigated. METHODS Primary cultures of RPE cells were incubated with isolated outer segments in the presence of various adenosine derivatives. Changes in adenylyl cyclase activity was measured by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production using a radioimmunoassay detection system. RESULTS Adenosine inhibited the ingestion phase of phagocytosis (IC50 = 50 microM), and this effect was potentiated 80-fold in the presence of dipyridamole (IC50 = 0.6 microM). In the presence of 10 microM 8-phenyltheophylline, the inhibitory effect of 100 microM adenosine was reduced from 80% inhibition of ROS ingestion to 33% inhibition. The rank order of potency of adenosine analogues to inhibit ROS ingestion by RPE was N6-cyclohexyladenosine/5'-[N-ethylcarboxamido]-adenosine (NECA) = NECA > adenosine >> [R]-N6-[2-phenylisopropyl]-adenosine. The greatest stimulation of cAMP production was observed with 33.3 microM NECA: The production of cAMP reached its maximum level after 2 minutes of incubation, and after 10 minutes the levels of cAMP were back to basal. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that adenosine and adenosine analogues modulate ROS ingestion by RPE via activation of adenosine A2b receptors, possibly through the cAMP intracellular signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Gregory
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of London, United Kingdom
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Hall MO, Abrams TA, Mittag TW. The phagocytosis of rod outer segments is inhibited by drugs linked to cyclic adenosine monophosphate production. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34:2392-401. [PMID: 7686891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effect of drugs that increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate on the ability of rat retinal pigment epithelial cells to phagocytize rod outer segments (ROS). METHODS Cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells were treated with cholera toxin, forskolin, isoproterenol, or isobutylmethylxanthine and the phagocytosis of ROS by such treated cells was compared to that of control specimens. RESULTS All of the drugs examined inhibited the ingestion, but not the binding of ROS by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cell viability was not compromised by the drug treatment because they rapidly recovered their ability to ingest ROS when the drug was removed. Dose-response curves for the inhibition of ROS phagocytosis by forskolin and isoproterenol demonstrated that this process is exquisitely sensitive to these agonists, with an IC50 for these drugs of 33 nmol/l. The results showed no measurable quantitative correlation between cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels and the inhibition of ROS phagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS Results showed that the ingestion of ROS by retinal pigment epithelial cells was inhibited by agents that increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate, but seems to be independent of the level of this second messenger. Alternatively, ROS phagocytosis may be exquisitely sensitive to changes in the intracellular concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, which are too small to measure by available methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Hall
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine
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Gregory CY, Abrams TA, Hall MO. cAMP production via the adenylyl cyclase pathway is reduced in RCS rat RPE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992; 33:3121-4. [PMID: 1328111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP production was investigated in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells isolated from normal rats and from rats with an inherited retinal dystrophy (Rdy/p+). In normal RPE cells, 5'-[N-Ethylcarboxamido]-adenosine (A2 receptors) produced a fivefold increase in the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) over basal levels. However, only a onefold increase in cAMP was observed in dystrophic cells. cAMP production by prostaglandins E1 and E2 (prostaglandin receptors) in dystrophic RPE cells was only 29-38% of the level observed in normal cells. Direct stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by 10 mumol/l forskolin increased cAMP levels in normal RPE cells by 90 fold over basal, but only by sixfold in the dystrophic cells. These data suggest there may be a defect in the adenylyl cyclase signaling pathway in dystrophic RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Gregory
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine 90024-7008
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Abstract
We have examined the ability of mannose and the mannose-rich ligands, mannan and mannosylated BSA, to inhibit the phagocytosis of rod outer segments (ROS) by cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Mannose, at concentrations up to 0.25 M, had no effect on either the binding or the ingestion of ROS. At concentrations above 0.25 M, the cells were rounded and showed detachment from the substrate, and phagocytosis was markedly inhibited. Neither mannan (2 mg ml-1), nor mannosylated BSA(0.8 mg ml-1), affected the phagocytosis of ROS. These results suggest that the phagocytosis of ROS is probably not mediated by a mannose receptor on the surface of the RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Hall
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA Medical Center 90024-7008
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Abstract
The activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) rapidly inhibits the phagocytosis of rod outer segments (ROS) by cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. PMA, at a concentration between 3.3 and 10 nM, blocks ROS ingestion by 50%, but does not inhibit the binding of ROS. The Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, also inhibits ROS phagocytosis, with an IC50 of about 0.5-1.0 microM and interferes with the ability of RPE cells to bind ROS. The effects of both of these drugs are reversible after drug washout. When PMA and A23187 are applied to cells consecutively, the effects are additive. These results suggest either that PMA and A23187, act upon the same proteins in the pathway which controls ROS ingestion, or that A23187 affects phagocytosis at the ROS binding level, while PKC affects steps further along the ingestion path. The effect of this process is to shut down the ingestion of ROS, as is seen during the prolonged feeding of ROS to RPE cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Hall
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA Medical Centre 90024-7008
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Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from normal and dystrophic rats were grown separately and in mixed culture for 7 days, without a change of growth medium. Isolated rod outer segments (ROS) were suspended in the conditioned medium from these cells, and were fed to the mixed or pure RPE cell cultures. No increase or decrease in the phagocytosis of ROS by dystrophic or normal RPE cells, respectively, was observed. These results suggest that normal RPE cells do not secrete a diffusible factor(s) which enhances the phagocytosis of ROS by dystrophic RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Hall
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA Medical Center 90024-7008
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