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Wenzel L, Hoffmann M, Rapp E, Rexer TFT, Reichl U. Cell-free N-glycosylation of peptides using synthetic lipid-linked hybrid and complex N-glycans. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1266431. [PMID: 37767159 PMCID: PMC10520871 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1266431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free, chemoenzymatic platforms are emerging technologies towards generating glycoconjugates with defined and homogeneous glycoforms. Recombinant oligosaccharyltransferases can be applied to glycosylate "empty," i.e., aglycosyalted, peptides and proteins. While bacterial oligosaccharlytransferases have been extensively investigated, only recently a recombinant eukaryotic single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase has been successfully used to in vitro N-glycosylate peptides. However, its applicability towards synthesizing full-length glycoproteins and utilizing glycans beyond mannose-type glycans for the transfer have not be determined. Here, we show for the first time the synthesis of hybrid- and complex-type glycans using synthetic lipid carriers as substrates for in vitro N-glycosylation reactions. For this purpose, transmembrane-deleted human β-1,2 N-acetylglucosamintransferase I and II (MGAT1ΔTM and MGAT2ΔTM) and β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalTΔTM) have been expressed in Escherichia coli and used to extend an existing multi-enzyme cascade. Both hybrid and agalactosylated complex structures were transferred to the N-glycosylation consensus sequence of peptides (10 amino acids: G-S-D-A-N-Y-T-Y-T-Q) by the recombinant oligosaccharyltransferase STT3A from Trypanosoma brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wenzel
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Hoffmann
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas F. T. Rexer
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Mahour R, Lee JW, Grimpe P, Boecker S, Grote V, Klamt S, Seidel-Morgenstern A, Rexer TFT, Reichl U. Cell-free multi-enzyme synthesis and purification of uridine diphosphate galactose. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100361. [PMID: 34637168 PMCID: PMC9299652 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High costs and low availability of UDP‐galactose hampers the enzymatic synthesis of valuable oligosaccharides such as human milk oligosaccharides. Here, we report the development of a platform for the scalable, biocatalytic synthesis and purification of UDP‐galactose. UDP‐galactose was produced with a titer of 48 mM (27.2 g/L) in a small‐scale batch process (200 μL) within 24 h using 0.02 genzyme/gproduct. Through in‐situ ATP regeneration, the amount of ATP (0.6 mM) supplemented was around 240‐fold lower than the stoichiometric equivalent required to achieve the final product yield. Chromatographic purification using porous graphic carbon adsorbent yielded UDP‐galactose with a purity of 92 %. The synthesis was transferred to 1 L preparative scale production in a stirred tank bioreactor. To further reduce the synthesis costs here, the supernatant of cell lysates was used bypassing expensive purification of enzymes. Here, 23.4 g/L UDP‐galactose were produced within 23 h with a synthesis yield of 71 % and a biocatalyst load of 0.05 gtotal_protein/gproduct. The costs for substrates per gram of UDP‐galactose synthesized were around 0.26 €/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mahour
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Bioprocess Engineering, GERMANY
| | - Ju Weon Lee
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Physical and Chemical Foundations of Process Engineering, GERMANY
| | - Pia Grimpe
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Bioprocess Engineering, GERMANY
| | - Simon Boecker
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Anaylsis and Redesign of Biological Networks, GERMANY
| | - Valerian Grote
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Bioprocess Engineering, GERMANY
| | - Steffen Klamt
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Analysis and Redesing of Biological Networks, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Seidel-Morgenstern
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Physical and Chemical Foundations of Process Engineering, GERMANY
| | - Thomas F T Rexer
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Bioprocess Engineering, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, GERMANY
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Bioprocess Engineering, GERMANY
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Ruhnau J, Grote V, Juarez-Osorio M, Bruder D, Mahour R, Rapp E, Rexer TFT, Reichl U. Cell-Free Glycoengineering of the Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:699025. [PMID: 34485255 PMCID: PMC8415157 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.699025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The baculovirus-insect cell expression system is readily utilized to produce viral glycoproteins for research as well as for subunit vaccines and vaccine candidates, for instance against SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, the glycoforms of recombinant proteins derived from this expression system are inherently different from mammalian cell-derived glycoforms with mainly complex-type N-glycans attached, and the impact of these differences in protein glycosylation on the immunogenicity is severely under investigated. This applies also to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, which is the antigen target of all licensed vaccines and vaccine candidates including virus like particles and subunit vaccines that are variants of the spike protein. Here, we expressed the transmembrane-deleted human β-1,2 N-acetlyglucosamintransferases I and II (MGAT1ΔTM and MGAT2ΔTM) and the β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalTΔTM) in E. coli to in-vitro remodel the N-glycans of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein derived from insect cells. In a cell-free sequential one-pot reaction, fucosylated and afucosylated paucimannose-type N-glycans were converted to complex-type galactosylated N-glycans. In the future, this in-vitro glycoengineering approach can be used to efficiently generate a wide range of N-glycans on antigens considered as vaccine candidates for animal trials and preclinical testing to better characterize the impact of N-glycosylation on immunity and to improve the efficacy of protein subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ruhnau
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Valerian Grote
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mariana Juarez-Osorio
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Infection Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reza Mahour
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany.,glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas F T Rexer
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany.,Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mahour
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Sandtorstrasse 1 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Pavel A. Marichal‐Gallardo
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Sandtorstrasse 1 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Thomas F. T. Rexer
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Sandtorstrasse 1 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Sandtorstrasse 1 39106 Magdeburg
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg Chair of Bioprocess Engineering Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
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Mahour R, Klapproth J, Rexer TFT, Schildbach A, Klamt S, Pietzsch M, Rapp E, Reichl U. Establishment of a five-enzyme cell-free cascade for the synthesis of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine. J Biotechnol 2018; 283:120-129. [PMID: 30044949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In spite of huge endeavors in cell line engineering to produce glycoproteins with desired and uniform glycoforms, it is still not possible in vivo. Alternatively, in vitro glycoengineering can be used for the modification of glycans. However, in vitro glycoengineering relies on expensive nucleotide sugars, such as uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) which serves as GlcNAc donor for the synthesis of various glycans. In this work, we present a systematic study for the cell-free de novo synthesis and regeneration of UDP-GlcNAc from polyphosphate, UMP and GlcNAc by a cascade of five enzymes (N-acetylhexosamine kinase (NahK), Glc-1P uridyltransferase (GalU), uridine monophosphate kinase (URA6), polyphosphate kinase (PPK3), and inorganic diphosphatase (PmPpA). All enzymes were expressed in E. coli BL21 Gold (DE3) and purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Results from one-pot experiments demonstrate the successful production of UDP-GlcNAc with a yield approaching 100%. The highest volumetric productivity of the cascade was about 0.81 g L-1 h-1 of UDP-GlcNAc. A simple model based on mass action kinetics was sufficient to capture the dynamic behavior of the multienzyme pathway. Moreover, a design equation based on metabolic control analysis was established to investigate the effect of enzyme concentration on the UDP-GlcNAc flux and to demonstrate that the flux of UDP-GlcNAc can be controlled by means of the enzyme concentrations. The effect of temperature on the UDP-GlcNAc flux followed an Arrhenius equation and the optimal co-factor concentration (Mg2+) for high UDP-GlcNAc synthesis rates depended on the working temperature. In conclusion, the study covers the entire engineering process of a multienzyme cascade, i.e. pathway design, enzyme expression, enzyme purification, reaction kinetics and investigation of the influence of basic parameters (temperature, co-factor concentration, enzyme concentration) on the synthesis rate. Thus, the study lays the foundation for future cascade optimization, preparative scale UDP-GlcNAc synthesis and for in situ coupling of the network with UDP-GlcNAc transferases to efficiently regenerate UDP-GlcNAc. Hence, this study provides a further step towards cost-effective in vitro glycoengineering of antibodies and other glycosylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mahour
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Jan Klapproth
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Downstream Processing, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Thomas F T Rexer
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Schildbach
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Downstream Processing, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Steffen Klamt
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Analysis and Redesign of Biological Networks, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Pietzsch
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Downstream Processing, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Rexer TFT, Schildbach A, Klapproth J, Schierhorn A, Mahour R, Pietzsch M, Rapp E, Reichl U. One pot synthesis of GDP-mannose by a multi-enzyme cascade for enzymatic assembly of lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:192-205. [PMID: 28922469 PMCID: PMC5765510 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins is a key function of the biosynthetic‐secretory pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. Glycosylated proteins play a crucial role in cell trafficking and signaling, cell‐cell adhesion, blood‐group antigenicity, and immune response. In addition, the glycosylation of proteins is an important parameter in the optimization of many glycoprotein‐based drugs such as monoclonal antibodies. In vitro glycoengineering of proteins requires glycosyltransferases as well as expensive nucleotide sugars. Here, we present a designed pathway consisting of five enzymes, glucokinase (Glk), phosphomannomutase (ManB), mannose‐1‐phosphate‐guanyltransferase (ManC), inorganic pyrophosphatase (PmPpA), and 1‐domain polyphosphate kinase 2 (1D‐Ppk2) expressed in E. coli for the cell‐free production and regeneration of GDP‐mannose from mannose and polyphosphate with catalytic amounts of GDP and ADP. It was shown that GDP‐mannose is produced at various conditions, that is pH 7–8, temperature 25–35°C and co‐factor concentrations of 5–20 mM MgCl2. The maximum reaction rate of GDP‐mannose achieved was 2.7 μM/min at 30°C and 10 mM MgCl2 producing 566 nmol GDP‐mannose after a reaction time of 240 min. With respect to the initial GDP concentration (0.8 mM) this is equivalent to a yield of 71%. Additionally, the cascade was coupled to purified, transmembrane‐deleted Alg1 (ALG1ΔTM), the first mannosyltransferase in the ER‐associated lipid‐linked oligosaccharide (LLO) assembly. Thereby, in a one‐pot reaction, phytanyl‐PP‐(GlcNAc)2‐Man1 was produced with efficient nucleotide sugar regeneration for the first time. Phytanyl‐PP‐(GlcNAc)2‐Man1 can serve as a substrate for the synthesis of LLO for the cell‐free in vitro glycosylation of proteins. A high‐performance anion exchange chromatography method with UV and conductivity detection (HPAEC‐UV/CD) assay was optimized and validated to determine the enzyme kinetics. The established kinetic model enabled the optimization of the GDP‐mannose regenerating cascade and can further be used to study coupling of the GDP‐mannose cascade with glycosyltransferases. Overall, the study envisages a first step towards the development of a platform for the cell‐free production of LLOs as precursors for in vitro glycoengineering of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F T Rexer
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Schildbach
- Department of Downstream Processing, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jan Klapproth
- Department of Downstream Processing, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Angelika Schierhorn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reza Mahour
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Pietzsch
- Department of Downstream Processing, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany.,Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
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