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Krawczynski H, Muleri F, Dovčiak M, Veledina A, Rodriguez Cavero N, Svoboda J, Ingram A, Matt G, Garcia JA, Loktev V, Negro M, Poutanen J, Kitaguchi T, Podgorný J, Rankin J, Zhang W, Berdyugin A, Berdyugina SV, Bianchi S, Blinov D, Capitanio F, Di Lalla N, Draghis P, Fabiani S, Kagitani M, Kravtsov V, Kiehlmann S, Latronico L, Lutovinov AA, Mandarakas N, Marin F, Marinucci A, Miller JM, Mizuno T, Molkov SV, Omodei N, Petrucci PO, Ratheesh A, Sakanoi T, Semena AN, Skalidis R, Soffitta P, Tennant AF, Thalhammer P, Tombesi F, Weisskopf MC, Wilms J, Zhang S, Agudo I, Antonelli LA, Bachetti M, Baldini L, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Castellano S, Cavazzuti E, Ciprini S, Costa E, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Gesu L, Di Marco A, Donnarumma I, Doroshenko V, Ehlert SR, Enoto T, Evangelista Y, Ferrazzoli R, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Heyl J, Iwakiri W, Jorstad SG, Karas V, Kolodziejczak JJ, La Monaca F, Liodakis I, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marscher AP, Marshall HL, Mitsuishi I, Ng CY, O’Dell SL, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Peirson AL, Perri M, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Possenti A, Puccetti S, Ramsey BD, Romani RW, Sgrò C, Slane P, Spandre G, Tamagawa T, Tavecchio F, Taverna R, Tawara Y, Thomas NE, Trois A, Tsygankov S, Turolla R, Vink J, Wu K, Xie F, Zane S. Polarized x-rays constrain the disk-jet geometry in the black hole x-ray binary Cygnus X-1. Science 2022; 378:650-654. [DOI: 10.1126/science.add5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A black hole x-ray binary (XRB) system forms when gas is stripped from a normal star and accretes onto a black hole, which heats the gas sufficiently to emit x-rays. We report a polarimetric observation of the XRB Cygnus X-1 using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. The electric field position angle aligns with the outflowing jet, indicating that the jet is launched from the inner x-ray emitting region. The polarization degree is 4.01 ± 0.20% at 2 to 8 kiloelectronvolts, implying that the accretion disk is viewed closer to edge-on than the binary orbit. The observations reveal that hot x-ray emitting plasma is spatially extended in a plane perpendicular to the jet axis, not parallel to the jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henric Krawczynski
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Fabio Muleri
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Michal Dovčiak
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Veledina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (Nordita), Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nicole Rodriguez Cavero
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jiri Svoboda
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Ingram
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Giorgio Matt
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Javier A. Garcia
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Vladislav Loktev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Michela Negro
- Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Juri Poutanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Takao Kitaguchi
- Rikagaku Kenkyūjyo (RIKEN) Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jakub Podgorný
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
- Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7550, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Astronomical Institute, Charles University, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John Rankin
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Wenda Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Andrei Berdyugin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Svetlana V. Berdyugina
- Leibniz-Institut für Sonnenphysik, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Istituto Ricerche Solari (IRSOL) Aldo e Cele Daccò, Faculty of Informatics, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6605 Locarno, Switzerland
- Euler Institute, Faculty of Informatics, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6962 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Dmitry Blinov
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Niccolò Di Lalla
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul Draghis
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Masato Kagitani
- School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Vadim Kravtsov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sebastian Kiehlmann
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Luca Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Nikos Mandarakas
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7550, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jon M. Miller
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Sergey V. Molkov
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nicola Omodei
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pierre-Olivier Petrucci
- Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Takeshi Sakanoi
- School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Andrei N. Semena
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Raphael Skalidis
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Phillipp Thalhammer
- Dr. Karl Remeis Observatory, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Roma, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Joern Wilms
- Dr. Karl Remeis Observatory, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - Sixuan Zhang
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Iván Agudo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Lucio A. Antonelli
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
- Space Science Data Center, ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Matteo Bachetti
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccolò Bucciantini
- INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, 50125 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Castellano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Roma, Italy
- Space Science Data Center, ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Costa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Rosa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Ettore Del Monte
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Di Marco
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Victor Doroshenko
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Teruaki Enoto
- Rikagaku Kenkyūjyo (RIKEN) Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuri Evangelista
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrazzoli
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Shuichi Gunji
- Department of Physics, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata-shi 990-8560, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hayashida
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jeremy Heyl
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wataru Iwakiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Svetlana G. Jorstad
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Astrophysics, St. Petersburg State University, Petrodvoretz, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Karas
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | | | - Fabio La Monaca
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Ioannis Liodakis
- Finnish Centre for Astronomy with the European Southern Observatory (ESO), 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Simone Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alan P. Marscher
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Herman L. Marshall
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Chi-Yung Ng
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Chiara Oppedisano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papitto
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
| | - George G. Pavlov
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Abel L. Peirson
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
- Space Science Data Center, ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Possenti
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Brian D. Ramsey
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - Roger W. Romani
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carmelo Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gloria Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Toru Tamagawa
- Astronomical Institute, Charles University, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Roberto Taverna
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Yuzuru Tawara
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | | | - Alessio Trois
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sergey Tsygankov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Roberto Turolla
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Jacco Vink
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kinwah Wu
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Silvia Zane
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
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2
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Liodakis I, Marscher AP, Agudo I, Berdyugin AV, Bernardos MI, Bonnoli G, Borman GA, Casadio C, Casanova V, Cavazzuti E, Rodriguez Cavero N, Di Gesu L, Di Lalla N, Donnarumma I, Ehlert SR, Errando M, Escudero J, García-Comas M, Agís-González B, Husillos C, Jormanainen J, Jorstad SG, Kagitani M, Kopatskaya EN, Kravtsov V, Krawczynski H, Lindfors E, Larionova EG, Madejski GM, Marin F, Marchini A, Marshall HL, Morozova DA, Massaro F, Masiero JR, Mawet D, Middei R, Millar-Blanchaer MA, Myserlis I, Negro M, Nilsson K, O’Dell SL, Omodei N, Pacciani L, Paggi A, Panopoulou GV, Peirson AL, Perri M, Petrucci PO, Poutanen J, Puccetti S, Romani RW, Sakanoi T, Savchenko SS, Sota A, Tavecchio F, Tinyanont S, Vasilyev AA, Weaver ZR, Zhovtan AV, Antonelli LA, Bachetti M, Baldini L, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bianchi S, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Capitanio F, Castellano S, Ciprini S, Costa E, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Marco A, Doroshenko V, Dovčiak M, Enoto T, Evangelista Y, Fabiani S, Ferrazzoli R, Garcia JA, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Heyl J, Iwakiri W, Karas V, Kitaguchi T, Kolodziejczak JJ, La Monaca F, Latronico L, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marinucci A, Matt G, Mitsuishi I, Mizuno T, Muleri F, Ng SCY, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Possenti A, Ramsey BD, Rankin J, Ratheesh A, Sgró C, Slane P, Soffitta P, Spandre G, Tamagawa T, Taverna R, Tawara Y, Tennant AF, Thomas NE, Tombesi F, Trois A, Tsygankov S, Turolla R, Vink J, Weisskopf MC, Wu K, Xie F, Zane S. Polarized blazar X-rays imply particle acceleration in shocks. Nature 2022; 611:677-681. [PMID: 36418451 PMCID: PMC9684068 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most of the light from blazars, active galactic nuclei with jets of magnetized plasma that point nearly along the line of sight, is produced by high-energy particles, up to around 1 TeV. Although the jets are known to be ultimately powered by a supermassive black hole, how the particles are accelerated to such high energies has been an unanswered question. The process must be related to the magnetic field, which can be probed by observations of the polarization of light from the jets. Measurements of the radio to optical polarization-the only range available until now-probe extended regions of the jet containing particles that left the acceleration site days to years earlier1-3, and hence do not directly explore the acceleration mechanism, as could X-ray measurements. Here we report the detection of X-ray polarization from the blazar Markarian 501 (Mrk 501). We measure an X-ray linear polarization degree ΠX of around 10%, which is a factor of around 2 higher than the value at optical wavelengths, with a polarization angle parallel to the radio jet. This points to a shock front as the source of particle acceleration and also implies that the plasma becomes increasingly turbulent with distance from the shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Liodakis
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alan P. Marscher
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Iván Agudo
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrei V. Berdyugin
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria I. Bernardos
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Giacomo Bonnoli
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain ,grid.450217.5INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate (LC), Italy
| | - George A. Borman
- Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny, Nauchnij, Crimea
| | - Carolina Casadio
- grid.4834.b0000 0004 0635 685XInstitute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Voutes, Heraklion, Greece ,grid.8127.c0000 0004 0576 3437Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Víctor Casanova
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Cavazzuti
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Nicole Rodriguez Cavero
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Laura Di Gesu
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Niccoló Di Lalla
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Immacolata Donnarumma
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Steven R. Ehlert
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Manel Errando
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Juan Escudero
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Maya García-Comas
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Agís-González
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - César Husillos
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Jenni Jormanainen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Svetlana G. Jorstad
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA USA ,grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Laboratory of Observational Astrophysics, St Petersburg University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Masato Kagitani
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Evgenia N. Kopatskaya
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vadim Kravtsov
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henric Krawczynski
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Elina Lindfors
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elena G. Larionova
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Grzegorz M. Madejski
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University and SLAC, Menlo Park, CA USA
| | - Frédéric Marin
- grid.440483.f0000 0000 9383 4469Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alessandro Marchini
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, Astronomical Observatory, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Herman L. Marshall
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Daria A. Morozova
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Francesco Massaro
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Dimitri Mawet
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Riccardo Middei
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | | | | | - Michela Negro
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST), Greenbelt, MD USA ,grid.266673.00000 0001 2177 1144Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kari Nilsson
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stephen L. O’Dell
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Nicola Omodei
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Luigi Pacciani
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paggi
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.436940.cINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
| | | | - Abel L. Peirson
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | | | - Juri Poutanen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,grid.426428.e0000 0004 0405 8736Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Simonetta Puccetti
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Roger W. Romani
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Takeshi Sakanoi
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sergey S. Savchenko
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia ,grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnii Arkhyz, Russia ,grid.437494.90000 0000 9168 8058Pulkovo Observatory, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alfredo Sota
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Samaporn Tinyanont
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Andrey A. Vasilyev
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zachary R. Weaver
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Alexey V. Zhovtan
- Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny, Nauchnij, Crimea
| | - Lucio A. Antonelli
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Matteo Bachetti
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Luca Baldini
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy ,grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Wayne H. Baumgartner
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Universitá degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Stephen D. Bongiorno
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Raffaella Bonino
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccoló Bucciantini
- grid.426239.80000 0000 9176 4495INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy ,grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy ,grid.470204.5Q30265285Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Castellano
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Ciprini
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.470219.9Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Costa
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Rosa
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Ettore Del Monte
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Marco
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Victor Doroshenko
- grid.426428.e0000 0004 0405 8736Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ,grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michal Dovčiak
- grid.423799.20000 0004 0385 3578Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondřejov, Czech Republic
| | - Teruaki Enoto
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuri Evangelista
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrazzoli
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Javier A. Garcia
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Shuichi Gunji
- grid.268394.20000 0001 0674 7277Yamagata University, Yamagata-shi, Japan
| | | | - Jeremy Heyl
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Wataru Iwakiri
- grid.443595.a0000 0001 2323 0843Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vladimir Karas
- grid.423799.20000 0004 0385 3578Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondřejov, Czech Republic
| | - Takao Kitaguchi
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Fabio La Monaca
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Latronico
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Maldera
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Marinucci
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matt
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Universitá degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fabio Muleri
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Stephen C.-Y. Ng
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chiara Oppedisano
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papitto
- grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - George G. Pavlov
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Andrea Possenti
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Brian D. Ramsey
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - John Rankin
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Carmelo Sgró
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- grid.455754.20000 0001 1781 4754Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Gloria Spandre
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Toru Tamagawa
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Roberto Taverna
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Yuzuru Tawara
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Allyn F. Tennant
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Nicolas E. Thomas
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessio Trois
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Sergey Tsygankov
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,grid.426428.e0000 0004 0405 8736Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roberto Turolla
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Jacco Vink
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy & GRAPPA, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Weisskopf
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Kinwah Wu
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy ,grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Silvia Zane
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
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3
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Kataoka R, Chaston CC, Knudsen D, Lynch KA, Lysak RL, Song Y, Rankin R, Murase K, Sakanoi T, Semeter J, Watanabe TH, Whiter D. Small-Scale Dynamic Aurora. Space Sci Rev 2021; 217:17. [PMID: 34720215 PMCID: PMC8550089 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-021-00796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Small-scale dynamic auroras have spatial scales of a few km or less, and temporal scales of a few seconds or less, which visualize the complex interplay among charged particles, Alfvén waves, and plasma instabilities working in the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupled regions. We summarize the observed properties of flickering auroras, vortex motions, and filamentary structures. We also summarize the development of fundamental theories, such as dispersive Alfvén waves (DAWs), plasma instabilities in the auroral acceleration region, ionospheric feedback instabilities (IFI), and the ionospheric Alfvén resonator (IAR). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11214-021-00796-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuho Kataoka
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 185-0031 Japan
- SOKENDAI, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 185-0031 Japan
| | | | - David Knudsen
- Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Kristina A. Lynch
- Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Robert L. Lysak
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Yan Song
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Robert Rankin
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Kiyoka Murase
- SOKENDAI, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 185-0031 Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakanoi
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Aramaki-aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Joshua Semeter
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Daniel Whiter
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
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4
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Yoshioka K, Murakami G, Yamazaki A, Tsuchiya F, Kimura T, Kagitani M, Sakanoi T, Uemizu K, Kasaba Y, Yoshikawa I, Fujimoto M. Evidence for global electron transportation into the jovian inner magnetosphere. Science 2014; 345:1581-4. [PMID: 25258073 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Jupiter's magnetosphere is a strong particle accelerator that contains ultrarelativistic electrons in its inner part. They are thought to be accelerated by whistler-mode waves excited by anisotropic hot electrons (>10 kiloelectron volts) injected from the outer magnetosphere. However, electron transportation in the inner magnetosphere is not well understood. By analyzing the extreme ultraviolet line emission from the inner magnetosphere, we show evidence for global inward transport of flux tubes containing hot plasma. High-spectral-resolution scanning observations of the Io plasma torus in the inner magnetosphere enable us to generate radial profiles of the hot electron fraction. It gradually decreases with decreasing radial distance, despite the short collisional time scale that should thermalize them rapidly. This indicates a fast and continuous resupply of hot electrons responsible for exciting the whistler-mode waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshioka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, Japan.
| | - G Murakami
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, Japan
| | - A Yamazaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, Japan
| | - F Tsuchiya
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - T Kimura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, Japan
| | - M Kagitani
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - T Sakanoi
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - K Uemizu
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, Japan. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Y Kasaba
- Department of Geophysics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - I Yoshikawa
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Fujimoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, Japan. Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Zou S, Moldwin MB, Lyons LR, Nishimura Y, Hirahara M, Sakanoi T, Asamura K, Nicolls MJ, Miyashita Y, Mende SB, Heinselman CJ. Identification of substorm onset location and preonset sequence using Reimei, THEMIS GBO, PFISR, and Geotail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Zou
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - M. B. Moldwin
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - L. R. Lyons
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Nishimura
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - M. Hirahara
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Sakanoi
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - K. Asamura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Sagamihara Japan
| | - M. J. Nicolls
- Center for Geospace Studies; SRI International; Menlo Park California USA
| | - Y. Miyashita
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - S. B. Mende
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - C. J. Heinselman
- Center for Geospace Studies; SRI International; Menlo Park California USA
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6
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Frey HU, Amm O, Chaston CC, Fu S, Haerendel G, Juusola L, Karlsson T, Lanchester B, Nakamura R, Østgaard N, Sakanoi T, Séran E, Whiter D, Weygand J, Asamura K, Hirahara M. Small and meso-scale properties of a substorm onset auroral arc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. U. Frey
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - O. Amm
- Finnish Meteorological Institute; Arctic Research Unit; Helsinki Finland
| | - C. C. Chaston
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - S. Fu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - G. Haerendel
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Extraterrestrische Physik; Garching Germany
| | - L. Juusola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute; Arctic Research Unit; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Physics and Technology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - T. Karlsson
- Space and Plasma Physics; School of Electrical Engineering; KTH, Stockholm Sweden
| | - B. Lanchester
- School of Physics and Astronomy; University of Southampton; Southampton U.K
| | - R. Nakamura
- Space Research Institute; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Graz Austria
| | - N. Østgaard
- Department of Physics and Technology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - T. Sakanoi
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - E. Séran
- LATMOS; IPSL; St-Maur des Fosses France
| | - D. Whiter
- Space and Plasma Physics; School of Electrical Engineering; KTH, Stockholm Sweden
| | - J. Weygand
- IGPP; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - K. Asamura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| | - M. Hirahara
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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7
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Morioka A, Miyoshi Y, Tsuchiya F, Misawa H, Sakanoi T, Yumoto K, Anderson RR, Menietti JD, Donovan EF. Dual structure of auroral acceleration regions at substorm onsets as derived from auroral kilometric radiation spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja012186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Morioka
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - F. Tsuchiya
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - H. Misawa
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - T. Sakanoi
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - K. Yumoto
- Space Environment Research Center; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - R. R. Anderson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - J. D. Menietti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - E. F. Donovan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta Canada
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8
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Sakanoi T. Dynamical coupling of neutrals and ions in the high-latitudeFregion: Simultaneous FPI and HF radar observations at Syowa Station, Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja007530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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