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Abuter R, Allouche F, Amorim A, Bailet C, Berdeu A, Berger JP, Berio P, Bigioli A, Boebion O, Bolzer ML, Bonnet H, Bourdarot G, Bourget P, Brandner W, Cao Y, Conzelmann R, Comin M, Clénet Y, Courtney-Barrer B, Davies R, Defrère D, Delboulbé A, Delplancke-Ströbele F, Dembet R, Dexter J, de Zeeuw PT, Drescher A, Eckart A, Édouard C, Eisenhauer F, Fabricius M, Feuchtgruber H, Finger G, Förster Schreiber NM, Garcia P, Garcia Lopez R, Gao F, Gendron E, Genzel R, Gil JP, Gillessen S, Gomes T, Gonté F, Gouvret C, Guajardo P, Guieu S, Hackenberg W, Haddad N, Hartl M, Haubois X, Haußmann F, Heißel G, Henning T, Hippler S, Hönig SF, Horrobin M, Hubin N, Jacqmart E, Jocou L, Kaufer A, Kervella P, Kolb J, Korhonen H, Lacour S, Lagarde S, Lai O, Lapeyrère V, Laugier R, Le Bouquin JB, Leftley J, Léna P, Lewis S, Liu D, Lopez B, Lutz D, Magnard Y, Mang F, Marcotto A, Maurel D, Mérand A, Millour F, More N, Netzer H, Nowacki H, Nowak M, Oberti S, Ott T, Pallanca L, Paumard T, Perraut K, Perrin G, Petrov R, Pfuhl O, Pourré N, Rabien S, Rau C, Riquelme M, Robbe-Dubois S, Rochat S, Salman M, Sanchez-Bermudez J, Santos DJD, Scheithauer S, Schöller M, Schubert J, Schuhler N, Shangguan J, Shchekaturov P, Shimizu TT, Sevin A, Soulez F, Spang A, Stadler E, Sternberg A, Straubmeier C, Sturm E, Sykes C, Tacconi LJ, Tristram KRW, Vincent F, von Fellenberg S, Uysal S, Widmann F, Wieprecht E, Wiezorrek E, Woillez J, Zins G. A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago. Nature 2024; 627:281-285. [PMID: 38286342 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)1-3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase4-6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8-12 billion years ago (redshifts 1-3)7. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-μas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 × 108 solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 × 1011 solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abuter
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - F Allouche
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - A Amorim
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Bailet
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - A Berdeu
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - J-P Berger
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - P Berio
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - A Bigioli
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - O Boebion
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - M-L Bolzer
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - H Bonnet
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - G Bourdarot
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - P Bourget
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - W Brandner
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Y Cao
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - R Conzelmann
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - M Comin
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - Y Clénet
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - B Courtney-Barrer
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - R Davies
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - D Defrère
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Delboulbé
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | | | - R Dembet
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - J Dexter
- Department of Astrophysical & Planetary Sciences, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - A Drescher
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - A Eckart
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Bonn, Germany
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - C Édouard
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - F Eisenhauer
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - M Fabricius
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - H Feuchtgruber
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - G Finger
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - P Garcia
- CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Garcia Lopez
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F Gao
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Bonn, Germany
| | - E Gendron
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - R Genzel
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
- Departments of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J P Gil
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Gillessen
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - T Gomes
- CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Gonté
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - C Gouvret
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - P Guajardo
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Guieu
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - W Hackenberg
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - N Haddad
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Hartl
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - X Haubois
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Haußmann
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - G Heißel
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
- Advanced Concepts Team, European Space Agency, TEC-SF, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Th Henning
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Hippler
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S F Hönig
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M Horrobin
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - N Hubin
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - E Jacqmart
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - L Jocou
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - A Kaufer
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Kervella
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - J Kolb
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - H Korhonen
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Lacour
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - S Lagarde
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - O Lai
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - V Lapeyrère
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - R Laugier
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - J Leftley
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - P Léna
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - S Lewis
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - D Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - B Lopez
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - D Lutz
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - Y Magnard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - F Mang
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - A Marcotto
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - D Maurel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - A Mérand
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - F Millour
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - N More
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - H Netzer
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - H Nowacki
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - M Nowak
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Oberti
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - T Ott
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - L Pallanca
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - T Paumard
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - K Perraut
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - G Perrin
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - R Petrov
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - O Pfuhl
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - N Pourré
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - S Rabien
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - C Rau
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - M Riquelme
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - S Robbe-Dubois
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - S Rochat
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - M Salman
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Sanchez-Bermudez
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - D J D Santos
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - S Scheithauer
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schöller
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - J Schubert
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - N Schuhler
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Shangguan
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - T T Shimizu
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany.
| | - A Sevin
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - F Soulez
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - A Spang
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - E Stadler
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - A Sternberg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Straubmeier
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - E Sturm
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - C Sykes
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - L J Tacconi
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - F Vincent
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | | | - S Uysal
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - F Widmann
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - E Wieprecht
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - E Wiezorrek
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - J Woillez
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - G Zins
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
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Amorim A, Bauböck M, Berger JP, Brandner W, Clénet Y, Coudé du Foresto V, de Zeeuw PT, Dexter J, Duvert G, Ebert M, Eckart A, Eisenhauer F, Förster Schreiber NM, Garcia P, Gao F, Gendron E, Genzel R, Gillessen S, Habibi M, Haubois X, Henning T, Hippler S, Horrobin M, Hubert Z, Jiménez Rosales A, Jocou L, Kervella P, Lacour S, Lapeyrère V, Le Bouquin JB, Léna P, Ott T, Paumard T, Perraut K, Perrin G, Pfuhl O, Rabien S, Rodríguez-Coira G, Rousset G, Scheithauer S, Sternberg A, Straub O, Straubmeier C, Sturm E, Tacconi LJ, Vincent F, von Fellenberg S, Waisberg I, Widmann F, Wieprecht E, Wiezorrek E, Yazici S. Test of the Einstein Equivalence Principle near the Galactic Center Supermassive Black Hole. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:101102. [PMID: 30932663 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During its orbit around the four million solar mass black hole Sagittarius A* the star S2 experiences significant changes in gravitational potential. We use this change of potential to test one part of the Einstein equivalence principle: the local position invariance (LPI). We study the dependency of different atomic transitions on the gravitational potential to give an upper limit on violations of the LPI. This is done by separately measuring the redshift from hydrogen and helium absorption lines in the stellar spectrum during its closest approach to the black hole. For this measurement we use radial velocity data from 2015 to 2018 and combine it with the gravitational potential at the position of S2, which is calculated from the precisely known orbit of S2 around the black hole. This results in a limit on a violation of the LPI of |β_{He}-β_{H}|=(2.4±5.1)×10^{-2}. The variation in potential that we probe with this measurement is six magnitudes larger than possible for measurements on Earth, and a factor of 10 larger than in experiments using white dwarfs. We are therefore testing the LPI in a regime where it has not been tested before.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amorim
- Universidade de Lisboa-Faculdade de Ciências, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- CENTRA-Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Bauböck
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J P Berger
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - W Brandner
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Y Clénet
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - V Coudé du Foresto
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - P T de Zeeuw
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Sterrewacht Leiden, Leiden University, Postbus 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J Dexter
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Duvert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M Ebert
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Eckart
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strae 77, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - F Eisenhauer
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - N M Förster Schreiber
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - P Garcia
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago 19, Chile
- CENTRA-Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F Gao
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E Gendron
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - R Genzel
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Le Conte Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Gillessen
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Habibi
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - X Haubois
- European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago 19, Chile
| | - Th Henning
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Hippler
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Horrobin
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strae 77, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Z Hubert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Jiménez Rosales
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Jocou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - P Kervella
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - S Lacour
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - V Lapeyrère
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - J-B Le Bouquin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - P Léna
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - T Ott
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Paumard
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - K Perraut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - G Perrin
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - O Pfuhl
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Rabien
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Rodríguez-Coira
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - G Rousset
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - S Scheithauer
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Sternberg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Ave., New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - O Straub
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - C Straubmeier
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strae 77, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - E Sturm
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L J Tacconi
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F Vincent
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - S von Fellenberg
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - I Waisberg
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F Widmann
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E Wieprecht
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E Wiezorrek
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Yazici
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrae 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strae 77, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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