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Hammer N, Ondruschka B, Berghold A, Kuenzer T, Pregartner G, Scholze M, Schulze-Tanzil GG, Zwirner J. Sample size considerations in soft tissue biomechanics. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:168-178. [PMID: 37517620 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical experiments help link tissue morphology with load-deformation characteristics. A tissue-dependent minimum sample number is indispensable to obtain accurate material properties. Stress-strain properties were retrieved from human dura mater and scalp skin, exemplifying two distinct soft tissues. Minimum sample sizes necessary for a stable estimation of material properties were obtained in a simulation study. One-thousand random samples were sequentially drawn for calculating the point at which a majority of the estimators settled within a corridor of stability at given tolerance levels around a 'complete' reference for the mean, median and coefficient of variation. Stable estimations of means and medians can be achieved below sample sizes of 30 at a ± 20%-tolerance within 80%-conformity for scalp skin and dura. Lower tolerance levels or higher conformity dramatically increase the required sample size. Conformity was barely ever reached for the coefficient of variation. The parameter type appears decisive for achieving conformity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomechanical trials utilizing human tissues are needed to obtain material properties for surgical repair, tissue engineering and modeling purposes. Linking tissue mechanics with morphology helps elucidate form-function relationships, the 'morpho-mechanical link'. For material properties to be accurate, it is vital to examine a minimum number of samples. This number may vary between tissues, and the effects of intrinsic tissue characteristics on data accuracy are unclear to date. This study used data obtained from human dura and skin to compute minimum sample sizes required for estimating material properties at a stable level. It was shown that stable estimations are possible at a ± 20%-tolerance within 80%-conformity below sample sizes of 30. Higher accuracy warrants much higher sample sizes for most material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hammer
- Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Division of Biomechatronics, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology Dresden, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Ondruschka
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Berghold
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Kuenzer
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gudrun Pregartner
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mario Scholze
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | | | - Johann Zwirner
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Oral Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Hörmann S, Kuenzer T, Rice G. Estimating the conditional distribution in functional regression problems. Electron J Stat 2022. [DOI: 10.1214/22-ejs2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Kuenzer
- Institute of Statistics, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | - Gregory Rice
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Canada
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Hörmann S, Kokoszka P, Kuenzer T. Testing normality of spatially indexed functional data. CAN J STAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjs.11662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Kokoszka
- Department of Statistics Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Thomas Kuenzer
- Institute of Statistics Graz University of Technology Graz Austria
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Hörmann S, Jammoul F, Kuenzer T, Stadlober E. Separating the impact of gradual lockdown measures on air pollutants from seasonal variability. Atmos Pollut Res 2021; 12:84-92. [PMID: 33162774 PMCID: PMC7605804 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of near-surface measurements at several measuring points in Graz, Austria, reveals the impact of restrictive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic on the emission of atmospheric pollutants. We quantify the effects at traffic hotspots, industrial and residential areas. Using historical data collected over several years, we are able to account for meteorological and seasonal confounders. Our analysis is based on daily means as well as intraday pollution level curves. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) has decreased drastically while the levels of particulate matter PM10 and carbon monoxide (CO) mostly exhibit little change. Traffic data shows that the decrease in traffic frequency is parallel to the decline in the levels of NO2 and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Hörmann
- Institute of Statistics, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/III, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Fatima Jammoul
- Institute of Statistics, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/III, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Kuenzer
- Institute of Statistics, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/III, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Stadlober
- Institute of Statistics, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/III, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kuenzer
- Institute of Statistics, Technische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Piotr Kokoszka
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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