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Rafie-Zinedine S, Varma Yenupuri T, Worbs L, Maia FRNC, Heymann M, Schulz J, Bielecki J. Enhancing electrospray ionization efficiency for particle transmission through an aerodynamic lens stack. J Synchrotron Radiat 2024; 31:222-232. [PMID: 38306300 PMCID: PMC10914161 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
This work investigates the performance of the electrospray aerosol generator at the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (EuXFEL). This generator is, together with an aerodynamic lens stack that transports the particles into the X-ray interaction vacuum chamber, the method of choice to deliver particles for single-particle coherent diffractive imaging (SPI) experiments at the EuXFEL. For these experiments to be successful, it is necessary to achieve high transmission of particles from solution into the vacuum interaction region. Particle transmission is highly dependent on efficient neutralization of the charged aerosol generated by the electrospray mechanism as well as the geometry in the vicinity of the Taylor cone. We report absolute particle transmission values for different neutralizers and geometries while keeping the conditions suitable for SPI experiments. Our findings reveal that a vacuum ultraviolet ionizer demonstrates a transmission efficiency approximately seven times greater than the soft X-ray ionizer used previously. Combined with an optimized orifice size on the counter electrode, we achieve >40% particle transmission from solution into the X-ray interaction region. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing electrospray aerosol generator configurations and data rates for SPI experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safi Rafie-Zinedine
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tej Varma Yenupuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Worbs
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Filipe R. N. C. Maia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Heymann
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Yenupuri TV, Rafie-Zinedine S, Worbs L, Heymann M, Schulz J, Bielecki J, Maia FRNC. Helium-electrospray improves sample delivery in X-ray single-particle imaging experiments. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4401. [PMID: 38388562 PMCID: PMC10883998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Imaging the structure and observing the dynamics of isolated proteins using single-particle X-ray diffractive imaging (SPI) is one of the potential applications of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). Currently, SPI experiments on isolated proteins are limited by three factors: low signal strength, limited data and high background from gas scattering. The last two factors are largely due to the shortcomings of the aerosol sample delivery methods in use. Here we present our modified electrospray ionization (ESI) source, which we dubbed helium-ESI (He-ESI). With it, we increased particle delivery into the interaction region by a factor of 10, for 26 nm-sized biological particles, and decreased the gas load in the interaction chamber corresponding to an 80% reduction in gas scattering when compared to the original ESI. These improvements have the potential to significantly increase the quality and quantity of SPI diffraction patterns in future experiments using He-ESI, resulting in higher-resolution structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tej Varma Yenupuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 596, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Safi Rafie-Zinedine
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Lena Worbs
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 596, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Heymann
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | | | - Johan Bielecki
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.
| | - Filipe R N C Maia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 596, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Konold PE, You T, Bielecki J, Valerio J, Kloos M, Westphal D, Bellisario A, Varma Yenupuri T, Wollter A, Koliyadu JCP, Koua FH, Letrun R, Round A, Sato T, Mészáros P, Monrroy L, Mutisya J, Bódizs S, Larkiala T, Nimmrich A, Alvarez R, Adams P, Bean R, Ekeberg T, Kirian RA, Martin AV, Westenhoff S, Maia FRNC. 3D-printed sheet jet for stable megahertz liquid sample delivery at X-ray free-electron lasers. IUCrJ 2023; 10:662-670. [PMID: 37721770 PMCID: PMC10619454 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252523007972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) can probe chemical and biological reactions as they unfold with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. A principal challenge in this pursuit involves the delivery of samples to the X-ray interaction point in such a way that produces data of the highest possible quality and with maximal efficiency. This is hampered by intrinsic constraints posed by the light source and operation within a beamline environment. For liquid samples, the solution typically involves some form of high-speed liquid jet, capable of keeping up with the rate of X-ray pulses. However, conventional jets are not ideal because of radiation-induced explosions of the jet, as well as their cylindrical geometry combined with the X-ray pointing instability of many beamlines which causes the interaction volume to differ for every pulse. This complicates data analysis and contributes to measurement errors. An alternative geometry is a liquid sheet jet which, with its constant thickness over large areas, eliminates the problems related to X-ray pointing. Since liquid sheets can be made very thin, the radiation-induced explosion is reduced, boosting their stability. These are especially attractive for experiments which benefit from small interaction volumes such as fluctuation X-ray scattering and several types of spectroscopy. Although their use has increased for soft X-ray applications in recent years, there has not yet been wide-scale adoption at XFELs. Here, gas-accelerated liquid sheet jet sample injection is demonstrated at the European XFEL SPB/SFX nano focus beamline. Its performance relative to a conventional liquid jet is evaluated and superior performance across several key factors has been found. This includes a thickness profile ranging from hundreds of nanometres to 60 nm, a fourfold increase in background stability and favorable radiation-induced explosion dynamics at high repetition rates up to 1.13 MHz. Its minute thickness also suggests that ultrafast single-particle solution scattering is a possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E. Konold
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tong You
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Joana Valerio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Marco Kloos
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Westphal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Bellisario
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tej Varma Yenupuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - August Wollter
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Romain Letrun
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Adam Round
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tokushi Sato
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Petra Mészáros
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leonardo Monrroy
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Mutisya
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Szabolcs Bódizs
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Taru Larkiala
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amke Nimmrich
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Bagley Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Roberto Alvarez
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, 550 E. Tyler Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Patrick Adams
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Richard Bean
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tomas Ekeberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard A. Kirian
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, 550 E. Tyler Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Andrew V. Martin
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Filipe R. N. C. Maia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Yenupuri TV, Mydlova L, Agarwal DS, Sharma R, Sakhuja R, Makowska-Janusik M, Pant DD. Experimental and Quantum Chemical Calculations of Imidazolium Appended Naphthalene Hybrid in Different Biomimicking Aqueous Interfaces. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6563-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tej Varma Yenupuri
- Department
of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lucia Mydlova
- Institute
of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Jan Dlugosz University, Al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Devesh S. Agarwal
- Department
of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ritika Sharma
- Department
of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajeev Sakhuja
- Department
of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Malgorzata Makowska-Janusik
- Institute
of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Jan Dlugosz University, Al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Debi D. Pant
- Department
of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
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