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Thompson RA, Thompson JMD, Wilson J, Cronin RS, Mitchell EA, Raynes-Greenow CH, Li M, Stacey T, Heazell AEP, O'Brien LM, McCowan LME, Anderson NH. Risk factors for late preterm and term stillbirth: A secondary analysis of an individual participant data meta-analysis. BJOG 2023. [PMID: 36852504 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify independent and novel risk factors for late-preterm (28-36 weeks) and term (≥37 weeks) stillbirth and explore development of a risk-prediction model. DESIGN Secondary analysis of an Individual Participant Data (IPD) meta-analysis investigating modifiable stillbirth risk factors. SETTING An IPD database from five case-control studies in New Zealand, Australia, the UK and an international online study. POPULATION Women with late-stillbirth (cases, n = 851), and ongoing singleton pregnancies from 28 weeks' gestation (controls, n = 2257). METHODS Established and novel risk factors for late-preterm and term stillbirth underwent univariable and multivariable logistic regression modelling with multiple sensitivity analyses. Variables included maternal age, body mass index (BMI), parity, mental health, cigarette smoking, second-hand smoking, antenatal-care utilisation, and detailed fetal movement and sleep variables. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Independent risk factors with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for late-preterm and term stillbirth. RESULTS After model building, 575 late-stillbirth cases and 1541 controls from three contributing case-control studies were included. Risk factor estimates from separate multivariable models of late-preterm and term stillbirth were compared. As these were similar, the final model combined all late-stillbirths. The single multivariable model confirmed established demographic risk factors, but additionally showed that fetal movement changes had both increased (decreased frequency) and reduced (hiccoughs, increasing strength, frequency or vigorous fetal movements) aOR of stillbirth. Poor antenatal-care utilisation increased risk while more-than-adequate care was protective. The area-under-the-curve was 0.84 (95% CI 0.82-0.86). CONCLUSIONS Similarities in risk factors for late-preterm and term stillbirth suggest the same approach for risk-assessment can be applied. Detailed fetal movement assessment and inclusion of antenatal-care utilisation could be valuable in late-stillbirth risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Thompson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J M D Thompson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Wilson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R S Cronin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Women's Health Division, Counties Manukau Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E A Mitchell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C H Raynes-Greenow
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Women's Health Division, Counties Manukau Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T Stacey
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative Care, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A E P Heazell
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - L M O'Brien
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - L M E McCowan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - N H Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Tennant P, Doxford-Hook E, Flynn L, Kershaw K, Goddard J, Stacey T. Fasting plasma glucose, diagnosis of gestational diabetes and the risk of large for gestational age: a regression discontinuity analysis of routine data. BJOG 2021; 129:82-89. [PMID: 34510695 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the causal effects of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and diagnosis of gestational diabetes (GDM) on birthweight and the risks of large for gestational age (LGA). DESIGN Regression discontinuity analysis of routine data. SETTING Two district general hospitals in West Yorkshire, UK. POPULATION A cohort of 7062 women with singleton pregnancies who were screened for GDM and gave birth to a baby at ≥24 weeks of gestation in 2017-2019, inclusive. METHODS The causal effects of FPG and GDM diagnosis were estimated using the two-stage least-squares approach, around the diagnostic threshold of FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/l recommended by the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellent (NICE), controlling for ethnicity, maternal age, parity, height and weight. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Birthweight (standardised for sex and gestational age) and large for gestational age (standardised as birthweight above the 90th centile). RESULTS For each 1 mmol/l increase in FPG the observed birthweight increased by Z-score = 0.48 standard deviations (95% CI 0.39 to 0.57) and the odds of LGA increased by OR = 2.61 (95% CI 1.86 to 3.66). Conversely, GDM diagnosis reduced the observed birthweight by Z = -0.61 (95% CI -0.94 to -0.29) and lowered the odds of LGA by OR = 0.33 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.74). Similar, but less certain, patterns were observed for caesarean section, shoulder dystocia and perinatal death. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between FPG and LGA is potent but is dramatically reduced by GDM diagnosis (and all the consequences thereof). Women with mild hyperglycaemia (with an FPG of 5.1-5.5 mmol/l) who fall below the current NICE threshold for GDM diagnosis have the highest risks of adverse outcomes, suggesting a need to reconsider their current care. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Regression discontinuity analysis shows that untreated mild hyperglycaemia increases the odds of large for gestational age, but that a diagnosis of gestational #diabetes lowers the odds by three times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pwg Tennant
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - E Doxford-Hook
- Calderdale and Huddersfield Foundation Trust, Huddersfield, UK
| | - L Flynn
- Calderdale and Huddersfield Foundation Trust, Huddersfield, UK
| | - K Kershaw
- Calderdale and Huddersfield Foundation Trust, Huddersfield, UK
| | - J Goddard
- Calderdale and Huddersfield Foundation Trust, Huddersfield, UK
| | - T Stacey
- Calderdale and Huddersfield Foundation Trust, Huddersfield, UK.,School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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Heazell A, Budd J, Smith LK, Li M, Cronin R, Bradford B, McCowan L, Mitchell EA, Stacey T, Roberts D, Thompson J. Associations between social and behavioural factors and the risk of late stillbirth - findings from the Midland and North of England Stillbirth case-control study. BJOG 2020; 128:704-713. [PMID: 32992405 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate behavioural and social characteristics of women who experienced a late stillbirth compared with women with ongoing live pregnancies at similar gestation. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING 41 maternity units in the UK. POPULATION Women who had a stillbirth ≥28 weeks' gestation (n = 287) and women with an ongoing pregnancy at the time of interview (n = 714). METHODS Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire which included questions regarding women's behaviours (e.g. alcohol intake and household smoke exposure) and social characteristics (e.g. ethnicity, employment, housing). Stress was measured by the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Late stillbirth. RESULTS Multivariable analysis adjusting for co-existing social and behavioural factors showed women living in the most deprived quintile had an increased risk of stillbirth compared with the least deprived quintile (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.16; 95% CI 1.47-6.77). There was an increased risk of late stillbirth associated with unemployment (aOR 2.32; 95% CI 1.00-5.38) and women who declined to answer the question about domestic abuse (aOR 4.12; 95% CI 2.49-6.81). A greater number of antenatal visits than recommended was associated with a reduction in stillbirth (aOR 0.26; 95% CI 0.16-0.42). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates associations between late stillbirth and socio-economic deprivation, perceived stress and domestic abuse, highlighting the need for strategies to prevent stillbirth to extend beyond maternity care. Enhanced antenatal care may be able to mitigate some of the increased risk of stillbirth. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Deprivation, unemployment, social stress & declining to answer about domestic abuse increase risk of #stillbirth after 28 weeks' gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aep Heazell
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - J Budd
- St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - L K Smith
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - M Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R Cronin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - B Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lme McCowan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E A Mitchell
- Department of Paediatrics: Child Health and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T Stacey
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.,Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield, UK
| | - D Roberts
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jmd Thompson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Paediatrics: Child Health and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Cronin R, Li M, Thompson J, Gordon A, Greenow CR, Heazell A, Stacey T, Culling V, Bowring V, Anderson N, O'Brien L, Mitchell E, McCowan L. Maternal sleep position in the third trimester of pregnancy and the risk of stillbirth. Sleep Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.11.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Stacey T, Tennant P, McCowan L, Mitchell EA, Budd J, Li M, Thompson J, Martin B, Roberts D, Heazell A. Gestational diabetes and the risk of late stillbirth: a case-control study from England, UK. BJOG 2019; 126:973-982. [PMID: 30891907 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the separate effects of being 'at risk' of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and screening for GDM, and of raised fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and clinical diagnosis of GDM, on the risk of late stillbirth. DESIGN Prospective case-control study. SETTING Forty-one maternity units in the UK. POPULATION Women who had a stillbirth ≥28 weeks of gestation (n = 291) and women with an ongoing pregnancy at the time of interview (n = 733). METHODS Causal mediation analysis explored the joint effects of (i) 'at risk' of GDM and screening for GDM and (ii) raised FPG (≥5.6 mmol/l) and clinical diagnosis of GDM on the risks of late stillbirth. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were estimated by logistic regression adjusted for confounders identified by directed acyclic graphs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Screening for GDM and FPG levels RESULTS: Women 'at risk' of GDM, but not screened, experienced 44% greater risk of late stillbirth than those not 'at risk' (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.01-2.06). Women 'at risk' of GDM who were screened experienced no such increase (aOR 0.98, 95% CI 0.70-1.36). Women with raised FPG not diagnosed with GDM experienced four-fold greater risk of late stillbirth than women with normal FPG (aOR 4.22, 95% CI 1.04-17.02). Women with raised FPG who were diagnosed with GDM experienced no such increase (aOR 1.10, 95% CI 0.31-3.91). CONCLUSIONS Optimal screening and diagnosis of GDM mitigate the higher risks of late stillbirth in women 'at risk' of GDM and/or with raised FPG. Failure to diagnose GDM leaves women with raised FPG exposed to avoidable risk of late stillbirth. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Risk of #stillbirth in gestational diabetes is mitigated by effective screening and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stacey
- School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Pwg Tennant
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - Lme McCowan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E A Mitchell
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Budd
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - M Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jmd Thompson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - B Martin
- Birmingham Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Roberts
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aep Heazell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Hay-David A, Stacey T, Pallister I. Motorcyclists and pillion passengers with open lower-limb fractures: a study using TARN data 2007-2014. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2018; 100:203-208. [PMID: 29364004 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2017.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We aimed to identify population demographics of motorcyclists and pillion passengers with isolated open lower-limb fractures, to ascertain the impact of the revised 2009 British Orthopaedic Association/British Association of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons joint standards for the management of open fractures of the lower limb (BOAST 4), in terms of time to skeletal stabilisation and soft-tissue coverage, and to observe any impact on patient movement. Methods Retrospective cohort data was collected by the Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN). A longitudinal analysis was performed between two timeframes in England (pre-and post-BOAST 4 revision): 2007-2009 and 2010-2014. Results A total of 1564 motorcyclists and 64 pillion passengers were identified. Of these, 93% (1521/1628) were male. The median age for males was 30.5 years and 36.7 years for females. There was a statistically significant difference in the number of patients who underwent skeletal stabilisation (49% vs 65%, P < 0.0001), the time from injury to skeletal stabilisation (7.33 hours vs 14.3 hours, P < 0.0001) and the proportion receiving soft-tissue coverage (26% vs 43%, P < 0.0001). There was no difference in the time from injury to soft-tissue coverage (62.3 hours vs 63.7 hours, P = 0.726). The number of patients taken directly to a major trauma centre (or its equivalent) increased between the two timeframes (12.5% vs, 41%, P < 0.001). Conclusions Since the 2009 BOAST 4 revision, there has been no difference in the time taken from injury to soft-tissue coverage but the time from injury to skeletal stabilisation is longer. There has also been an increase in patient movement to centres offering joint orthopaedic and plastic care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T Stacey
- Trauma Audit and Research Network, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust , Salford , UK
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Heazell A, Li M, Budd J, Thompson J, Stacey T, Cronin RS, Martin B, Roberts D, Mitchell EA, McCowan L. Association between maternal sleep practices and late stillbirth - findings from a stillbirth case-control study. BJOG 2017; 125:254-262. [PMID: 29152887 PMCID: PMC5765411 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objective To report maternal sleep practices in women who experienced a stillbirth compared with controls with ongoing live pregnancies at similar gestation. Design Prospective case‐control study. Setting Forty‐one maternity units in the United Kingdom. Population Women who had a stillbirth after ≥ 28 weeks’ gestation (n = 291) and women with an ongoing pregnancy at the time of interview (n = 733). Methods Data were collected using an interviewer‐administered questionnaire that included questions on maternal sleep practices before pregnancy, in the four weeks prior to, and on the night before the interview/stillbirth. Main outcome measures Maternal sleep practices during pregnancy. Results In multivariable analysis, supine going‐to‐sleep position the night before stillbirth had a 2.3‐fold increased risk of late stillbirth [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 2.31, 95% CI 1.04–5.11] compared with the left side. In addition, women who had a stillbirth were more likely to report sleep duration less than 5.5 hours on the night before stillbirth (aOR 1.83, 95% CI 1.24–2.68), getting up to the toilet once or less (aOR 2.81, 95% CI 1.85–4.26), and a daytime nap every day (aOR 2.22, 95% CI 1.26–3.94). No interaction was detected between supine going‐to‐sleep position and a small‐for‐gestational‐age infant, maternal body mass index, or gestational age. The population‐attributable risk for supine going‐to‐sleep position was 3.7% (95% CI 0.5–9.2). Conclusions This study confirms that supine going‐to‐sleep position is associated with late stillbirth. Further work is required to determine whether intervention(s) can decrease the frequency of supine going‐to‐sleep position and the incidence of late stillbirth. Tweetable abstract Supine going‐to‐sleep position is associated with 2.3× increased risk of stillbirth after 28 weeks’ gestation. Plain Language Summary Stillbirth, the death of a baby before birth, is a tragedy for mothers and families. One approach to reduce stillbirths is to identify factors that are associated with stillbirth. There are few risk factors for stillbirth that can be easily changed, but this study is looking at identifying how mothers may be able to reduce their risk. In this study, we interviewed 291 women who had a stillbirth and 733 women who had a live‐born baby from 41 maternity units throughout the UK. The mothers who had a stillbirth were interviewed as soon as practical after their baby died. Mothers who had a live birth were interviewed during their pregnancies at the same times in pregnancy as when the stillbirths occurred. We did not interview mothers who had twins or who had a baby with a major abnormality. Mothers who went to sleep on their back had at least twice the risk of stillbirth compared with mothers who went to sleep on their left‐hand side. This study suggests that 3.7% of stillbirths after 28 weeks of pregnancy were linked with going to sleep lying on the back. This study also shows that the link between going‐to‐sleep position and late stillbirth was not affected by the duration of pregnancy after 28 weeks, the size of the baby, or the mother's weight. Women who got up to the toilet once or more at night had a reduced risk of stillbirth. This is the largest of four similar studies that have all shown the same link between the position in which a mother goes to sleep and stillbirth after 28 weeks of pregnancy. Further studies are needed to see whether women can easily change their sleep position in late pregnancy and whether changing the position a mother goes to sleep in reduces stillbirth. Tweetable abstract Supine going‐to‐sleep position is associated with 2.3× increased risk of stillbirth after 28 weeks’ gestation. This paper includes Author Insights, a video abstract available at https://vimeo.com/rcog/authorinsights14967
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Affiliation(s)
- Aep Heazell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - M Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Budd
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jmd Thompson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T Stacey
- School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R S Cronin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - B Martin
- Birmingham Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Roberts
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - E A Mitchell
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lme McCowan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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