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Jones JC, Bodenstine TM. Connexins and Glucose Metabolism in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710172. [PMID: 36077565 PMCID: PMC9455984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins are a family of transmembrane proteins that regulate diverse cellular functions. Originally characterized for their ability to mediate direct intercellular communication through the formation of highly regulated membrane channels, their functions have been extended to the exchange of molecules with the extracellular environment, and the ability to modulate numerous channel-independent effects on processes such as motility and survival. Notably, connexins have been implicated in cancer biology for their context-dependent roles that can both promote or suppress cancer cell function. Moreover, connexins are able to mediate many aspects of cellular metabolism including the intercellular coupling of nutrients and signaling molecules. During cancer progression, changes to substrate utilization occur to support energy production and biomass accumulation. This results in metabolic plasticity that promotes cell survival and proliferation, and can impact therapeutic resistance. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of connexin and cancer biology, however, delineating the roles these multi-faceted proteins play in metabolic adaptation of cancer cells is just beginning. Glucose represents a major carbon substrate for energy production, nucleotide synthesis, carbohydrate modifications and generation of biosynthetic intermediates. While cancer cells often exhibit a dependence on glycolytic metabolism for survival, cellular reprogramming of metabolic pathways is common when blood perfusion is limited in growing tumors. These metabolic changes drive aggressive phenotypes through the acquisition of functional traits. Connections between glucose metabolism and connexin function in cancer cells and the surrounding stroma are now apparent, however much remains to be discovered regarding these relationships. This review discusses the existing evidence in this area and highlights directions for continued investigation.
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Jones JC, Miceli AM, Chaudhry MM, Jai MA, Pancho RN, Lazzar A, Taylor BS, Bodempudi V, Jain PP, Hanjra S, Urban AE, Zanotti B, Kohlmeir EK, Bodenstine TM. Abstract 5997: Increased connexin 43 expression and gap junction communication correlates with invasion following reduced glucose metabolism in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-5997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dysregulation of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) is a common feature during cancer progression. GJIC is a means of direct cell-cell communication mediated by regulated membrane channels composed of connexin proteins. This communication is frequently lost between primary tumor cells but may be upregulated at secondary metastatic sites with stromal cells. Control of this process by cancer cells has been shown to facilitate aggressive qualities both in vitro and in vivo. During the process of metastasis, cells encounter numerous metabolic challenges that must be overcome, particularly during growth of primary tumors. In this study, we set out to evaluate if changes to cancer cell metabolism affect GJIC in breast cancer cells. To address this question, we generated a metabolic variant of the MDA-MB-231 cell line conditioned to grow in glucose-limiting conditions. These cells were grown in FBS supplemented RPMI with <0.130mM glucose compared to 2mM in control conditions for more than 4 weeks. Substantial cell death over this time revealed a small population of cells capable of surviving in glucose reduced conditions. Growth of these cells normalized following a period of quiescence and exhibited stable viability and proliferative capacity. Following STR validation, these cells were designated MDA-MB-231LG for their ability to grow in low glucose media. MDA-MB-231LG exhibited a larger and more rounded morphologic appearance with formation of strong cell-cell contacts as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy in contrast to parental cells which showed a higher degree of membrane overlap. Further comparison of the two cell lines through western blot and immunofluorescence analysis of connexin 43, a major connexin expressed in breast tissue, revealed higher levels in MDA-MB-231LG and increased membrane localization. Using a double label dye transfer technique, the gap junction permeable fluorescent dye calcein showed increased movement from CM-DiI labeled donor cells into neighboring cells in MDA-MB-231LG indicating functional gap junction coupling while MDA-MB-231 had little to no dye movement. To evaluate phenotypic qualities, both cell lines were grown in Matrigel and MDA-MB-231LG displayed increased stellate morphology. Use of a Matrigel invasion chamber assay confirmed the increased invasive qualities with significantly more MDA-MB-231LG invading through the lower portion of the membrane compared to MDA-MB-231 parental cells. Our data demonstrate a clear upregulation of gap junction activity following metabolic adaptation to reduced glucose availability. It also suggests a possible connection between GJIC and invasive qualities in breast cancer cells and may represent an inducible phenotype that occurs in primary tumors when tumor growth limits blood vessel penetration and nutrient availability.
Citation Format: Jennifer C. Jones, Amanda M. Miceli, Mary M. Chaudhry, Mallika A. Jai, Romel N. Pancho, Alan Lazzar, Bradley S. Taylor, Vishnupriya Bodempudi, Prarthana P. Jain, Sheeri Hanjra, Alexander E. Urban, Brian Zanotti, Ellen K. Kohlmeir, Thomas M. Bodenstine. Increased connexin 43 expression and gap junction communication correlates with invasion following reduced glucose metabolism in breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5997.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mallika A. Jai
- Midwestern University - Downers Grove Campus, Downers Grove, IL
| | - Romel N. Pancho
- Midwestern University - Downers Grove Campus, Downers Grove, IL
| | - Alan Lazzar
- Midwestern University - Downers Grove Campus, Downers Grove, IL
| | | | | | | | - Sheeri Hanjra
- Midwestern University - Downers Grove Campus, Downers Grove, IL
| | | | - Brian Zanotti
- Midwestern University - Downers Grove Campus, Downers Grove, IL
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Verdone M, Joshi MD, Bodenstine TM, Green JM, Lynch SM, Gettig JP, Fjortoft N. An Online, Self-directed Pharmacy Bridging Course for Incoming First-Year Students. Am J Pharm Educ 2020; 84:ajpe7684. [PMID: 32773826 PMCID: PMC7405308 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate the short-term effectiveness of an online bridging course to increase the knowledge of struggling incoming students' in crucial content areas within the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum. Methods. An assessment was administered to all incoming first-year pharmacy students (N=180) during orientation to determine their foundational knowledge in key areas. Students who scored <70% on the assessment (N=137) were instructed to complete a 10-module, online, self-directed bridging course focusing on physiology, biochemistry, math, and medical terminology during the first two weeks of the quarter to prepare them for first-quarter coursework. After completing the bridging course, participants completed the same assessment to determine content knowledge acquisition and retention. At the end of the quarter, the assessment was again administered to all first-year students, regardless of whether they had completed the bridging course. Results. The average assessment score of students who completed the bridging course modules improved significantly (53% vs 76%). All students demonstrated significant improvement in assessment scores between orientation and the end of the quarter; however, bridging course participants achieved a greater increase in assessment scores (53% vs 73%) than nonparticipants (76% vs 81%). Significant relationships were found between assessment scores following completion of the bridging course and pass rates in first-quarter courses. Conclusion. The online, self-directed bridging course offered at Midwestern University, Chicago College of Pharmacy proved successful as a method of knowledge acquisition and as a system for early identification (within the first two weeks of the quarter) of students in need of additional academic support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Medha D. Joshi
- Midwestern University, Chicago College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | | | - Jacalyn M. Green
- Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Sean M. Lynch
- Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Jacob P. Gettig
- Midwestern University, Chicago College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Nancy Fjortoft
- Midwestern University, Chicago College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, Illinois
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Pradeep P, Urban AE, Jones JC, Bodenstine TM. Abstract 2380: Induction of gap junctional chemotherapy bystander effect in breast cancer cells through regulation of the protein kinase A pathway. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) mediates the regulated transfer of cellular metabolites between cells and represents an integral component of homeostasis in epithelial cells. The effects of dysregulation of GJIC in cancer has proven to be complex and context dependent, however, a lack of GJIC between cancer cells and a causative role in cancer progression have been demonstrated. In the context of treatment, delivery of therapeutics is often hindered by a lack of vascularization in hypoxic solid tumors. Transfer of small molecular weight therapies between cells through gap junctions, a process known as bystander effect, represents a potential mechanism for transfer of therapies within a tumor in the absence of a blood supply. Previous evidence has shown that upregulation of the Protein Kinase A (PKA) pathway can restore GJIC in cancer cells by promoting the assembly of gap junction channels. As a proof-of-principle experiment, we hypothesized that stimulation of the PKA pathway in breast cancer cells could facilitate the intercellular transfer and subsequent cellular effects of chemotherapy. Using the MDA-MB-231 and T47D breast cancer cell lines which exhibit low GJIC, we utilized multiple PKA activators (8-Br-cAMP, forskolin, LY294002) and the PKA inhibitor H89 to regulate the activity of PKA. Pathway activation was confirmed by western blot analysis of phosphorylated CREB at serine 133 and immunofluorescent localization of PKA catalytic subunits. A corresponding increase in GJIC was assessed by following the transfer of the fluorescent gap-junction permeable dye calcein from labeled donor cells to non-labeled acceptor cells. Results were recorded by live-cell fluorescence microscopy and quantified using flow cytometry. The Hs578T breast cancer cell line which exhibits high levels of GJIC was used as a positive control in these experiments. To assess the effects of chemotherapeutic spread, cells were treated with doxorubicin and subsequently co-cultured with non-treated cells. Transfer of doxorubicin was traced by its autofluorescent properties and induction of apoptosis in doxorubicin treated and untreated cells was assessed using annexin V staining by flow cytometry. Transfer of doxorubicin to non-treated cells did not occur under control conditions. Following co-culture in the presence of PKA activators, transfer of doxorubicin into non-treated cells was evident and resulted in the induction of apoptosis. These results demonstrate that upregulation of GJIC by mediating changes to PKA promote the spread of chemotherapeutic effects and indicate a possible role for modulation of PKA in breast cancer cells to improve the transfer of chemotherapeutics.
Citation Format: Prarthana Pradeep, Alexander E. Urban, Jennifer C. Jones, Thomas M. Bodenstine. Induction of gap junctional chemotherapy bystander effect in breast cancer cells through regulation of the protein kinase A pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2380.
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Bodenstine TM, Chandler GS, Reed DW, Margaryan NV, Gilgur A, Atkinson J, Ahmed N, Hyser M, Seftor EA, Strizzi L, Hendrix MJC. Nodal expression in triple-negative breast cancer: Cellular effects of its inhibition following doxorubicin treatment. Cell Cycle 2017; 15:1295-302. [PMID: 27007464 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1160981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents an aggressive cancer subtype characterized by the lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The independence of TNBC from these growth promoting factors eliminates the efficacy of therapies which specifically target them, and limits TNBC patients to traditional systemic neo/adjuvant chemotherapy. To better understand the growth advantage of TNBC - in the absence of ER, PR and HER2, we focused on the embryonic morphogen Nodal (associated with the cancer stem cell phenotype), which is re-expressed in aggressive breast cancers. Most notably, our previous data demonstrated that inhibition of Nodal signaling in breast cancer cells reduces their tumorigenic capacity. Furthermore, inhibiting Nodal in other cancers has resulted in improved effects of chemotherapy, although the mechanisms for this remain unknown. Thus, we hypothesized that targeting Nodal in TNBC cells in combination with conventional chemotherapy may improve efficacy and represent a potential new strategy. Our preliminary data demonstrate that Nodal is highly expressed in TNBC when compared to invasive hormone receptor positive samples. Treatment of Nodal expressing TNBC cell lines with a neutralizing anti-Nodal antibody reduces the viability of cells that had previously survived treatment with the anthracycline doxorubicin. We show that inhibiting Nodal may alter response mechanisms employed by cancer cells undergoing DNA damage. These data suggest that development of therapies which target Nodal in TNBC may lead to additional treatment options in conjunction with chemotherapy regimens - by altering signaling pathways critical to cellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bodenstine
- a Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program at the Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Grace S Chandler
- a Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program at the Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - David W Reed
- a Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program at the Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Naira V Margaryan
- a Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program at the Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Alina Gilgur
- a Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program at the Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | | | - Nida Ahmed
- b Presence Saint Francis Hospital , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Matthew Hyser
- b Presence Saint Francis Hospital , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Elisabeth A Seftor
- a Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program at the Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Luigi Strizzi
- a Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program at the Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,c Department of Pathology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Mary J C Hendrix
- a Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program at the Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,d Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
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Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily member Nodal is an established regulator of early embryonic development, with primary roles in endoderm induction, left-right asymmetry, and primitive streak formation. Nodal signals through TGFβ family receptors at the plasma membrane and induces signaling cascades leading to diverse transcriptional regulation. While conceptually simple, the regulation of Nodal and its molecular effects are profoundly complex and context dependent. Pioneering work by developmental biologists has characterized the signaling pathways, regulatory components, and provided detailed insight into the mechanisms by which Nodal mediates changes at the cellular and organismal levels. Nodal is also an important factor in maintaining pluripotency of embryonic stem cells through regulation of core transcriptional programs. Collectively, this work has led to an appreciation for Nodal as a powerful morphogen capable of orchestrating multiple cellular phenotypes. Although Nodal is not active in most adult tissues, its reexpression and signaling have been linked to multiple types of human cancer, and Nodal has emerged as a driver of tumor growth and cellular plasticity. In vitro and in vivo experimental evidence has demonstrated that inhibition of Nodal signaling reduces cancer cell aggressive characteristics, while clinical data have established associations with Nodal expression and patient outcomes. As a result, there is great interest in the potential targeting of Nodal activity in a therapeutic setting for cancer patients that may provide new avenues for suppressing tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, we evaluate our current understanding of the complexities of Nodal function in cancer and highlight recent experimental evidence that sheds light on the therapeutic potential of its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bodenstine
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 222, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Grace S Chandler
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 222, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Richard E B Seftor
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 222, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Seftor
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 222, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mary J C Hendrix
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 222, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Strizzi L, Sandomenico A, Margaryan NV, Focà A, Sanguigno L, Bodenstine TM, Chandler GS, Reed DW, Gilgur A, Seftor EA, Seftor RE, Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Leonardi A, Ruvo M, Hendrix MJ. Effects of a novel Nodal-targeting monoclonal antibody in melanoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:34071-86. [PMID: 26460952 PMCID: PMC4741437 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodal is highly expressed in various human malignancies, thus supporting the rationale for exploring Nodal as a therapeutic target. Here, we describe the effects of a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb), 3D1, raised against human Nodal. In vitro treatment of C8161 human melanoma cells with 3D1 mAb shows reductions in anchorage-independent growth and vasculogenic network formation. 3D1 treated cells also show decreases of Nodal and downstream signaling molecules, P-Smad2 and P-ERK and of P-H3 and CyclinB1, with an increase in p27. Similar effects were previously reported in human breast cancer cells where Nodal expression was generally down-regulated; following 3D1 mAb treatment, both Nodal and P-H3 levels are reduced. Noteworthy is the reduced growth of human melanoma xenografts in Nude mice treated with 3D1 mAb, where immunostaining of representative tumor sections show diminished P-Smad2 expression. Similar effects both in vitro and in vivo were observed in 3D1 treated A375SM melanoma cells harboring the active BRAF(V600E) mutation compared to treatments with IgG control or a BRAF inhibitor, dabrafenib. Finally, we describe a 3D1-based ELISA for the detection of Nodal in serum samples from cancer patients. These data suggest the potential of 3D1 mAb for selecting and targeting Nodal expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Strizzi
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini del CNR and CIRPeB, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Naira V. Margaryan
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Annalia Focà
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini del CNR and CIRPeB, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Sanguigno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Thomas M. Bodenstine
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Grace S. Chandler
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David W. Reed
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alina Gilgur
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elisabeth A. Seftor
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard E.B. Seftor
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhila Khalkhali-Ellis
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Antonio Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini del CNR and CIRPeB, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mary J.C. Hendrix
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Bodenstine TM, Chandler GS, Margaryan NV, Strizzi L, Gilgur A, Seftor EA, Seftor REB, Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Ugolkov A, Mazar AP, Hendrix MJC. Abstract 4378: Targeting the embryonic morphogen Nodal reduces viability of doxorubicin-treated breast cancer cells in vitro. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer represents an aggressive malignancy for which few targeted therapies exist. The embryonic morphogen Nodal is re-expressed in highly aggressive breast cancers and reduction of Nodal signaling decreases tumor cell metastatic characteristics. This represents a potential avenue for the development of therapeutics aimed at inhibiting the Nodal pathway. To explore this further, we evaluated Nodal expression in breast cancer cells following chemotherapy. In vitro treatment of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cell lines with Doxorubicin, a chemotherapy commonly used for the treatment of malignant breast cancer, resulted in the generation of surviving subpopulations that retained Nodal expression (>80%) and remained viable. To validate these findings in vivo, we analyzed Doxorubicin treated metastatic patient derived breast cancer xenografts (PDX) which displayed a residual population of Nodal positive cells when analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that targeting Nodal in a combinatorial approach with chemotherapy will lead to a reduction in remaining viable populations of cancer cells. When we utilized an anti-Nodal neutralizing antibody to inhibit Nodal signaling, antibody treatment reduced cell proliferation, attachment and increased rates of apoptosis in Doxorubicin treated breast cancer cell lines. Decreases in phosphorylation of Histone 3, a marker of cellular proliferation, and increases in the cleavage of PARP, correlating to induction of apoptosis, were noted in response to antibody treatment. These data suggest that Nodal signaling plays a critical role in the growth of metastatic breast cancer cells and targeting Nodal may improve therapeutic outcome in malignancies such as triple negative breast cancer. The initial results highlight translational potential for the development of humanized antibodies capable of inhibiting Nodal function.
Citation Format: Thomas M. Bodenstine, Grace S. Chandler, Naira V. Margaryan, Luigi Strizzi, Alina Gilgur, Elisabeth A. Seftor, Richard E B Seftor, Zhila Khalkhali-Ellis, Andrey Ugolkov, Andrew P. Mazar, Mary J C Hendrix. Targeting the embryonic morphogen Nodal reduces viability of doxorubicin-treated breast cancer cells in vitro. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4378. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4378
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luigi Strizzi
- 1Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL
| | - Alina Gilgur
- 1Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL
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Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Kirschmann DA, Seftor EA, Gilgur A, Bodenstine TM, Hinck AP, Hendrix MJC. Divergence(s) in nodal signaling between aggressive melanoma and embryonic stem cells. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:E242-51. [PMID: 25204799 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The significant role of the embryonic morphogen Nodal in maintaining the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells is well documented. Interestingly, the recent discovery of Nodal's re-expression in several aggressive and metastatic cancers has highlighted its critical role in self renewal and maintenance of the stem cell-like characteristics of tumor cells, such as melanoma. However, the key TGFβ/Nodal signaling component(s) governing Nodal's effects in metastatic melanoma remain mostly unknown. By employing receptor profiling at the mRNA and protein level(s), we made the novel discovery that embryonic stem cells and metastatic melanoma cells share a similar repertoire of Type I serine/threonine kinase receptors, but diverge in their Type II receptor expression. Ligand:receptor crosslinking and native gel binding assays indicate that metastatic melanoma cells employ the heterodimeric TGFβ receptor I/TGFβ receptor II (TGFβRI/TGFβRII) for signal transduction, whereas embryonic stem cells use the Activin receptors I and II (ACTRI/ACTRII). This unexpected receptor usage by tumor cells was tested by: neutralizing antibody to block its function; and transfecting the dominant negative receptor to compete with the endogenous receptor for ligand binding. Furthermore, a direct biological role for TGFβRII was found to underlie vasculogenic mimicry (VM), an endothelial phenotype contributing to vascular perfusion and associated with the functional plasticity of aggressive melanoma. Collectively, these findings reveal the divergence in Nodal signaling between embryonic stem cells and metastatic melanoma that can impact new therapeutic strategies targeting the re-emergence of embryonic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Khalkhali-Ellis
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Bodenstine TM, Seftor REB, Seftor EA, Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Samii NA, Monarrez JC, Chandler GS, Pemberton PA, Hendrix MJC. Internalization by multiple endocytic pathways and lysosomal processing impact maspin-based therapeutics. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1480-91. [PMID: 25256709 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Patients with metastatic disease face high rates of mortality with a paucity of therapeutic options. Protein-based therapeutics provide advantages over traditional chemotherapy through increased specificity, decreased immune impairment, and more direct means of delivery. However, development is often hindered because of insufficient knowledge about protein processing by cells when exogenously applied. This study focuses on recombinant Maspin (rMaspin), a serine protease inhibitor (SERPINB5), which alters invasive properties when directly applied to cancer cells. Previous evidence suggests differences in the effects of rMaspin treatment when compared with endogenous reexpression, with little explanation for these discrepancies. A leading hypothesis is that exogenously applied rMaspin is subject to different regulatory and/or processing mechanisms in cancer cells when compared with endogenous expression. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of internalization and subcellular trafficking of rMaspin is needed to guide future translational development. We describe the molecular trafficking of rMaspin in cytoplasmic vesicles of the endosomal/lysosomal pathway and characterize its uptake by multiple endocytic mechanisms. Time-lapse laser scanning confocal microscopy shows the uptake, in real time, of dye-labeled rMaspin in cancer cells. This study indicates that cellular processing of rMaspin plays a key role by affecting its biologic activity and highlights the need for new approaches aimed at increasing the availability of rMaspin when used to treat cancer. IMPLICATIONS Novel characterization of internalization and subcellular trafficking of rMaspin provides new insights for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bodenstine
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard E B Seftor
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elisabeth A Seftor
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zhila Khalkhali-Ellis
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicole A Samii
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - J Cesar Monarrez
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Grace S Chandler
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Mary J C Hendrix
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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Abstract
Maspin, a non-inhibitory member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily, has been characterized as a tumor suppressor gene in multiple cancer types. Among the established anti-tumor effects of Maspin are the inhibition of cancer cell invasion, attachment to extracellular matrices, increased sensitivity to apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis. However, while significant experimental data support the role of Maspin as a tumor suppressor, clinical data regarding the prognostic implications of Maspin expression have led to conflicting results. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the context dependencies of Maspin in normal biology and how these are perturbed in the context of cancer. In this review, we outline the regulation and roles of Maspin in normal and developmental biology while discussing novel evidence and emerging theories related to its functions in cancer. We provide insight into the immense therapeutic potential of Maspin and the challenges related to its successful clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bodenstine
- Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 222, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Bodenstine TM, Seftor REB, Seftor EA, Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Samii NA, Monarrez JC, Pemberton PA, Hendrix MJC. Abstract 862: Purified recombinant Maspin is processed through the endosomal pathway in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Maspin (Mammary Serine Protease Inhibitor), a gene involved in mammary gland development and morphogenesis, has been shown to act as a tumor suppressor in multiple cancers by inhibiting the aggressive cancer cell phenotype. Recombinant Maspin (rMas) added to cell culture media is internalized by cancer cells and capable of recapitulating many of the effects of endogenously re-expressed Maspin in Maspin-null cancer cells, including the inhibition of cell invasion, migration and induction of angiogenesis. Importantly, these effects are mediated by purified rMas without the need for post-translational modifications prior to application, increasing the future therapeutic potential for utilizing rMas as an adjuvant therapy. However, the therapeutic use of rMas is limited by its rapid clearance from cancer cells, and many of the molecular mechanisms regarding rMas internalization and processing remain to be determined. Building on preliminary data, we hypothesized that rMas is processed by the endosomal pathway. We demonstrate localization of rMas in Rab9 late-endosomes and Lamp-1 positive lysosomes following treatment of 10 μg/ml
rMas in BT549, Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines. rMas internalization was reduced when incubated at 4oC, and increased at temperatures of 20oC and 37oC, with the highest rates of internalization at 37oC, indicative of endocytosis. Furthermore, depletion of K+ decreased rMas internalization in Hs578T and
MDA-MB-231, suggestive of clarthrin-mediated endocytosis. Our data show that
rMas is capable of acting at the membrane to mediate effects on invasion and migration, but may not be functional once internalized due to rapid degradation by the lysosome. Interestingly, this may provide a plausible explanation for previously reported data in which rMas was not able to reproduce the effects of endogenous Maspin re-expression on cancer cell apoptosis sensitivity, which require cytosolic and mitochondrial mechanisms. Our data provide evidence that strategies which induce endosomal escape of rMas will intensify its anti-tumor effects on cancer cells, and further enhance its potential therapeutic applications.
Citation Format: Thomas M. Bodenstine, Richard E. B. Seftor, Elisabeth A. Seftor, Zhila Khalkhali-Ellis, Nicole A. Samii, J. Cesar Monarrez, Philip A. Pemberton, Mary J. C. Hendrix. Purified recombinant Maspin is processed through the endosomal pathway in breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 862. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-862
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Bodenstine TM, Beck BH, Cao X, Cook LM, Ismail A, Powers SJK, Powers JK, Mastro AM, Welch DR. Pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells promote breast cancer growth in bone in a murine xenograft model. Chin J Cancer 2012; 30:189-96. [PMID: 21352696 PMCID: PMC3661213 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.010.10582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The bones are the most common sites of breast cancer metastasis. Upon arrival within the bone microenvironment, breast cancer cells coordinate the activities of stromal cells, resulting in an increase in osteoclast activity and bone matrix degradation. In late stages of bone metastasis, breast cancer cells induce apoptosis in osteoblasts, which further exacerbates bone loss. However, in early stages, breast cancer cells induce osteoblasts to secrete inflammatory cytokines purported to drive tumor progression. To more thoroughly evaluate the role of osteoblasts in early stages of breast cancer metastasis to the bones, we used green fluorescent protein-labeled human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435, which both induce osteolysis after intra-femoral injection in athymic mice, and the murine pre-osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 to modulate osteoblast populations at the sites of breast cancer metastasis. Breast cancer cells were injected directly into the femur with or without equal numbers of MC3T3-E1 cells. Tumors grew significantly larger when co-injected with breast cancer cells and MC3T3-E1 cells than injected with breast cancer cells alone. Osteolysis was induced in both groups, indicating that MC3T3-E1 cells did not block the ability of breast cancer cells to cause bone destruction. MC3T3-E1 cells promoted tumor growth out of the bone into the extraosseous stroma. These data suggest that breast cancer cells and osteoblasts communicate during early stages of bone metastasis and promote tumor growth.
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Bodenstine TM, Seftor REB, Seftor EA, Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Pemberton PA, Hendrix MJC. Abstract 486A: Biological characterization of recombinant maspin in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-486a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mammary serine protease inhibitor (maspin) is a non-inhibitory member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily and is involved in mammary gland development. Loss of maspin expression is commonly observed during breast cancer progression while re-expression of maspin confers tumor suppressive capabilities. Cellular localization of maspin within the cytosol, nucleus, and association in complexes at the plasma membrane confer different properties in cancer cells adding to the complexity of maspin function. The recombinant form of maspin (rMas) when added to growth media of maspin-null cancer cells recapitulates many of the effects of exogenous maspin re-expression including inhibition of invasion through 3D matrices. These effects highlight the potential of rMas for therapeutic development as a novel adjuvant therapy. The aim of this study was to characterize the uptake, processing and distribution of wild-type and mutated forms of rMas in cancer cells. Using the MDA-MB-231, BT549 and Hs578T breast cancer cell lines we demonstrate that rMas is directly internalized by cancer cells and degraded rapidly. Time-lapse confocal microscopy using Alexa Fluor 594 labeled rMas and nuclear/cytoplasmic extraction of rMas following cellular uptake demonstrate that rMas is predominantly localized and processed in the cytosol. Wild-type rMas inhibited cancer cell invasion through collagen based matrices and this effect was independent of nuclear localization. Interestingly, site-directed mutagenesis of rMas to induce reported polymorphisms (Ile to Val 66, Pro to Ser 176, Leu to Val 187, Ile to Val 319) abrogated the ability of rMas to inhibit invasion. These preliminary experiments contribute to the characterization of rMas following internalization by cancer cells and aid in the therapeutic development of rMas as a potential therapy. Additionally, mutational data from this study support growing evidence that mutations in the maspin gene alter functionality in vitro, and may correlate to clinical outcomes in patients in which maspin is expressed in tumors.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 486A. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-486A
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Bodenstine TM, Vaidya KS, Ismail A, Beck BH, Diers AR, Edmonds MD, Kirsammer GT, Landar A, Welch DR. Subsets of ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) inhibitors increase gap junctional intercellular communication in metastatic cancer cell lines independent of SUR expression. FEBS Lett 2011; 586:27-31. [PMID: 22119728 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) regulates cellular homeostasis by propagating signaling molecules, exchanging cellular metabolites, and coupling electrical signals. In cancer, cells exhibit altered rates of GJIC which may play a role in neoplastic progression. K(ATP) channels help maintain membrane polarity and linkages between K(ATP) channel activity and rates of GJIC have been established. The mechanistic relationship has not been fully elucidated. We report the effects of treatment with multiple K(ATP) antagonist compounds on GJIC in metastatic cell lines demonstrating an increase in communication rates following treatment with compounds possessing specificities towards the SUR2 subunit of K(ATP). These effects remained consistent using cell lines with different expression levels of SUR1 and SUR2, suggesting possible off target effects on GJIC by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bodenstine
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Welch DR, Beck BH, Feeley KP, Diers AR, Vaidya KS, Nash KT, Bodenstine TM, Thomas JW, Landar A, Ballinger SW. Abstract 965: The KISS1 metastasis suppressor appears to reverse the ‘Warburg Effect’. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In 1924, Otto Warburg described the preference of cancer cells for glycolytic metabolism, even under normoxic conditions and that these metabolic changes directly correlate with malignant potential of several cancers. Although its purpose remains unclear, the “Warburg Effect” is thought to confer proliferative and survival advantages by increasing uptake of nutrients into biomass. The KISS1 metastasis suppressor protein is secreted and proteolytically cleaved into so-called kisspeptins (KP) that block the colonization of metastatic C8161.9 human melanoma cells at secondary sites. We asked whether secreted KISS1 mediates its inhibitory effects on metastatic growth through regulation of the “Warburg Effect.” Comparing multiple bioenergetic and metabolic aspects of glucose metabolism in C8161.9 ± KISS1 showed that all KISS1-secreting clones had significantly (P<0.05) reduced invasion (60%) and reduced lactate production (100 mg/dL vs. 128 mg/dL). Irrespective of cell density, KISS1-expressing cells had a significantly higher extracellular pH (pHe=7.2) compared to cells transfected with empty vector or cells transfected with KISS1 harboring a deleted signal sequence (ΔSS; pHe=6.7). Utilizing a Seahorse® bioanalyzer, reduced extracellular acidification by KISS1 cells was verified concomitant with increased O2 consumption. Interestingly, mitochondrial reserve capacity, an indicator thought to reflect a cell's ability to cope with oxidative stresses, was also elevated in KISS1-expressing cells. Using mitochondrial-selective fluorescent probes, C8161.9KISS1 melanoma and MDA-MB-435KISS1 breast carcinoma cells have ∼30% more mitochondria compared to empty vector or KISS1ΔSS-expressing cells. Increased mitochondrial number in KISS1-expressing cells was correlated with higher levels of PGC-1α, a major mitochondrial biogenesis regulatory molecule, which was confirmed using siRNA to KISS1. Expression of KISS1 also protected C8161.9 cells from dichloroacetate-induced cell death. Unexpectedly, addition of KP10 to C8161.9 cells did not alter pHe, raising questions regarding the mechanism by which KISS1/KP alter PGC-1α in the absence of KISS1 receptor expression in the tumor cells. Nonetheless, these data appear to directly connect changes in mitochondrial number, metabolic pathway regulation and the metastatic process. Future studies will determine whether the increase in mitochondrial number is directly responsible for the change in glycolytic metabolism and whether these changes are necessary for KISS1's effects on metastatic growth. Support: RO1-CA134981, the National Foundation for Cancer Research, METAvivor, and UAB Med-into-Grad Fellowship.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 965. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-965
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Bodenstine TM, Vaidya KS, Ismail A, Beck BH, Cook LM, Diers AR, Landar A, Welch DR. Homotypic gap junctional communication associated with metastasis suppression increases with PKA activity and is unaffected by PI3K inhibition. Cancer Res 2010; 70:10002-11. [PMID: 21098703 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Loss of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) between cancer cells is a common characteristic of malignant transformation. This communication is mediated by connexin proteins that make up the functional units of gap junctions. Connexins are highly regulated at the protein level and phosphorylation events play a key role in their trafficking and degradation. The metastasis suppressor breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) upregulates GJIC and decreases phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. On the basis of these observations, we set out to determine whether there was a link between PI3K and GJIC in tumorigenic and metastatic cell lines. Treatment of cells with the well-known PI3K inhibitor LY294002, and its structural analogue LY303511, which does not inhibit PI3K, increased homotypic GJIC; however, we found the effect to be independent of PI3K/AKT inhibition. We show in multiple cancer cell lines of varying metastatic capability that GJIC can be restored without enforced expression of a connexin gene. In addition, while levels of connexin 43 remained unchanged, its relocalization from the cytosol to the plasma membrane was observed. Both LY294002 and LY303511 increased the activity of protein kinase A (PKA). Moreover, PKA blockade by the small molecule inhibitor H89 decreased the LY294002/LY303511-mediated increase in GJIC. Collectively, our findings show a connection between PKA activity and GJIC mediated by PI3K-independent mechanisms of LY294002 and LY303511. Manipulation of these signaling pathways could prove useful for antimetastatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bodenstine
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Bodenstine TM, Beck BH, Welch DR. Abstract 484: Treatment strategy to reverse osteolytic breast cancer metastasis using osteoblasts in a murine xenograft model. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The most common site of breast cancer metastasis is bone. The majority of these metastases are osteolytic, characterized by an increase in bone degradation via an upregulation of osteoclast activity. These effects lead to complications including fracture, contractile pain and hypercalcemia, significantly reducing the quality of life in these patients. The role of bone forming osteoblasts at sites of osteolytic lesions is less understood. We have recently shown that breast cancer cells are capable of inducing apoptosis of osteoblasts in vitro as well as in vivo using murine xenograft models. This effect would further exacerbate osteolytic disease, and may explain why treatment strategies capable of inhibiting osteolysis (bisphosphonates) are not capable of repairing lost bone. We hypothesize that modulating the number of osteoblasts at sites of osteolytic metastases, may aid in the repair of resorbed bone. To provide proof-of-principle evidence, we have engineered the murine pre-osteoblast cell line, MC3T3-E1, to overexpress Bcl2, conferring resistance to apoptosis. These cells will be used with an in vivo model of osteolysis using GFP-labeled breast cancer cells previously reported by our laboratory. Apoptosis resistant MC3T3-E1 will be injected into bone both before, and after induction of osteolysis and rates of bone resorption and repair will be measured. The results of this project will provide the first in vivo evidence that restoration of osteoblasts at sites of osteolytic metastases can aid in the repair of lost bone and will test for the first time, experimental manipulation of osteoblast number and function in osteolytic breast cancer metastasis.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 484.
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Bodenstine TM, Vaidya KS, Ismail A, Cook LM, Welch DR. Abstract 1057: BRMS1 restoration of gap junctional intercellular communication involves modulation of KATP channels and downregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metastatic disease remains the most lethal aspect of cancer, accounting for over 90% of cancer related mortality. Breast Cancer Metastasis Suppressor 1 (BRMS1) specifically inhibits the ability of tumor cells to metastasize to secondary sites while having little or no affect on primary tumor growth. Clinically, a loss of BRMS1 mRNA expression in breast cancer patients is correlated with poor prognosis and a decrease in BRMS1 protein levels predicts reduced disease free survival. The mechanisms of BRMS1 remain unclear; however expression of BRMS1 significantly decreases the PI3K signaling pathway, a pathway that is often over activated in cancer cells. PI3K is a lipid kinase that phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, leading to downstream signaling. BRMS1 acts to reduce the substrate of PI3K, PtdIns(4,5)P2, by >90% when expressed in metastatic cells. Re-expression of BRMS1 in cancer cell lines also restores gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), a process that mediates cellular homeostasis and is often lost during neoplastic progression. GJIC has been shown to be affected by PI3K; thus we hypothesized that inhibition of PI3K signaling by BRMS1 might be responsible for the restoration of GJIC. In support of this, treatment with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (10µM) in vector control and parental cell lines from multiple cancer cell types, mimicked the effects of BRMS1 on GJIC. Interestingly, inhibition of signaling molecules further downstream of PI3K (AKT, mTOR) did not produce the same effect, suggesting the mechanism of action may directly involve the ratio of PtdIns(4,5)P2/PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. We show that alterations in an ATP dependent potassium channel, KATP, regulated by phosphoinositides, is responsible for the changes in GJIC observed by BRMS1 expression. Delineation of this mechanism will allow for in vivo analysis to determine if changes in GJIC are causative for the BRMS1 mediated suppression of metastasis. Taken together, our data suggest an inhibitory mechanism on gap junctional communication mediated by PI3K, that is relieved by restoration of BRMS1 expression.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1057.
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Frolova N, Edmonds MD, Bodenstine TM, Seitz R, Johnson MR, Feng R, Welch DR, Frost AR. A shift from nuclear to cytoplasmic breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 expression is associated with highly proliferative estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers. Tumour Biol 2009; 30:148-59. [PMID: 19609101 DOI: 10.1159/000228908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To determine breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) expression in breast cancers and the efficacy of BRMS1 as a prognostic indicator, BRMS1 expression was assessed in two sets of breast cancer tissues. METHODS Epithelial cells from 36 frozen samples of breast cancers and corresponding normal breast were collected by laser capture microdissection and assessed for BRMS1 by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. BRMS1 was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray of 209 breast cancers and correlated with indicators of prognosis [estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), ErbB2, p53, p27(Kip1), Bcl2 and Ki-67]. RESULTS BRMS1 mRNA and protein were higher in 94 and 81%, respectively, of breast cancers than in corresponding normal epithelium. BRMS1 localization was predominantly nuclear, but 60-70% of cancers also exhibited cytoplasmic immunostaining. Breast cancers with lower nuclear than cytoplasmic BRMS1 (nuclear score - cytoplasmic score < or =0; 11% of cancers) had lower ER, lower PR and higher Ki-67 expression. There was also a trend toward poorer overall survival in this group of cancers, but this was only of borderline significance (p = 0.073). In Cox proportional hazards models, loss of nuclear BRMS1 was not a significant predictor of overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Loss of nuclear BRMS1 was associated with ER-negative cancers and a high rate of proliferation, but was not an independent indicator of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Frolova
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Kim MH, Bodenstine TM, Sumerel LA, Rivera AA, Baker AH, Douglas JT. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 improves antitumor efficacy of a replicating adenovirus in vivo. Cancer Biol Ther 2006; 5:1647-53. [PMID: 17106248 PMCID: PMC1797074 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.5.12.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies of replicating adenoviruses for the treatment of cancer have demonstrated their safety but have yielded disappointing results, indicating the need for new strategies to improve their efficacy. We hypothesized that the efficacy of a replicating adenovirus could be improved by expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2), a 21-kDa unglycosylated secretory protein. TIMP-2 specifically inhibits the active forms of a number of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that play a role in the degradation of basement membranes and the extracellular matrix and are therefore involved in the control of the growth, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, as well as angiogenesis. In addition, TIMP-2 can abrogate tumor growth and angiogenesis by a variety of mechanisms independent of MMP inhibition. In this study, we demonstrate that expression of TIMP-2 enhanced the antitumor efficacy of a replicating adenovirus in vivo, by reducing both tumor growth and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-hee Kim
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Thomas M. Bodenstine
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Lucretia A. Sumerel
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Angel A. Rivera
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Andrew H. Baker
- Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanne T. Douglas
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
- Requests for Reprints: Joanne T. Douglas, Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, BMR2 412, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA, Tel: +1-205-975-2897; fax: +1-205-975-8565, E-mail address:
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