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Charvin M, Halter T, Blanc-Mathieu R, Barraud P, Aumont-Nicaise M, Parcy F, Navarro L. Single-cytosine methylation at W-boxes repels binding of WRKY transcription factors through steric hindrance. Plant Physiol 2023; 192:77-84. [PMID: 36782389 PMCID: PMC10152670 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that fine-tunes gene expression, notably by negatively or positively regulating transcription factor (TF)-DNA binding. In plants, DNA methylation has primarily been shown to inhibit TF-DNA binding. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here, we show that DNA methylation decreases the binding of several Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) WRKY TFs to their genomic regions and their binding sites in vitro. We also provide evidence that DNA methylation at a single cytosine located in a functional core W-box motif repels DNA binding of AtWRKY40 in vitro. Using structural modelling, we further demonstrate that this cytosine interacts through van der Waals contacts with the conserved tyrosine of WRKY-DNA binding domains. Importantly, our model predicts steric hindrance when a 5-methyl group is present on this specific cytosine, thereby likely preventing tight binding of WRKY-DNA binding domains. Finally, because the WRKY motif and the residues involved in DNA contacts are conserved across Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa) WRKY TFs, we propose that this methylation-dependent WRKY-DNA binding inhibitory mechanism could be widespread across plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Charvin
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Halter
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Romain Blanc-Mathieu
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Barraud
- Expression génétique microbienne, UMR 8261, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut de biologie physico-chimique, IBPC, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Magali Aumont-Nicaise
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Parcy
- Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Navarro
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024, 75005 Paris, France
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Halter T, Wang J, Amesefe D, Lastrucci E, Charvin M, Singla Rastogi M, Navarro L. The Arabidopsis active demethylase ROS1 cis-regulates defence genes by erasing DNA methylation at promoter-regulatory regions. eLife 2021; 10:e62994. [PMID: 33470193 PMCID: PMC7880685 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Active DNA demethylation has emerged as an important regulatory process of plant and mammalian immunity. However, very little is known about the mechanisms by which active demethylation controls transcriptional immune reprogramming and disease resistance. Here, we first show that the Arabidopsis active demethylase ROS1 promotes basal resistance towards Pseudomonas syringae by antagonizing RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). Furthermore, we demonstrate that ROS1 facilitates the flagellin-triggered induction of the disease resistance gene RMG1 by limiting RdDM at the 3' boundary of a transposable element (TE)-derived repeat embedded in its promoter. We further identify flagellin-responsive ROS1 putative primary targets and show that at a subset of promoters, ROS1 erases methylation at discrete regions exhibiting WRKY transcription factors (TFs) binding. In particular, we demonstrate that ROS1 removes methylation at the orphan immune receptor RLP43 promoter, to ensure DNA binding of WRKY TFs. Finally, we show that ROS1-directed demethylation of RMG1 and RLP43 promoters is causal for both flagellin responsiveness of these genes and for basal resistance. Overall, these findings significantly advance our understanding of how active demethylases shape transcriptional immune reprogramming to enable antibacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Halter
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de recherche Paris, Sciences & Lettres (PSL)ParisFrance
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de recherche Paris, Sciences & Lettres (PSL)ParisFrance
| | - Delase Amesefe
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de recherche Paris, Sciences & Lettres (PSL)ParisFrance
| | - Emmanuelle Lastrucci
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de recherche Paris, Sciences & Lettres (PSL)ParisFrance
| | - Magali Charvin
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de recherche Paris, Sciences & Lettres (PSL)ParisFrance
| | - Meenu Singla Rastogi
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de recherche Paris, Sciences & Lettres (PSL)ParisFrance
| | - Lionel Navarro
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de recherche Paris, Sciences & Lettres (PSL)ParisFrance
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3
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Picart-Picolo A, Grob S, Picault N, Franek M, Llauro C, Halter T, Maier TR, Jobet E, Descombin J, Zhang P, Paramasivan V, Baum TJ, Navarro L, Dvořáčková M, Mirouze M, Pontvianne F. Large tandem duplications affect gene expression, 3D organization, and plant-pathogen response. Genome Res 2020; 30:1583-1592. [PMID: 33033057 PMCID: PMC7605254 DOI: 10.1101/gr.261586.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid plant genome evolution is crucial to adapt to environmental changes. Chromosomal rearrangements and gene copy number variation (CNV) are two important tools for genome evolution and sources for the creation of new genes. However, their emergence takes many generations. In this study, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, a significant loss of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes with a past history of a mutation for the chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF1) complex causes rapid changes in the genome structure. Using long-read sequencing and microscopic approaches, we have identified up to 15 independent large tandem duplications in direct orientation (TDDOs) ranging from 60 kb to 1.44 Mb. Our data suggest that these TDDOs appeared within a few generations, leading to the duplication of hundreds of genes. By subsequently focusing on a line only containing 20% of rRNA gene copies (20rDNA line), we investigated the impact of TDDOs on 3D genome organization, gene expression, and cytosine methylation. We found that duplicated genes often accumulate more transcripts. Among them, several are involved in plant–pathogen response, which could explain why the 20rDNA line is hyper-resistant to both bacterial and nematode infections. Finally, we show that the TDDOs create gene fusions and/or truncations and discuss their potential implications for the evolution of plant genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Picart-Picolo
- CNRS, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France.,UPVD, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Stefan Grob
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Picault
- CNRS, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France.,UPVD, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Michal Franek
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, CEITEC, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christel Llauro
- CNRS, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France.,UPVD, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Thierry Halter
- ENS, IBENS, CNRS/INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tom R Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Edouard Jobet
- CNRS, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France.,UPVD, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Julie Descombin
- CNRS, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France.,UPVD, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Panpan Zhang
- UPVD, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France.,IRD, UMR232 DIADE, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Lionel Navarro
- ENS, IBENS, CNRS/INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Martina Dvořáčková
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, CEITEC, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Mirouze
- UPVD, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France.,IRD, UMR232 DIADE, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Pontvianne
- CNRS, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France.,UPVD, LGDP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France
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4
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Imkampe J, Halter T, Huang S, Schulze S, Mazzotta S, Schmidt N, Manstretta R, Postel S, Wierzba M, Yang Y, van Dongen WMAM, Stahl M, Zipfel C, Goshe MB, Clouse S, de Vries SC, Tax F, Wang X, Kemmerling B. The Arabidopsis Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase BIR3 Negatively Regulates BAK1 Receptor Complex Formation and Stabilizes BAK1. Plant Cell 2017; 29:2285-2303. [PMID: 28842532 PMCID: PMC5635992 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BAK1 is a coreceptor and positive regulator of multiple ligand binding leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) and is involved in brassinosteroid (BR)-dependent growth and development, innate immunity, and cell death control. The BAK1-interacting LRR-RKs BIR2 and BIR3 were previously identified by proteomics analyses of in vivo BAK1 complexes. Here, we show that BAK1-related pathways such as innate immunity and cell death control are affected by BIR3 in Arabidopsis thaliana BIR3 also has a strong negative impact on BR signaling. BIR3 directly interacts with the BR receptor BRI1 and other ligand binding receptors and negatively regulates BR signaling by competitive inhibition of BRI1. BIR3 is released from BAK1 and BRI1 after ligand exposure and directly affects the formation of BAK1 complexes with BRI1 or FLAGELLIN SENSING2. Double mutants of bak1 and bir3 show spontaneous cell death and constitutive activation of defense responses. BAK1 and its closest homolog BKK1 interact with and are stabilized by BIR3, suggesting that bak1 bir3 double mutants mimic the spontaneous cell death phenotype observed in bak1 bkk1 mutants via destabilization of BIR3 target proteins. Our results provide evidence for a negative regulatory mechanism for BAK1 receptor complexes in which BIR3 interacts with BAK1 and inhibits ligand binding receptors to prevent BAK1 receptor complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Imkampe
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thierry Halter
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Sarina Schulze
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Mazzotta
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikola Schmidt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raffaele Manstretta
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Postel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Wierzba
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | | | - Mark Stahl
- Analytics Department of the ZMBP, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Goshe
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Steven Clouse
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Sacco C de Vries
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Tax
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Abstract
Detection of plant and animal pathogens triggers a massive transcriptional reprogramming, which is directed by chromatin-based processes, and ultimately results in antimicrobial immunity. Although the implication of histone modifications in orchestrating biotic stress-induced transcriptional reprogramming has been well characterized, very little was known, until recently, about the role of DNA methylation and demethylation in this process. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the dynamics and biological relevance of DNA methylation and demethylation in plant immunity against nonviral pathogens. In particular, we report the implications of these epigenetic regulatory processes in the transcriptional and co-transcriptional control of immune-responsive genes and discuss their relevance in fine-tuning antimicrobial immune responses. Finally, we discuss the possible yet elusive role of DNA methylation and demethylation in systemic immune responses, transgenerational immune priming, and de novo epiallelism, which could be adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Deleris
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1024, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - T Halter
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1024, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - L Navarro
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1024, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
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6
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Halter T, Imkampe J, Blaum BS, Stehle T, Kemmerling B. BIR2 affects complex formation of BAK1 with ligand binding receptors in plant defense. Plant Signal Behav 2014; 9:e28944. [PMID: 24780935 PMCID: PMC4091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BAK1 is a multifunctional leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RLK) that exerts its function by interacting with multiple ligand binding receptors and thereby influences diverse processes varying from brassinosteroid perception via PAMP and DAMP perception to cell death control. We recently identified a new BAK1 interacting protein, BIR2, that is also a LRR-RLK but, in contrast to BAK1, negatively regulates BAK1-dependent PAMP responses. While brassinosteroid responses are not affected by BIR2, cell death is negatively regulated as described for BAK1. BIR2 is released from BAK1 after ligand perception, increasing the pool of free BAK1 that is available to form complexes with activated ligand binding receptors. Individual ligands can only partially release BAK1 from BIR2. After exposition to a cocktail of ligands, almost the complete amount of BAK1 can be released indicating that BAK1 exists, together with BIR2, in subpools that can be individually addressed by specific ligands. These data support the idea that BAK1 exists in preformed complexes with its ligand binding receptor partners. Overexpression of BIR2 results in reduced complex formation of BAK1 with FLS2, showing that BIR2 negatively regulates BAK1 complex formation with ligand binding receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Halter
- ZMBP; Plant Biochemistry; University Tübingen; Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Imkampe
- ZMBP; Plant Biochemistry; University Tübingen; Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bärbel S Blaum
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry; University Tübingen; Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry; University Tübingen; Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, TN USA
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7
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Halter T, Imkampe J, Blaum BS, Stehle T, Kemmerling B. BIR2 affects complex formation of BAK1 with ligand binding receptors in plant defense. Plant Signal Behav 2014; 9:e28944. [PMID: 24780935 PMCID: PMC4091188 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BAK1 is a multifunctional leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RLK) that exerts its function by interacting with multiple ligand binding receptors and thereby influences diverse processes varying from brassinosteroid perception via PAMP and DAMP perception to cell death control. We recently identified a new BAK1 interacting protein, BIR2, that is also a LRR-RLK but, in contrast to BAK1, negatively regulates BAK1-dependent PAMP responses. While brassinosteroid responses are not affected by BIR2, cell death is negatively regulated as described for BAK1. BIR2 is released from BAK1 after ligand perception, increasing the pool of free BAK1 that is available to form complexes with activated ligand binding receptors. Individual ligands can only partially release BAK1 from BIR2. After exposition to a cocktail of ligands, almost the complete amount of BAK1 can be released indicating that BAK1 exists, together with BIR2, in subpools that can be individually addressed by specific ligands. These data support the idea that BAK1 exists in preformed complexes with its ligand binding receptor partners. Overexpression of BIR2 results in reduced complex formation of BAK1 with FLS2, showing that BIR2 negatively regulates BAK1 complex formation with ligand binding receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Halter
- ZMBP; Plant Biochemistry; University Tübingen; Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Imkampe
- ZMBP; Plant Biochemistry; University Tübingen; Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bärbel S Blaum
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry; University Tübingen; Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry; University Tübingen; Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- ZMBP; Plant Biochemistry; University Tübingen; Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence to: Birgit Kemmerling,
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Sussmann D, Halter T, Pickardt C, Schweiggert-Weisz U, Eisner P. An Optimization Approach for the Production of Fatlike Protein Isolates from Different Leguminous Seeds Using Response Surface Methodology. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Sussmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV); Giggenhauser Strasse 35 85354 Freising Germany
| | - T. Halter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV); Giggenhauser Strasse 35 85354 Freising Germany
| | - C. Pickardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV); Giggenhauser Strasse 35 85354 Freising Germany
| | - U. Schweiggert-Weisz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV); Giggenhauser Strasse 35 85354 Freising Germany
| | - P. Eisner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV); Giggenhauser Strasse 35 85354 Freising Germany
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9
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Kemmerling B, Halter T, Mazzotta S, Mosher S, Nürnberger T. A genome-wide survey for Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases implicated in plant immunity. Front Plant Sci 2011; 2:88. [PMID: 22645555 PMCID: PMC3355784 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLK) are among the largest gene families encoded by plant genomes. Common structural features of plant RLKs are an extracellular ligand binding domain, a membrane spanning domain, and an intracellular protein kinase domain. The largest subfamily of plant RLKs is characterized by extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR-RLK) structures that are known biochemical modules for mediating ligand binding and protein-protein interactions. In the frame of the Arabidopsis Functional Genomics Network initiative of the German Research Foundation (DFG) we have conducted a comprehensive survey for and functional characterization of LRR-RLKs potentially implicated in Arabidopsis thaliana immunity to microbial infection. Arabidopsis gene expression patterns suggested an important role of this class of proteins in biotic stress adaptation. Detailed biochemical and physiological characterization of the brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) revealed brassinolide-independent roles of this protein in plant immunity, in addition to its well-established function in plant development. The LRR-RLK BAK1 has further been shown to form heteromeric complexes with various other LRR-RLKs in a ligand-dependent manner, suggesting a role as adapter or co-receptor in plant receptor complexes. Here, we review the current status of BAK1 and BAK1-interacting LRR-RLKs in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Kemmerling
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen-Pflanzenbiochemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität TübingenTübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Birgit Kemmerling and Thorsten Nürnberger, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Pflanzenbiochemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. e-mail: ;
| | - Thierry Halter
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen-Pflanzenbiochemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Mazzotta
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen-Pflanzenbiochemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Stephen Mosher
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen-Pflanzenbiochemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen-Pflanzenbiochemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität TübingenTübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Birgit Kemmerling and Thorsten Nürnberger, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Pflanzenbiochemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. e-mail: ;
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10
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Postel S, Küfner I, Beuter C, Mazzotta S, Schwedt A, Borlotti A, Halter T, Kemmerling B, Nürnberger T. The multifunctional leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase BAK1 is implicated in Arabidopsis development and immunity. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 89:169-74. [PMID: 20018402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are transmembrane proteins with putative N-terminal extracellular ligand-binding domains and C-terminal intracellular protein kinase domains. RLKs have been implicated in multiple physiological programs including plant development and immunity to microbial infection. Arabidopsis thaliana gene expression patterns support an important role of this class of proteins in biotic stress adaptation. Here, we provide a comprehensive survey of plant immunity-related RLK gene expression. We further document the role of the Arabidopsis Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1 (BRI1)-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) in seemingly unrelated biological processes, such as plant development and immunity, and propose a role of this protein as an adaptor molecule that is required for proper functionality of numerous RLKs. This view is supported by the identification of an additional RLK, PEPR1, and its closest homolog, PEPR2 as BAK1-interacting RLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Postel
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen-Pflanzenbiochemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Sosis MB, Parnass SM, McCarthy RJ, Braverman B, Watson G, Halter T. Spinal phobia: survey results of patient attitudes and preferences regarding anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 1995; 7:389-94. [PMID: 7576674 DOI: 10.1016/0952-8180(95)00068-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine unbiased patient preferences for either spinal or general anesthesia for upcoming surgeries. DESIGN Prior to contact with anesthesia personnel, a simple questionnaire was completed by surgical patients to determine their demographic characteristics and previous anesthetic experiences. Their concerns regarding a list of complications of general and spinal anesthesia and their preferences for general or spinal anesthesia if either method could be used were also determined. SETTING University-affiliated suburban community hospital. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The survey was completed by 254 patients. A preference for general over spinal anesthesia was expressed by 80.2% of the patients responding. They expressed significantly more concerns regarding nausea/vomiting, sore throat, feeling sleepy, and death with general anesthesia than with spinal anesthesia. Concerns of back pain, nerve damage and paralysis were statistically related to spinal anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS This survey shows a strong patient preference for general anesthesia and a phobia for spinal anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Sosis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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