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Thornton D, Wagemans J, Fernandes A, Girard J, Kis D, Klupák V, Mutnuru R, Philibert H, Rousseau G, Santos J, Serén T, Zsolnay E. The EWGRD Round Robin Measurement Exercise. EPJ Web of Conferences 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201610606005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Schmitz T, Bassler N, Blaickner M, Ziegner M, Hsiao MC, Liu YH, Koivunoro H, Auterinen I, Serén T, Kotiluoto P, Palmans H, Sharpe P, Langguth P, Hampel G. The alanine detector in BNCT dosimetry: dose response in thermal and epithermal neutron fields. Med Phys 2015; 42:400-11. [PMID: 25563280 DOI: 10.1118/1.4901299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The response of alanine solid state dosimeters to ionizing radiation strongly depends on particle type and energy. Due to nuclear interactions, neutron fields usually also consist of secondary particles such as photons and protons of diverse energies. Various experiments have been carried out in three different neutron beams to explore the alanine dose response behavior and to validate model predictions. Additionally, application in medical neutron fields for boron neutron capture therapy is discussed. METHODS Alanine detectors have been irradiated in the thermal neutron field of the research reactor TRIGA Mainz, Germany, in five experimental conditions, generating different secondary particle spectra. Further irradiations have been made in the epithermal neutron beams at the research reactors FiR 1 in Helsinki, Finland, and Tsing Hua open pool reactor in HsinChu, Taiwan ROC. Readout has been performed with electron spin resonance spectrometry with reference to an absorbed dose standard in a (60)Co gamma ray beam. Absorbed doses and dose components have been calculated using the Monte Carlo codes fluka and mcnp. The relative effectiveness (RE), linking absorbed dose and detector response, has been calculated using the Hansen & Olsen alanine response model. RESULTS The measured dose response of the alanine detector in the different experiments has been evaluated and compared to model predictions. Therefore, a relative effectiveness has been calculated for each dose component, accounting for its dependence on particle type and energy. Agreement within 5% between model and measurement has been achieved for most irradiated detectors. Significant differences have been observed in response behavior between thermal and epithermal neutron fields, especially regarding dose composition and depth dose curves. The calculated dose components could be verified with the experimental results in the different primary and secondary particle fields. CONCLUSIONS The alanine detector can be used without difficulty in neutron fields. The response has been understood with the model used which includes the relative effectiveness. Results and the corresponding discussion lead to the conclusion that application in neutron fields for medical purpose is limited by its sensitivity but that it is a useful tool as supplement to other detectors and verification of neutron source descriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schmitz
- Institute for nuclear chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - N Bassler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus C, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - M Blaickner
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna A-1220, Austria
| | - M Ziegner
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna A-1220, Austria and TU Wien, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1020, Austria
| | - M C Hsiao
- Insitute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Y H Liu
- Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - H Koivunoro
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, POB 64, FI-00014, Finland and HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00029 HUS, Finland
| | - I Auterinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - T Serén
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - P Kotiluoto
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - H Palmans
- National Physical Laboratory, Acoustics and Ionising Radiation Division, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom and Medical Physics Group, EBG MedAustron GmbH, Wiener Neustadt A-2700, Austria
| | - P Sharpe
- National Physical Laboratory, Acoustics and Ionising Radiation Division, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - P Langguth
- Department of Pharmacy and Toxicology, University of Mainz, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - G Hampel
- Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz D-55128, Germany
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Koivunoro H, Serén T, Hyvönen H, Kotiluoto P, Iivonen P, Auterinen I, Seppälä T, Kankaanranta L, Pakarinen S, Tenhunen M, Savolainen S. Epithermal neutron beam interference with cardiac pacemakers. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 69:1904-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Binns PJ, Riley KJ, Harling OK, Kiger WS, Munck af Rosenschöld PM, Giusti V, Capala J, Sköld K, Auterinen I, Serén T, Kotiluoto P, Uusi-Simola J, Marek M, Viererbl L, Spurny F. An international dosimetry exchange for boron neutron capture therapy. Part I: Absorbed dose measurements. Med Phys 2006; 32:3729-36. [PMID: 16475772 DOI: 10.1118/1.2132572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
An international collaboration was organized to undertake a dosimetry exchange to enable the future combination of clinical data from different centers conducting neutron capture therapy trials. As a first step (Part I) the dosimetry group from the Americas, represented by MIT, visited the clinical centers at Studsvik (Sweden), VTT Espoo (Finland), and the Nuclear Research Institute (NRI) at Rez (Czech Republic). A combined VTT/NRI group reciprocated with a visit to MIT. Each participant performed a series of dosimetry measurements under equivalent irradiation conditions using methods appropriate to their clinical protocols. This entailed in-air measurements and dose versus depth measurements in a large water phantom. Thermal neutron flux as well as fast neutron and photon absorbed dose rates were measured. Satisfactory agreement in determining absorbed dose within the experimental uncertainties was obtained between the different groups although the measurement uncertainties are large, ranging between 3% and 30% depending upon the dose component and the depth of measurement. To improve the precision in the specification of absorbed dose amongst the participants, the individually measured dose components were normalized to the results from a single method. Assuming a boron concentration of 15 microg g(-1) that is typical of concentrations realized clinically with the boron delivery compound boronophenylalanine-fructose, systematic discrepancies in the specification of the total biologically weighted dose of up to 10% were apparent between the different groups. The results from these measurements will be used in future to normalize treatment plan calculations between the different clinical dosimetry protocols as Part II of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Binns
- Nuclear Reactor Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Auterinen I, Serén T, Kotiluoto P, Uusi-Simola J, Savolainen S. Quality assurance procedures for the neutron beam monitors at the FiR 1 BNCT facility. Appl Radiat Isot 2005; 61:1015-9. [PMID: 15308185 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to assure the stability of the beam, the reliability of the beam monitoring system and the quality of the patient dose delivered, several procedures are followed at the FiR 1 epithermal beam in Finland. Routine procedures include in-phantom activation measurements before each patient treatment and a long-term follow-up of the results. The sensitivity of the beam monitors to external objects in the beam and to variations in the control rod positions in the reactor has been checked and found insignificant. The linearity of the beam monitor channels has been checked with activation measurements. It was found that due to saturation effects a correction of 11% has to be applied when extrapolating results from experiments at low power to full power using the reference monitor channel. The correction is even larger for other channels with higher count rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Auterinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT processes, P.O. Box 1608, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
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Karila J, Seppälä T, Serén T, Kotiluoto P, Auterinen I, Aschan C, Kankaanranta L, Savolainen S. The TL analysis methods used to determine absorbed gamma doses in vivo for the BNCT patients treated at FiR 1. Appl Radiat Isot 2004; 61:793-7. [PMID: 15308146 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gamma dose determination using thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters in mixed neutron-gamma fields, such as in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), is difficult due to the thermal neutron sensitivity of the detectors; especially when equipment capable of glow curve analysis is not available. The two TL analysis methods used previously in Finnish BNCT to correct the measured TL signal to obtain absorbed gamma dose in vivo were studied and compared, and an enhanced method was introduced. The three TL methods were found surprisingly consistent despite, e.g. the rough estimate made in the first method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Karila
- Department of Physical Sciences, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Auterinen I, Kotiluoto P, Hippeläinen E, Kortesniemi M, Seppälä T, Serén T, Mannila V, Pöyry P, Kankaanranta L, Collan J, Kouri M, Joensuu H, Savolainen S. Design and construction of shoulder recesses into the beam aperture shields for improved patient positioning at the FiR 1 BNCT facility. Appl Radiat Isot 2004; 61:799-803. [PMID: 15308147 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Improvements have been made at the FiR 1 BNCT facility to ease the positioning of the patient with a tumor in the head and neck region into a lateral neutron beam. Shoulder recesses were constructed horizontally on both sides of the beam aperture. When shoulder recesses are not needed, they are filled with neutron attenuating filling blocks. MCNP simulations using an anthropomorphic human model BOMAB phantom showed that the main contribution to the increase in the effective dose to the patient's body due to the shoulder recesses was from the neutron dose of the arm. In a position when one arm is inside the shoulder recess, the maximal effective dose of the patient was estimated to be 0.7Sv/h. Dose measurements using the twin ionization chamber technique showed that the neutron dose increased on the sides as predicted by the MCNP model but there was no noticeable change in the gamma doses. When making the recesses into the lithium containing neutron shield material tritium contamination was confined using an underpressurized glove box and machine tools with local exhaust. The shoulder recesses give space for more flexible patient positioning and can be considered as a significant improvement of the Finnish BNCT facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Auterinen
- VTT Processes, POB 1608, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland.
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Abstract
Eight epithermal neutron beams, constructed for clinical or preclinical studies of NCT, have been dosimetrically characterized by in-air measurements with a set of activation foils for the determination of the neutron energy spectra in free beam. Measurements have been made on the already closed epithermal BNCT facility at the BMRR of the Brookhaven National Laboratory, on the HFR at JRC in Petten, The Netherlands, on the epithermal mode beam at KURRI, Japan, on the fission converter beam at MIT, USA, on the epithermal beam of the RA-6 facility in Bariloche, Argentina, on the epithermal beam at WSU, USA, on the mixed mode beam at JRR-4 at JAERI, Japan, as well as on the epithermal beam at FiR 1 at VTT, Espoo, Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Auterinen
- VTT Processes, POB 1608, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland.
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Uusi-Simola J, Serén T, Seppälä T, Kosunen A, Auterinen I, Savolainen S. Dosimetric comparison at FiR 1 using microdosimetry, ionisation chambers and computer simulation. Appl Radiat Isot 2004; 61:845-8. [PMID: 15308155 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue equivalent proportional counter microdosimetry has been applied in the dosimetry of epithermal neutron beams as they can provide an independent and accurate method to determine gamma ray and neutron absorbed doses. Dosimetric comparison has been performed using a tissue equivalent proportional counter, dual ionisation chambers and DORT computer code at FiR 1 boron neutron capture therapy facility in Espoo, Finland. The three methods were applied to determine neutron and gamma ray absorbed doses at 25, 40, 60 and 120 mm depths along the beam centerline in a water-filled PMMA phantom. The determined absorbed doses were found to agree within the limits of the estimated uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Uusi-Simola
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO BOX 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Uusi-Simola J, Savolainen S, Kangasmäki A, Heikkinen S, Perkiö J, Abo Ramadan U, Seppälä T, Karila J, Serén T, Kotiluoto P, Sorvari P, Auterinen I. Study of the relative dose-response of BANG-3 polymer gel dosimeters in epithermal neutron irradiation. Phys Med Biol 2003; 48:2895-906. [PMID: 14516107 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/48/17/310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymer gels have been reported as a new, potential tool for dosimetry in mixed neutron-gamma radiation fields. In this work, BANG-3 (MGS Research Inc.) gel vials from three production batches were irradiated with 6 MV photons of a Varian Clinac 2100 C linear accelerator and with the epithermal neutron beam of the Finnish boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) facility at the FiR 1 nuclear reactor. The gel is tissue equivalent in main elemental composition and density and its T2 relaxation time is dependent on the absorbed dose. The T2 relaxation time map of the irradiated gel vials was measured with a 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner using spin echo sequence. The absorbed doses of neutron irradiation were calculated using DORT computer code, and the accuracy of the calculational model was verified by measuring gamma ray dose rate with thermoluminescent dosimeters and 55Mn(n,gamma) activation reaction rate with activation detectors. The response of the BANG-3 gel dosimeter for total absorbed dose in the neutron irradiation was linear, and the magnitude of the response relative to the response in the photon irradiation was observed to vary between different gel batches. The results support the potential of polymer gels in BNCT dosimetry, especially for the verification of two- or three-dimensional dose distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Uusi-Simola
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00029 HUS, Finland
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