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Xie H, Yang C, Ren Y, Xu S, Hamann TR, McOwen DW, Wachsman ED, Hu L. Amorphous-Carbon-Coated 3D Solid Electrolyte for an Electro-Chemomechanically Stable Lithium Metal Anode in Solid-State Batteries. Nano Lett 2021; 21:6163-6170. [PMID: 34259523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of solid-state electrolyte may be necessary to enable safe, high-energy-density Li metal anodes for next-generation energy storage systems. However, the inhomogeneous local current densities during long-term cycling result in instability and detachment of the Li anode from the electrolyte, which greatly hinders practical application. In this study, we report a new approach to maintain a stable Li metal | electrolyte interface by depositing an amorphous carbon nanocoating on garnet-type solid-state electrolyte. The carbon nanocoating provides both electron and ion conducting capability, which helps to homogenize the lithium metal stripping and plating processes. After coating, we find the Li metal/garnet interface displays stable cycling at 3 mA/cm2 for more than 500 h, demonstrating the interface's outstanding electro-chemomechanical stability. This work suggests amorphous carbon coatings may be a promising strategy for achieving stable Li metal | electrolyte interfaces and reliable Li metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chunpeng Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yaoyu Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Shaomao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Tanner R Hamann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Dennis Wayne McOwen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Eric D Wachsman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Xu S, McOwen DW, Wang C, Zhang L, Luo W, Chen C, Li Y, Gong Y, Dai J, Kuang Y, Yang C, Hamann TR, Wachsman ED, Hu L. Three-Dimensional, Solid-State Mixed Electron-Ion Conductive Framework for Lithium Metal Anode. Nano Lett 2018; 18:3926-3933. [PMID: 29787678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have been widely considered as enabling materials for the practical application of lithium metal anodes. However, many problems inhibit the widespread application of solid state batteries, including the growth of lithium dendrites, high interfacial resistance, and the inability to operate at high current density. In this study, we report a three-dimensional (3D) mixed electron/ion conducting framework (3D-MCF) based on a porous-dense-porous trilayer garnet electrolyte structure created via tape casting to facilitate the use of a 3D solid state lithium metal anode. The 3D-MCF was achieved by a conformal coating of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the porous garnet structure, creating a composite mixed electron/ion conductor that acts as a 3D host for the lithium metal. The lithium metal was introduced into the 3D-MCF via slow electrochemical deposition, forming a 3D lithium metal anode. The slow lithiation leads to improved contact between the lithium metal anode and garnet electrolyte, resulting in a low resistance of 25 Ω cm2. Additionally, due to the continuous CNT coating and its seamless contact with the garnet we observed highly uniform lithium deposition behavior in the porous garnet structure. With the same local current density, the high surface area of the porous garnet framework leads to a higher overall areal current density for stable lithium deposition. An elevated current density of 1 mA/cm2 based on the geometric area of the cell was demonstrated for continuous lithium cycling in symmetric lithium cells. For battery operation of the trilayer structure, the lithium can be cycled between the 3D-MCF on one side and the cathode infused into the porous structure on the opposite side. The 3D-MCF created by the porous garnet structure and conformal CNT coating provides a promising direction toward new designs in solid-state lithium metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomao Xu
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Dennis W McOwen
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Chengwei Wang
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Chaoji Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Yiju Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Yunhui Gong
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Yudi Kuang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Chunpeng Yang
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Tanner R Hamann
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Eric D Wachsman
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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McOwen DW, Xu S, Gong Y, Wen Y, Godbey GL, Gritton JE, Hamann TR, Dai J, Hitz GT, Hu L, Wachsman ED. 3D-Printing Electrolytes for Solid-State Batteries. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1707132. [PMID: 29575234 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state batteries have many enticing advantages in terms of safety and stability, but the solid electrolytes upon which these batteries are based typically lead to high cell resistance. Both components of the resistance (interfacial, due to poor contact with electrolytes, and bulk, due to a thick electrolyte) are a result of the rudimentary manufacturing capabilities that exist for solid-state electrolytes. In general, solid electrolytes are studied as flat pellets with planar interfaces, which minimizes interfacial contact area. Here, multiple ink formulations are developed that enable 3D printing of unique solid electrolyte microstructures with varying properties. These inks are used to 3D-print a variety of patterns, which are then sintered to reveal thin, nonplanar, intricate architectures composed only of Li7 La3 Zr2 O12 solid electrolyte. Using these 3D-printing ink formulations to further study and optimize electrolyte structure could lead to solid-state batteries with dramatically lower full cell resistance and higher energy and power density. In addition, the reported ink compositions could be used as a model recipe for other solid electrolyte or ceramic inks, perhaps enabling 3D printing in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W McOwen
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shaomao Xu
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yunhui Gong
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yang Wen
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Griffin L Godbey
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jack E Gritton
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tanner R Hamann
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Gregory T Hitz
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Eric D Wachsman
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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