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Holle J, Bartolomaeus H, Löber U, Behrens F, Bartolomaeus TU, Anandakumar H, Wimmer MI, Vu DL, Kuhring M, Brüning U, Maifeld A, Geisberger S, Kempa S, Schumacher F, Kleuser B, Bufler P, Querfeld U, Kitschke S, Engler D, Kuhrt LD, Drechsel O, Eckardt KU, Forslund SK, Thürmer A, McParland V, Kirwan JA, Wilck N, Müller D. Inflammation in Children with CKD Linked to Gut Dysbiosis and Metabolite Imbalance. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:2259-2275. [PMID: 35985814 PMCID: PMC9731629 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CKD is characterized by a sustained proinflammatory response of the immune system, promoting hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood but may be linked to gut dysbiosis. Dysbiosis has been described in adults with CKD; however, comorbidities limit CKD-specific conclusions. METHODS We analyzed the fecal microbiome, metabolites, and immune phenotypes in 48 children (with normal kidney function, CKD stage G3-G4, G5 treated by hemodialysis [HD], or kidney transplantation) with a mean±SD age of 10.6±3.8 years. RESULTS Serum TNF-α and sCD14 were stage-dependently elevated, indicating inflammation, gut barrier dysfunction, and endotoxemia. We observed compositional and functional alterations of the microbiome, including diminished production of short-chain fatty acids. Plasma metabolite analysis revealed a stage-dependent increase of tryptophan metabolites of bacterial origin. Serum from patients on HD activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and stimulated TNF-α production in monocytes, corresponding to a proinflammatory shift from classic to nonclassic and intermediate monocytes. Unsupervised analysis of T cells revealed a loss of mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and regulatory T cell subtypes in patients on HD. CONCLUSIONS Gut barrier dysfunction and microbial metabolite imbalance apparently mediate the proinflammatory immune phenotype, thereby driving the susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. The data highlight the importance of the microbiota-immune axis in CKD, irrespective of confounding comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Holle
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bartolomaeus
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Löber
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Behrens
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theda U.P. Bartolomaeus
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harithaa Anandakumar
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz I. Wimmer
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dai Long Vu
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Core Unit Metabolomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Kuhring
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Brüning
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Core Unit Metabolomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andras Maifeld
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Geisberger
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- The Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kempa
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- The Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Bufler
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Querfeld
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kitschke
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Engler
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard D. Kuhrt
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofia K. Forslund
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Thürmer
- MF2 Genome Sequencing, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria McParland
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer A. Kirwan
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Core Unit Metabolomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicola Wilck
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Müller
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Ercu M, Markó L, Schächterle C, Tsvetkov D, Cui Y, Maghsodi S, Bartolomaeus TU, Maass PG, Zühlke K, Gregersen N, Hübner N, Hodge R, Mühl A, Pohl B, Illas RM, Geelhaar A, Walter S, Napieczynska H, Schelenz S, Taube M, Heuser A, Anistan YM, Qadri F, Todiras M, Plehm R, Popova E, Langanki R, Eichhorst J, Lehmann M, Wiesner B, Russwurm M, Forslund SK, Kamer I, Müller DN, Gollasch M, Aydin A, Bähring S, Bader M, Luft FC, Klussmann E. Phosphodiesterase 3A and Arterial Hypertension. Circulation 2020; 142:133-149. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.043061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
High blood pressure is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular death worldwide. Autosomal dominant hypertension with brachydactyly clinically resembles salt-resistant essential hypertension and causes death by stroke before 50 years of age. We recently implicated the gene encoding phosphodiesterase 3A (
PDE3A
); however, in vivo modeling of the genetic defect and thus showing an involvement of mutant PDE3A is lacking.
Methods:
We used genetic mapping, sequencing, transgenic technology, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, immunoblotting, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. We identified new patients, performed extensive animal phenotyping, and explored new signaling pathways.
Results:
We describe a novel mutation within a 15 base pair (bp) region of the
PDE3A
gene and define this segment as a mutational hotspot in hypertension with brachydactyly. The mutations cause an increase in enzyme activity. A CRISPR/Cas9-generated rat model, with a 9-bp deletion within the hotspot analogous to a human deletion, recapitulates hypertension with brachydactyly. In mice, mutant transgenic PDE3A overexpression in smooth muscle cells confirmed that mutant PDE3A causes hypertension. The mutant PDE3A enzymes display consistent changes in their phosphorylation and an increased interaction with the 14-3-3θ adaptor protein. This aberrant signaling is associated with an increase in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and changes in vessel morphology and function.
Conclusions:
The mutated
PDE3A
gene drives mechanisms that increase peripheral vascular resistance causing hypertension. We present 2 new animal models that will serve to elucidate the underlying mechanisms further. Our findings could facilitate the search for new antihypertensive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ercu
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Lajos Markó
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., T.U.P.B., N.H., Y.-M.A., S.K.F.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Carolin Schächterle
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Dmitry Tsvetkov
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Yingqiu Cui
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Sara Maghsodi
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Theda U.P. Bartolomaeus
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., T.U.P.B., N.H., Y.-M.A., S.K.F.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Philipp G. Maass
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Sickkids Research Institute and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (P.G.M.)
| | - Kerstin Zühlke
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Nerine Gregersen
- Auckland District Health Board (ADHB), Genetic Health Service New Zealand – Northern Hub (N.G.)
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., T.U.P.B., N.H., Y.-M.A., S.K.F.)
| | - Russell Hodge
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Astrid Mühl
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Bärbel Pohl
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Rosana Molé Illas
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Andrea Geelhaar
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Stephan Walter
- Abteilung für Nephrologie/Hypertensiologie, St. Vincenz Krankenhaus, Limburg, Germany (S.W.)
| | - Hanna Napieczynska
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Stefanie Schelenz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Martin Taube
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Arnd Heuser
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Yoland-Marie Anistan
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., T.U.P.B., N.H., Y.-M.A., S.K.F.)
- Division of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Department, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Y.-M.A., M.G.)
| | - Fatimunnisa Qadri
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Mihail Todiras
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Ralph Plehm
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Elena Popova
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Reika Langanki
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Jenny Eichhorst
- Leibniz-Forschingsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany (J.E., M.L., B.W.)
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschingsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany (J.E., M.L., B.W.)
| | - Burkhard Wiesner
- Leibniz-Forschingsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany (J.E., M.L., B.W.)
| | - Michael Russwurm
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät MA N1, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany (M.R.)
| | - Sofia K. Forslund
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., T.U.P.B., N.H., Y.-M.A., S.K.F.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (S.K.F.)
| | - Ilona Kamer
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Dominik N. Müller
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
- Division of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Department, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Y.-M.A., M.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany (M.G.)
| | - Atakan Aydin
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Sylvia Bähring
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Friedrich C. Luft
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Enno Klussmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
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