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Giacolini T, Conversi D, Alcaro A. The Brain Emotional Systems in Addictions: From Attachment to Dominance/Submission Systems. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:609467. [PMID: 33519403 PMCID: PMC7843379 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.609467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human development has become particularly complex during the evolution. In this complexity, adolescence is an extremely important developmental stage. Adolescence is characterized by biological and social changes that create the prerequisites to psychopathological problems, including both substance and non-substance addictive behaviors. Central to the dynamics of the biological changes during adolescence are the synergy between sexual and neurophysiological development, which activates the motivational/emotional systems of Dominance/Submission. The latter are characterized by the interaction between the sexual hormones, the dopaminergic system and the stress axis (HPA). The maturation of these motivational/emotional systems requires the integration with the phylogenetically more recent Attachment/CARE Systems, which primarily have governed the subject's relationships until puberty. The integration of these systems is particularly complex in the human species, due to the evolution of the process of competition related to sexual selection: from a simple fight between two individuals (of the same genus and species) to a struggle for the acquisition of a position in rank and the competition between groups. The latter is an important evolutionary acquisition and believed to be the variable that has most contributed to enhancing the capacity for cooperation in the human species. The interaction between competition and cooperation, and between competition and attachment, characterizes the entire human relational and emotional structure and the unending work of integration to which the BrainMind is involved. The beginning of the integration of the aforementioned motivational/emotional systems is currently identified in the prepubertal period, during the juvenile stage, with the development of the Adrenarche-the so-called Adrenal Puberty. This latter stage is characterized by a low rate of release of androgens, the hormones released by the adrenal cortex, which activate the same behaviors as those observed in the PLAY system. The Adrenarche and the PLAY system are biological and functional prerequisites of adolescence, a period devoted to learning the difficult task of integrating the phylogenetically ancient Dominance/Submission Systems with the newer Attachment/CARE Systems. These systems accompany very different adaptive goals which can easily give rise to mutual conflict and can in turn make the balance of the BrainMind precarious and vulnerable to mental suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodosio Giacolini
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David Conversi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Alcaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Natalucci G, Faedda N, Quinzi A, Alunni Fegatelli D, Vestri A, Turturo G, Verdecchia P, Bellini B, Pirisi C, Calderoni D, Giannotti F, Cerutti R, Giacolini T, Guidetti V. Alexithymia, Metacognition, and Theory of Mind in Children and Preadolescents With Migraine Without Aura (MWoA): A Case-Control Study. Front Neurol 2019; 10:774. [PMID: 31379724 PMCID: PMC6650527 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Some studies have demonstrated the high impact of headache and migraine in several areas of children and adolescents' life. In recent years, there has been an increase in scientific interest in the relationship between migraine and emotional regulation, investigating the possible consequences of emotional dysregulation on physical and mental health. While some studies have been carried out on the relationship between alexithymia and headache or migraine (especially in adults), no data exist on relationship between Theory of Mind (TOM), metacognition, and alexithymia in children and adolescents with migraine. Methods: Children with diagnosis of migraine without aura (MWoA) (36 males and 34 females) were compared to a healthy control group (31 males and 39 females). The age range was from 8 to 13 years in both groups. All children completed the Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children (AQC) for the assessment of alexithymia levels and the Domain of Social Perception included in the NEPSY-II to evaluate levels of TOM. Metacognitive development was evaluated with Io e La Mia Mente for children aged between 8 and 10 years and with Metacognitions Questionnaire for Children (MCQ-C) for children from 11 to 13. Results: There were no differences between children with MWoA and the control group in metacognitive abilities; only in the subscale "Negative Meta Worrying" of MCQ-C girls scored higher than boys, regardless of the group they were part of. Also, in the NEPSY-II subscale there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Children with MWoA scored higher in the AQC subscales "Difficulty Identifying Feelings" and "Difficulty Describing Feelings" than controls. Moreover, children between 8 and 10 years statistically differed from older children in "Difficulty Identifying Feelings" and in Total Score. Conclusion: Our data suggest that children with MWoA have no metacognitive and TOM problems compared to a healthy group. The experimental group showed higher traits of alexithymia, confirming what suggested by other studies in the literature. Future research will have to focus on migraine with aura and tension-type headache to evaluate any differences with children with MWoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Natalucci
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Noemi Faedda
- Behavioural Neuroscience, Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Quinzi
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Alunni Fegatelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annarita Vestri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Turturo
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Verdecchia
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bellini
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Pirisi
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Calderoni
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Giannotti
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Cerutti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Teodosio Giacolini
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guidetti
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Giacolini T, Sabatello U. Psychoanalysis and Affective Neuroscience. The Motivational/Emotional System of Aggression in Human Relations. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2475. [PMID: 30692947 PMCID: PMC6340068 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This article highlights the evolutionary biological epistemology in Freud psychoanalytic theory. The concepts of aggressive and sexual drives are cornerstones of the psychoanalytic epistemological system, concerning the motivational/emotional roots of mental functioning. These biological roots of mental functioning, especially with regard to aggressive drive, have gradually faded away from psychoanalytic epistemology, as we show in this article. Currently, however, Neurosciences, and in particular Affective Neuroscience (Panksepp, 1998), can help us to have a better understanding of the biological roots of human mental functioning. The motivational/emotional systems studied by Affective Neuroscience can give a new epistemological foundation to the aggressive drive concept in psychoanalytic theory. Over the course of human evolution, motivational/emotional systems have played a role in social relationships and also in mental functioning. In this regard, among the various types of aggression (ANGER in Panksepp taxonomy 1998) that we consider in our article, inter-male aggression, also named Dominance motivational/emotional system, is that which regulates social interactions between sexually matured adults. This type of aggression acts in complementary connection with FEAR motivational/emotional system that regulate submissive behavior and social defeat, and the latter one is of the more important stressors. The interaction between aggression and FEAR motivational/emotional systems gives rise to agonistic behavior or dominance/submission motivational/emotional system, as we propose in our article. There is now a large literature that identifies in the dynamic of Competitive behavior, which is one of the main factors of mental illness. When social interactions activate the competitive behavior, the subject can perceive himself as "destined to victory" or "destined to defeat," activating either behaviors or emotions connected to the Involuntary Defeat Strategy or Involuntary Dominant Strategy (Sloman, 2002), which we can find in many types of mental disorders, for example, mood disorders or anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodosio Giacolini
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Chirchiglia D, Cione E, Caroleo MC, Wang M, Di Mizio G, Faedda N, Giacolini T, Siviglia S, Guidetti V, Gallelli L. Effects of Add-On Ultramicronized N-Palmitol Ethanol Amide in Patients Suffering of Migraine With Aura: A Pilot Study. Front Neurol 2018; 9:674. [PMID: 30177906 PMCID: PMC6109682 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Palmitoyl ethanol amide (PEA) is an endogenously produced substance showing anti-nociceptive effect through both receptor and non-receptor mediated effects at the level of different cellular and tissue sites. This study showed the results of a single blind study that was conducted to evaluate both the safety and the efficacy of ultramicronized PEA (umPEA; 1,200 mg/day) for up 90 days in patients suffering of Migraine with Aura (MA) treated with NSAIDs. Methods: A total of 20 patients, 8 male (33-56-years, average 41.4 ± 7.8) and 12 female (19-61-years, average 38.5 ± 11.9) with MA were admitted to our observation and diagnosed according to ICHD-3 criteria, they received umPEA (1,200 mg/day) in combination with NSAIDs for up to 90 days. They were revaluated at 30, 60, and 90 days after treatment. Results: umPEA administration induced a statistically significant and time dependent pain relief. In particular, these effects were evident at 60 days (male P = 0.01189; female P = <0.01) and they lasted until the end of the study (male P = 0.0066; female P = 0.01473). Conclusion: Although further studies are needed, our findings indicate that in patients suffering of MA treatment with umPEA had good efficacy and safety which candidate this compound as a therapeutic tool in pain migraine management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Chirchiglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Maria C Caroleo
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Minyan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Giulio Di Mizio
- Department of Law, Ecenomy and Sociology, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Noemi Faedda
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Teodosio Giacolini
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Siviglia
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Operative Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Catanzaro, Mater Domini Hospital Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guidetti
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Operative Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Catanzaro, Mater Domini Hospital Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Iliceto P, D'Antuono L, Cassarà L, Giacolini T, Sabatello U, Candilera G. Obsessive-Compulsive Tendencies, Self/Other Perception, Personality, and Suicidal Ideation in a Non-clinical Sample. Psychiatr Q 2017; 88:411-422. [PMID: 27448291 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-016-9457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research on the risk factors for SI in adults with OC tendencies is limited, and it is still unclear whether the association between OC tendencies and SI in non-clinical individuals exists. The goal of the present study was to test the associations between OC tendencies, self/other perception, personality traits, depressive symptoms and SI among a non-clinical adult population. We investigated an Italian sample of 337 adults, who were administered a set of self-report questionnaires to assess obsessive-compulsive tendencies, depression, self/other perception, personality traits, and hopelessness. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed. In the final model we found that personality, obsessive-compulsive factor and suicidal ideation were significantly correlated with each other: personality correlated negatively with obsessive-compulsive factor and suicidal ideation, while obsessive-compulsive factor and suicidal ideation resulted as strongly positively associated. Our results highlight the importance of assessing OC tendencies, negative self/other perception and SI. Understanding their role and interplay will allow for the development and implementation of more advanced prevention and treatment policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Iliceto
- S&P Statistics and Psychometrics Ltd, Via Tuscolana, 458, 00181, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura D'Antuono
- ARPCI, School of Cognitive-Interpersonal, Attachment Theory-based Psychotherapy, Rome, Italy.,Department of Mental Health, ASL 1, Abruzzo, Sulmona, Italy
| | - Luisa Cassarà
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Teodosio Giacolini
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Sabatello
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Candilera
- S&P Statistics and Psychometrics Ltd, Via Tuscolana, 458, 00181, Rome, Italy
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Iliceto P, D’Antuono L, Bowden-Jones H, Giovani E, Giacolini T, Candilera G, Sabatello U, Panksepp J. Brain Emotion Systems, Personality, Hopelessness, Self/Other Perception, and Gambling Cognition: A Structural Equation Model. J Gambl Stud 2015; 32:157-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-015-9543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Giacolini T, Gilbert P, Bonaminio A, Ferrara M, Iliceto P, Monniello G, Sabatello U. The Italian version of the Social Comparison Rating Scale and the Submissive Behaviour Scale: Reliability and validity in a sample of adolescents. European Journal of Developmental Psychology 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2013.807242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Solano L, Nicolò AM, Di Trani M, Bonadies M, San Martini P, Bonucci C, Capozzi F, Giacolini T, Grassi L, Laganopoulos M, Lucarelli D, Norsa D, Pellicanò V, Piperno F, Ricciotti V, Tavazza G. The marital love relationship: Construction and preliminary validation on 610 subjects of a psychoanalytically derived inventory. Psychoanalytic Psychology 2012. [DOI: 10.1037/a0030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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