1
|
Pivarcsik T, Kiss MA, Rapuš U, Kljun J, Spengler G, Frank É, Turel I, Enyedy ÉA. Organometallic Ru(II), Rh(III) and Re(I) complexes of sterane-based bidentate ligands: synthesis, solution speciation, interaction with biomolecules and anticancer activity. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4984-5000. [PMID: 38406993 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04138g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present the synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity of six organometallic [Ru(II)(η6-p-cymene)(N,N)Cl]Cl, [Rh(III)(η5-C5Me5)(N,N)Cl]Cl and [Re(I)(CO)3(N,N)Cl] complexes, in which the (N,N) ligands are sterane-based 2,2'-bipyridine derivatives (4-Me-bpy-St-OH, 4-Ph-bpy-St-OH). The solution chemical behavior of the ligands and the complexes was explored by UV-visible spectrophotometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The ligands and their Re(I) complexes are neutral at pH = 7.40; this contributes to their highly lipophilic character (log D7.40 > +3). The Ru(II) and Rh(III) half-sandwich complexes are much more hydrophilic, and this property is greatly affected by the actual chloride ion content of the medium. The half-sandwich Ru and Rh complexes are highly stable in 30% (v/v) DMSO/water (<5% dissociation at pH = 7.40); this is further increased in water. The Rh(III)(η5-C5Me5) complexes were characterized by higher water/chloride exchange and pKa constants compared to their Ru(II)(η6-p-cymene) counterparts. The Re(I)(CO)3 complexes are also stable in solution over a wide pH range (2-12) without the release of the bidentate ligand; only the chlorido co-ligand can be replaced with OH- at higher pH values. A comprehensive discussion of the binding affinity of the half-sandwich Ru(II) and Rh(III) complexes toward human serum albumin and calf-thymus DNA is also provided. The Ru(II)(η6-p-cymene) complexes interact with human serum albumin via intermolecular forces, while for the Rh(III)(η5-C5Me5) complexes the coordinative binding mode is suggested as well. They are also able to interact with calf-thymus DNA, most likely via the coordination of the guanine nitrogen. The Ru(II)(η6-p-cymene) complexes were found to be the most promising among the tested compounds as they exhibited moderate-to-strong cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 3-11 μM) in LNCaP as well as in PC3 prostate cells in an androgen receptor-independent manner. They were also significantly cytotoxic in breast and colon adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines and showed good selectivity for cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pivarcsik
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton A Kiss
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Uroš Rapuš
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Frank
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pivarcsik T, Pósa V, Kovács H, May NV, Spengler G, Pósa SP, Tóth S, Nezafat Yazdi Z, Özvegy-Laczka C, Ugrai I, Szatmári I, Szakács G, Enyedy ÉA. Metal Complexes of a 5-Nitro-8-Hydroxyquinoline-Proline Hybrid with Enhanced Water Solubility Targeting Multidrug Resistant Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010593. [PMID: 36614037 PMCID: PMC9820345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer is one of the major obstacles of chemotherapy. We have recently identified a series of 8-hydroxyquinoline Mannich base derivatives with MDR-selective toxicity, however with limited solubility. In this work, a novel 5-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline-proline hybrid and its Rh(η5-C5Me5) and Ru(η6-p-cymene) complexes with excellent aqueous solubility were developed, characterized, and tested against sensitive and MDR cells. Complex formation of the ligand with essential metal ions was also investigated using UV-visible, circular dichroism, 1H NMR (Zn(II)), and electron paramagnetic resonance (Cu(II)) spectroscopic methods. Formation of mono and bis complexes was found in all cases with versatile coordination modes, while tris complexes were also formed with Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions, revealing the metal binding affinity of the ligand at pH 7.4: Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Fe(II) > Fe(III). The ligand and its Rh(III) complex displayed enhanced cytotoxicity against the resistant MES-SA/Dx5 and Colo320 human cancer cell lines compared to their chemosensitive counterparts. Both organometallic complexes possess high stability in solution, however the Ru(II) complex has lower chloride ion affinity and slower ligand exchange processes, along with the readiness to lose the arene ring that is likely connected to its inactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pivarcsik
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Vivien Pósa
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hilda Kovács
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nóra V. May
- Centre for Structural Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szonja P. Pósa
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Tóth
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zeinab Nezafat Yazdi
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Ugrai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Stereochemistry Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Stereochemistry Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szakács
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Éva A. Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pivarcsik T, Dömötör O, Mészáros JP, May NV, Spengler G, Csuvik O, Szatmári I, Enyedy ÉA. 8-Hydroxyquinoline-Amino Acid Hybrids and Their Half-Sandwich Rh and Ru Complexes: Synthesis, Anticancer Activities, Solution Chemistry and Interaction with Biomolecules. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011281. [PMID: 34681939 PMCID: PMC8570331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution chemical properties of two novel 8-hydroxyquinoline-D-proline and homo-proline hybrids were investigated along with their complex formation with [Rh(η5-C5Me5)(H2O)3]2+ and [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(H2O)3]2+ ions by pH-potentiometry, UV-visible spectrophotometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Due to the zwitterionic structure of the ligands, they possess excellent water solubility as well as their complexes. The complexes exhibit high solution stability in a wide pH range; no significant dissociation occurs at physiological pH. The hybrids and their Rh(η5-C5Me5) complexes displayed enhanced cytotoxicity in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines and exhibited multidrug resistance selectivity. In addition, the Rh(η5-C5Me5) complexes showed increased selectivity to the chemosensitive cancer cells over the normal cells; meanwhile, the Ru(η6-p-cymene) complexes were inactive, most likely due to arene loss. Interaction of the complexes with human serum albumin (HSA) and calf-thymus DNA (ct-DNA) was investigated by capillary electrophoresis, fluorometry and circular dichroism. The complexes are able to bind strongly to HSA and ct-DNA, but DNA cleavage was not observed. Changing the five-membered proline ring to the six-membered homoproline resulted in increased lipophilicity and cytotoxicity of the Rh(η5-C5Me5) complexes while changing the configuration (L vs. D) rather has an impact on HSA or ct-DNA binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pivarcsik
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (O.D.); (J.P.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Dömötör
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (O.D.); (J.P.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - János P. Mészáros
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (O.D.); (J.P.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nóra V. May
- Centre for Structural Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (O.D.); (J.P.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis U. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Oszkár Csuvik
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Stereochemistry Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Eötvös U. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (O.C.); (I.S.)
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Stereochemistry Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Eötvös U. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (O.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Éva A. Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (O.D.); (J.P.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dömötör O, Pivarcsik T, Mészáros JP, Szatmári I, Fülöp F, Enyedy ÉA. Critical factors affecting the albumin binding of half-sandwich Ru(ii) and Rh(iii) complexes of 8-hydroxyquinolines and oligopyridines. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11918-11930. [PMID: 34374386 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01700d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There is significant interest today in the interaction of half-sandwich anticancer organometallic complexes with proteins. It is considered as a crucial factor in the transport and mode of action of these compounds; thus it can affect their overall pharmacological and toxicological profiles. Albumin binding of high stability Ru(ii)(η6-p-cymene) and Rh(iii)(η5-C5Me5) complexes formed with 8-hydroxyquinoline, its 5-chloro-7-((proline-1-yl)methyl) substituted derivative, 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline is discussed herein. The interaction with human serum albumin in terms of kinetic aspects, binding strength and possible binding sites was studied in detail by means of various methods such as 1H NMR spectroscopy, UV-visible spectrophotometry, steady-state and time-resolved fluorometry, ultrafiltration and capillary zone electrophoresis. Ru(ii)(η6-p-cymene)(2,2'-bipyridine) and Ru(ii)(η6-p-cymene)(1,10-phenanthroline) complexes do not bind to the protein measurably, most probably due to kinetic reasons. However, other complexes bind significantly to albumin with fairly different kinetics to albumin. The binding affinity towards hydrophobic binding pockets shows correlation with lipophilicity along with the actual charge of the respective complexes. The studied complexes preserve their original structure upon interaction with albumin. Formation constants computed for the binding of these metal complexes to histidine-containing model oligopeptides demonstrated significant ternary complex formation, pointing out the importance of histidine coordination in the binding of these types of complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Dömötör
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pivarcsik T, Tóth G, Szemerédi N, Bogdanov A, Spengler G, Kljun J, Kladnik J, Turel I, Enyedy ÉA. Comparison of Solution Chemical Properties and Biological Activity of Ruthenium Complexes of Selected β-Diketone, 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Pyrithione Ligands. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:518. [PMID: 34072270 PMCID: PMC8226722 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the various biological activities of eight organoruthenium(II) complexes were evaluated to reveal correlations with their stability and reactivity in aqueous media. Complexes with general formula [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(X,Y)(Z)] were prepared, where (X,Y) represents either an O,O-ligand (β-diketone), N,O-ligand (8-hydroxyquinoline) or O,S-pyrithione-type ligands (pyrithione = 1-hydroxypyridine-2(1H)-thione) with Cl- or 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) as a co-ligand (Z). The tested complexes inhibit the chlamydial growth on HeLa cells, and one of the complexes inhibits the growth of the human herpes simplex virus-2. The chlorido complexes with N,O- and O,S-ligands displayed strong antibacterial activity on Gram-positive strains including the resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and were cytotoxic in adenocarcinoma cell lines. Effect of the structural variation on the biological properties and solution stability was clearly revealed. The decreased bioactivity of the β-diketone complexes can be related to their lower stability in solution. In contrast, the O,S-pyrithione-type complexes are highly stable in solution and the complexation prevents the oxidation of the O,S-ligands. Comparing the binding of PTA and the chlorido co-ligands, it can be concluded that PTA is generally more strongly coordinated to ruthenium, which at the same time decreased the reactivity of complexes with human serum albumin or 1-methylimidazole as well as diminished their bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pivarcsik
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tóth
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
| | - Nikoletta Szemerédi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Anita Bogdanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Éva A. Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|