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Cipolotti L, Ruffle JK, Mole J, Xu T, Hyare H, Shallice T, Chan E, Nachev P. Graph lesion-deficit mapping of fluid intelligence. Brain 2022; 146:167-181. [PMID: 36574957 PMCID: PMC9825598 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid intelligence is arguably the defining feature of human cognition. Yet the nature of its relationship with the brain remains a contentious topic. Influential proposals drawing primarily on functional imaging data have implicated 'multiple demand' frontoparietal and more widely distributed cortical networks, but extant lesion-deficit studies with greater causal power are almost all small, methodologically constrained, and inconclusive. The task demands large samples of patients, comprehensive investigation of performance, fine-grained anatomical mapping, and robust lesion-deficit inference, yet to be brought to bear on it. We assessed 165 healthy controls and 227 frontal or non-frontal patients with unilateral brain lesions on the best-established test of fluid intelligence, Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices, employing an array of lesion-deficit inferential models responsive to the potentially distributed nature of fluid intelligence. Non-parametric Bayesian stochastic block models were used to reveal the community structure of lesion deficit networks, disentangling functional from confounding pathological distributed effects. Impaired performance was confined to patients with frontal lesions [F(2,387) = 18.491; P < 0.001; frontal worse than non-frontal and healthy participants P < 0.01, P <0.001], more marked on the right than left [F(4,385) = 12.237; P < 0.001; right worse than left and healthy participants P < 0.01, P < 0.001]. Patients with non-frontal lesions were indistinguishable from controls and showed no modulation by laterality. Neither the presence nor the extent of multiple demand network involvement affected performance. Both conventional network-based statistics and non-parametric Bayesian stochastic block modelling heavily implicated the right frontal lobe. Crucially, this localization was confirmed on explicitly disentangling functional from pathology-driven effects within a layered stochastic block model, prominently highlighting a right frontal network involving middle and inferior frontal gyrus, pre- and post-central gyri, with a weak contribution from right superior parietal lobule. Similar results were obtained with standard lesion-deficit analyses. Our study represents the first large-scale investigation of the distributed neural substrates of fluid intelligence in the focally injured brain. Combining novel graph-based lesion-deficit mapping with detailed investigation of cognitive performance in a large sample of patients provides crucial information about the neural basis of intelligence. Our findings indicate that a set of predominantly right frontal regions, rather than a more widely distributed network, is critical to the high-level functions involved in fluid intelligence. Further they suggest that Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices is a useful clinical index of fluid intelligence and a sensitive marker of right frontal lobe dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cipolotti
- Correspondence to: Prof. Lisa Cipolotti Department of NeuropsychologyNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryQueen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UKE-mail:
| | - James K Ruffle
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK,Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Joe Mole
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK,Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Harpreet Hyare
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK,Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK,Cognitive Neuropsychology and Neuroimaging Lab, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Edgar Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK,Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Parashkev Nachev
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Cipolotti L, Mole J, Nelson A, Van-Harskamp N, Shallice T, Nachev P. Preserved fluid intelligence in the context of impaired executive functions. Cortex 2022; 156:86-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cipolotti L, Xu T, Harry B, Mole J, Lakey G, Shallice T, Chan E, Nachev P. Multi-model mapping of phonemic fluency. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab232. [PMID: 34693285 PMCID: PMC8530259 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The voluntary generation of non-overlearned responses is usually assessed with phonemic fluency. Like most frontal tasks, it draws upon different complex processes and systems whose precise nature is still incompletely understood. Many claimed aspects regarding the pattern of phonemic fluency performance and its underlying anatomy remain controversial. Major limitations of past investigations include small sample size, scant analysis of phonemic output and methodologically insufficient lesion analysis approaches. We investigated a large number of patients with focal unilateral right or left frontal (n = 110) or posterior (n = 100) or subcortical (n = 65) lesions imaged with magnetic resonance or computed tomography and compared their performance on the number of overall responses, words produced over time, extremely infrequent/unknown words and inappropriate words generated. We also employed, for the first time parcel-based lesion-symptom mapping, tract-wise statistical analysis as well as Bayesian multi-variate analysis based on meta-analytically defined functional region of interest, including their interactions. We found that left frontal damage was associated with greater impairment than right frontal or posterior damage on overall fluency performance, suggesting that phonemic fluency shows specificity to frontal lesions. We also found that subcorticals, similar to frontals, performed significantly worse than posteriors on overall performance suggesting that subcortical regions are also involved. However, only frontal effects were found for words produced over time, extremely infrequent/unknown and inappropriate words. Parcel-based lesion-symptom mapping analysis found that worse fluency performance was associated with damage to the posterior segment of the left frontal middle and superior gyrus, the left dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and caudate nucleus. Tract-wise statistical analysis revealed that disconnections of left frontal tracts are critical. Bayesian multi-variate models of lesions and disconnectome maps implicated left middle and inferior frontal and left dorsomedial frontal regions. Our study suggests that a set of well localized left frontal areas together with subcortical regions and several left frontal tracts are critical for word generation. We speculate that a left lateralized network exists. It involves medial, frontal regions supporting the process of 'energization', which sustains activation for the duration of the task and middle and inferior frontal regions concerned with 'selection', required due to the competition produced by associated stored words, respectively. The methodology adopted represents a promising and empirically robust approach in furthering our understanding of the neurocognitive architecture underpinning executive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Bronson Harry
- The MARCS Institute, University of Western Sydney, Penrith South, NSW NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Joe Mole
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Grace Lakey
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK.,International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS), Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Edgar Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Parashkev Nachev
- Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Cipolotti L, Molenberghs P, Dominguez J, Smith N, Smirni D, Xu T, Shallice T, Chan E. Fluency and rule breaking behaviour in the frontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 2020; 137:107308. [PMID: 31866432 PMCID: PMC6996283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Design (DF) and phonemic fluency tests (FAS; D-KEFS, 2001) are commonly used to investigate voluntary generation. Despite this, several important issues remain poorly investigated. In a sizeable sample of patients with focal left or right frontal lesion we established that voluntary generation performance cannot be accounted for by fluid intelligence. For DF we found patients performed significantly worse than healthy controls (HC) only on the switch condition. However, no significant difference between left and right frontal patients was found. In contrast, left frontal patients were significantly impaired when compared with HC and right frontal patients on FAS. These lateralization findings were complemented, for the first time, by three neuroimaging; investigations. A traditional frontal subgrouping method found significant differences on FAS between patients with or without Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus lesions involving BA 44 and/or 45. Parcel Based Lesion Symptom Mapping (PLSM) found lower scores on FAS were significantly associated with damage to posterior Left Middle Frontal Gyrus. An increase in rule break errors, so far only anecdotally reported, was associated with damage to the left dorsal anterior cingulate and left body of the corpus callosum, supporting the idea that conflict resolution and monitoring impairments may play a role. Tractwise statistical analysis (TSA) revealed that patients with disconnection; in the left anterior thalamic projections, frontal aslant tract, frontal; orbitopolar tract, pons, superior longitudinal fasciculus I and II performed significantly worse than patients without disconnection in these tracts on FAS. In contrast, PLSM and TSA analyses did not reveal any significant relationship between lesion location and performance on the DF switch condition. Overall, these findings suggest DF may have limited utility as a tool in detecting lateralized frontal executive dysfunction, whereas FAS and rule break behavior appears to be linked to a set of well localized left frontal grey matter regions and white matter tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
| | | | - Juan Dominguez
- School of Psychology and Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Nicola Smith
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Daniela Smirni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK; International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS), Trieste, Italy
| | - Edgar Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Shallice T, Papagno C. Impairments of auditory-verbal short-term memory: Do selective deficits of the input phonological buffer exist? Cortex 2019; 112:107-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Individuals with pure alexia often have visual field defects such as right homonymous hemianopia. Relatively few attempts have been made to develop criteria to differentiate pure alexia from hemianopic alexia. In this Commentary we provide concrete suggestions to distinguish the two disorders. We also report on additional assessments with two previously reported cases for whom the diagnosis of pure alexia was called into question and an alternative proposal was offered that the reading deficits were instead due to hemianopia. We show that the results of clinical and neuropsychological tests do not support the account that the reading impairment was caused by the visual field defect. In particular, for both cases, the right homonymous hemianopia was not complete, and a split-field reading task demonstrated an inability also to read words presented in the intact left visual field. In conclusion, pure alexics may indeed show fairly modest word-length effects; however, the presence of right homonymous hemianopia and a non-extreme gradient of reading speed alone are not sufficient grounds to put in doubt the diagnosis. We propose that a fuller clinical and neuropsychological examination taking into account the possible confounding effects of the visual field defects will help to distinguish pure alexia from hemianopic alexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rosazza
- a Neuroradiology Unit , Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" , Milan , Italy
| | - Valeria Isella
- b Neurology Unit , San Gerardo Hospital , Monza , Italy.,c School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI) , University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - Ildebrando Appollonio
- b Neurology Unit , San Gerardo Hospital , Monza , Italy.,c School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI) , University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - Tim Shallice
- d Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience , University College London , London , UK.,e Cognitive Neuropsychology Neuroimaging Lab , Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) , Trieste , Italy
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Cipolotti L, MacPherson SE, Gharooni S, van-Harskamp N, Shallice T, Chan E, Nachev P. Cognitive estimation: Performance of patients with focal frontal and posterior lesions. Neuropsychologia 2018; 115:70-77. [PMID: 28811256 PMCID: PMC6018564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Cognitive Estimation Test (CET) is a widely used test to investigate estimation abilities requiring complex processes such as reasoning, the development and application of appropriate strategies, response plausibility checking as well as general knowledge and numeracy (e.g., Shallice and Evans, 1978; MacPherson et al., 2014). Thus far, it remains unknown whether the CET is both sensitive and specific to frontal lobe dysfunction. Neuroimaging techniques may not represent a useful methodology for answering this question since the complex processes involved are likely to be associated with a large network of brain regions, some of which are not functionally necessary to successfully carry out the CET. Instead, neuropsychological studies may represent a more promising investigation tool for identifying the brain areas necessary for CET performance. We recently developed two new versions of the CET (CET-A and CET-B; MacPherson et al., 2014). We investigated the overall performance and conducted an error analysis on CET-A in patients with focal, unilateral, frontal (n = 38) or posterior (n = 22) lesions and healthy controls (n = 39). We found that frontal patients' performance was impaired compared to healthy controls on CET. We also found that frontal patients generated significantly poorer estimates than posterior patients on CET-A. This could not be explained by impairments in fluid intelligence. The error analyses suggested that for CET-A, extreme and very extreme responses are impaired following frontal lobe damage. However, only very extreme responses are significantly more impaired following frontal lobe than posterior damage and so represent a measure restricted to frontal "executive" impairment, in addition to overall CET performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Sarah E MacPherson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sara Gharooni
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Natasja van-Harskamp
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK; International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS), Trieste, Italy
| | - Edgar Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Parashkev Nachev
- Institute of Neurology, UCL, UK & National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Chan E, MacPherson SE, Bozzali M, Shallice T, Cipolotti L. The Influence of Fluid Intelligence, Executive Functions and Premorbid Intelligence on Memory in Frontal Patients. Front Psychol 2018; 9:926. [PMID: 29937746 PMCID: PMC6002504 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: It is commonly thought that memory deficits in frontal patients are a result of impairments in executive functions which impact upon storage and retrieval processes. Yet, few studies have specifically examined the relationship between memory performance and executive functions in frontal patients. Furthermore, the contribution of more general cognitive processes such as fluid intelligence and demographic factors such as age, education, and premorbid intelligence has not been considered. Method: Our study examined the relationship between recall and recognition memory and performance on measures of fluid intelligence, executive functions and premorbid intelligence in 39 frontal patients and 46 healthy controls. Results: Recall memory impairments in frontal patients were strongly correlated with fluid intelligence, executive functions and premorbid intelligence. These factors were all found to be independent predictors of recall performance, with fluid intelligence being the strongest predictor. In contrast, recognition memory impairments were not related to any of these factors. Furthermore, age and education were not significantly correlated with either recall or recognition memory measures. Conclusion: Our findings show that recall memory in frontal patients was related to fluid intelligence, executive functions and premorbid intelligence. In contrast, recognition memory was not. These findings suggest that recall and recognition memory deficits following frontal injury arise from separable cognitive factors. Recognition memory tests may be more useful when assessing memory functions in frontal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E MacPherson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS), Trieste, Italy
| | - Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Michalec J, Bezdicek O, Nikolai T, Harsa P, Jech R, Silhan P, Hyza M, Ruzicka E, Shallice T. A Comparative Study of Tower of London Scoring Systems and Normative Data. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 32:328-338. [PMID: 28096070 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Tower of London (ToL) is a planning ability task that includes multiple versions. The original ToL was developed by Shallice together with two scoring systems (ToL-SS). Another two ToL-SS were proposed by Anderson et al. and Krikorian et al. The purpose of this study is to provide normative data for four ToL-SS and explore the effects of demographic variables on ToL performance. Furthermore, we aimed to determine the discriminative validity of these ToL-SS in clinical samples. Method Four groups were included in the study: a normative sample of healthy adults (HC; n = 298); patients with Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI; n = 52) and without cognitive impairment (PD-ND; n = 57); and patients with schizophrenia (SCH; n = 28). The effects of demographic variables on ToL-SS were examined in the HC group. Between-groups comparisons of ToL-SS were conducted using regression analysis with dummy codes. Results All four ToL-SS were not significantly affected by age, whereas the effect of gender and education is not consistent. ToL-SS significantly (p < .05) differentiate HC from PD-MCI and SCH. Cohen's effect size coefficients d range from 0.68 to 1.29. Internal consistency coefficients (Cronbach's α) of ToL-SS range from 0.33 to 0.60. Conclusions Despite poor to questionable internal consistency of ToL-SS, the discriminative validity and clinical utility for assessing planning deficits in PD-MCI and SCH are high. This study provides normative standards for all four ToL-SS on an adult population for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Michalec
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Bezdicek
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Nikolai
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Harsa
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Silhan
- Department of Psychiatry, General University Hospital in Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hyza
- Department of Psychiatry, General University Hospital in Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Ruzicka
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Cognitive Neuropsychology and Neuroimaging Lab, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lisa Cipolotti
- Neuropsychology Department, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
Analysis of the reading of a neurological patient (HTR) indicates that it is based on the operation of a relatively unimpaired phonological route. Quantitative investigations of type of error, reading speed and the effects of lexicality and spelling-to-sound regularity all support this conclusion. Spelling-to-sound regularity is shown to influence reading not only through regular words being better read than irregular, but also through mildly irregular words being better read than very irregular ones. A model is presented of the operation of the phonological route and of its progressive impairment in certain types of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Shallice
- National Hospital, Queen Square, London WC1, England
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Cipolotti L, Spano B, Healy C, Tudor-Sfetea C, Chan E, White M, Biondo F, Duncan J, Shallice T, Bozzali M. Inhibition processes are dissociable and lateralized in human prefrontal cortex. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Campanella F, Palese A, Del Missier F, Moreale R, Ius T, Shallice T, Fabbro F, Skrap M. Long-Term Cognitive Functioning and Psychological Well-Being in Surgically Treated Patients with Low-Grade Glioma. World Neurosurg 2017; 103:799-808.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Paulesu E, Shallice T, Danelli L, Sberna M, Frackowiak RSJ, Frith CD. Anatomical Modularity of Verbal Working Memory? Functional Anatomical Evidence from a Famous Patient with Short-Term Memory Deficits. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:231. [PMID: 28567009 PMCID: PMC5434108 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive skills are the emergent property of distributed neural networks. The distributed nature of these networks does not necessarily imply a lack of specialization of the individual brain structures involved. However, it remains questionable whether discrete aspects of high-level behavior might be the result of localized brain activity of individual nodes within such networks. The phonological loop of working memory, with its simplicity, seems ideally suited for testing this possibility. Central to the development of the phonological loop model has been the description of patients with focal lesions and specific deficits. As much as the detailed description of their behavior has served to refine the phonological loop model, a classical anatomoclinical correlation approach with such cases falls short in telling whether the observed behavior is based on the functions of a neural system resembling that seen in normal subjects challenged with phonological loop tasks or whether different systems have taken over. This is a crucial issue for the cross correlation of normal cognition, normal physiology, and cognitive neuropsychology. Here we describe the functional anatomical patterns of JB, a historical patient originally described by Warrington et al. (1971), a patient with a left temporo-parietal lesion and selective short phonological store deficit. JB was studied with the H215O PET activation technique during a rhyming task, which primarily depends on the rehearsal system of the phonological loop. No residual function was observed in the left temporo-parietal junction, a region previously associated with the phonological buffer of working memory. However, Broca's area, the major counterpart of the rehearsal system, was the major site of activation during the rhyming task. Specific and autonomous activation of Broca's area in the absence of afferent inputs from the other major anatomical component of the phonological loop shows that a certain degree of functional independence or modularity exists in this distributed anatomical-cognitive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraldo Paulesu
- Psychology Department and Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-BicoccaMilan, Italy.,fMRI Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico GaleazziMilan, Italy
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom.,Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, SISSA, International School for Advanced StudiesTrieste, Italy
| | - Laura Danelli
- Psychology Department and Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-BicoccaMilan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sberna
- Department of Diagnostic Neuroradiology, Niguarda Ca' Granda HospitalMilan, Italy
| | - Richard S J Frackowiak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland.,Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, BioTech CampusGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris D Frith
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom.,Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Studies, University of LondonLondon, United Kingdom
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Seyed-Allaei S, Avanaki ZN, Bahrami B, Shallice T. Major Thought Restructuring: The Roles of Different Prefrontal Cortical Regions. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1147-1161. [PMID: 28253076 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
An important question for understanding the neural basis of problem solving is whether the regions of human prefrontal cortices play qualitatively different roles in the major cognitive restructuring required to solve difficult problems. However, investigating this question using neuroimaging faces a major dilemma: either the problems do not require major cognitive restructuring, or if they do, the restructuring typically happens once, rendering repeated measurements of the critical mental process impossible. To circumvent these problems, young adult participants were challenged with a one-dimensional Subtraction (or Nim) problem [Bouton, C. L. Nim, a game with a complete mathematical theory. The Annals of Mathematics, 3, 35-39, 1901] that can be tackled using two possible strategies. One, often used initially, is effortful, slow, and error-prone, whereas the abstract solution, once achieved, is easier, quicker, and more accurate. Behaviorally, success was strongly correlated with sex. Using voxel-based morphometry analysis controlling for sex, we found that participants who found the more abstract strategy (i.e., Solvers) had more gray matter volume in the anterior medial, ventrolateral prefrontal, and parietal cortices compared with those who never switched from the initial effortful strategy (i.e., Explorers). Removing the sex covariate showed higher gray matter volume in Solvers (vs. Explorers) in the right ventrolateral prefrontal and left parietal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Seyed-Allaei
- 1 University of Tehran.,2 Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Tim Shallice
- 4 University College London.,5 International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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Cipolotti L, Spanò B, Healy C, Tudor-Sfetea C, Chan E, White M, Biondo F, Duncan J, Shallice T, Bozzali M. Inhibition processes are dissociable and lateralized in human prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 2016; 93:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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MacPherson SE, Turner MS, Bozzali M, Cipolotti L, Shallice T. The Doors and People Test: The effect of frontal lobe lesions on recall and recognition memory performance. Neuropsychology 2016; 30:332-7. [PMID: 26752123 PMCID: PMC4768598 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Memory deficits in patients with frontal lobe lesions are most apparent on free recall tasks that require the selection, initiation, and implementation of retrieval strategies. The effect of frontal lesions on recognition memory performance is less clear with some studies reporting recognition memory impairments but others not. The majority of these studies do not directly compare recall and recognition within the same group of frontal patients, assessing only recall or recognition memory performance. Other studies that do compare recall and recognition in the same frontal group do not consider recall or recognition tests that are comparable for difficulty. Recognition memory impairments may not be reported because recognition memory tasks are less demanding. METHOD This study aimed to investigate recall and recognition impairments in the same group of 47 frontal patients and 78 healthy controls. The Doors and People Test was administered as a neuropsychological test of memory as it assesses both verbal and visual recall and recognition using subtests that are matched for difficulty. RESULTS Significant verbal and visual recall and recognition impairments were found in the frontal patients. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that when frontal patients are assessed on recall and recognition memory tests of comparable difficulty, memory impairments are found on both types of episodic memory test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martha S Turner
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, University College London
| | - Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London
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Cipolotti L, Healy C, Spanò B, Lecce F, Biondo F, Robinson G, Chan E, Duncan J, Shallice T, Bozzali M. Strategy and suppression impairments after right lateral prefrontal and orbito-frontal lesions. Brain 2015; 139:e10. [PMID: 26381821 PMCID: PMC5412504 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cipolotti
- 1 Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK 2 Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Palermo, Italy
| | - Colm Healy
- 1 Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Barbara Spanò
- 3 Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Lecce
- 1 Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | | | - Gail Robinson
- 5 School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Edgar Chan
- 1 Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - John Duncan
- 4 MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK 6 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Shallice
- 7 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK 8 International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS), Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- 3 Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Cipolotti L, Healy C, Chan E, MacPherson SE, White M, Woollett K, Turner M, Robinson G, Spanò B, Bozzali M, Shallice T. The effect of age on cognitive performance of frontal patients. Neuropsychologia 2015; 75:233-41. [PMID: 26102190 PMCID: PMC4542524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Age is known to affect prefrontal brain structure and executive functioning in healthy older adults, patients with neurodegenerative conditions and TBI. Yet, no studies appear to have systematically investigated the effect of age on cognitive performance in patients with focal lesions. We investigated the effect of age on the cognitive performance of a large sample of tumour and stroke patients with focal unilateral, frontal (n=68), or non-frontal lesions (n=45) and healthy controls (n=52). We retrospectively reviewed their cross sectional cognitive and imaging data. In our frontal patients, age significantly predicted the magnitude of their impairment on two executive tests (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices, RAPM and the Stroop test) but not on nominal (Graded Naming Test, GNT) or perceptual (Incomplete Letters) task. In our non-frontal patients, age did not predict the magnitude of their impairment on the RAPM and GNT. Furthermore, the exacerbated executive impairment observed in our frontal patients manifested itself from middle age. We found that only age consistently predicted the exacerbated executive impairment. Lesions to specific frontal areas, or an increase in global brain atrophy or white matter abnormalities were not associated with this impairment. Our results are in line with the notion that the frontal cortex plays a critical role in aging to counteract cognitive and neuronal decline. We suggest that the combined effect of aging and frontal lesions impairs the frontal cortical systems by causing its computational power to fall below the threshold needed to complete executive tasks successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Palermo, Italy.
| | - Colm Healy
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Edgar Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Sarah E MacPherson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark White
- Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | | | - Martha Turner
- Wolfson Neurorehabilitation Unit, Queen Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gail Robinson
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Barbara Spanò
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK; International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS), Trieste, Italy
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Campanella F, Fabbro F, Ius T, Shallice T, Skrap M. Acute effects of surgery on emotion and personality of brain tumor patients: surgery impact, histological aspects, and recovery. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1121-31. [PMID: 25921022 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive effects of brain surgery for the removal of intracranial tumors are still under investigation. For many basic sensory/motor or language-based functions, focal, albeit transient, cognitive deficits have been reported low-grade gliomas (LGGs); however, the effects of surgery on higher-level cognitive functions are still largely unknown. It has recently been shown that, following brain tumors, damage to different brain regions causes a variety of deficits at different levels in the perception and interpretation of emotions and intentions. However, the effects of different tumor histologies and, more importantly, the effects of surgery on these functions have not been examined. METHODS The performance of 66 patients affected by high-grade glioma (HGG), LGG, and meningioma on 4 tasks tapping different levels of perception and interpretations of emotion and intentions was assessed before, immediately after, and (for LGG patients) 4 months following surgery. RESULTS Results showed that HGG patients were generally already impaired in the more perceptual tasks before surgery and did not show surgery effects. Conversely, LGG patients, who were unimpaired before surgery, showed a significant deficit in perceptual tasks immediately after surgery that was recovered within few months. Meningioma patients were substantially unimpaired in all tasks. CONCLUSIONS These results show that surgery can be relatively safe for LGG patients with regard to the higher-level, more complex cognitive functions and can provide further useful information to the neurosurgeon and improve communication with both the patient and the relatives about possible changes that can occur immediately after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Campanella
- Neurosurgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy (F.C., T.I., M.S.); Department of Human Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy (F.F.); Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico 'E. Medea', Polo Regionale Friuli Venezia Giulia, Pordenone, Italy (F.F.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College, London, England (T.S.); Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, International School for Advanced Studies SISSA-ISAS, Trieste, Italy (T.S.)
| | - Franco Fabbro
- Neurosurgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy (F.C., T.I., M.S.); Department of Human Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy (F.F.); Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico 'E. Medea', Polo Regionale Friuli Venezia Giulia, Pordenone, Italy (F.F.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College, London, England (T.S.); Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, International School for Advanced Studies SISSA-ISAS, Trieste, Italy (T.S.)
| | - Tamara Ius
- Neurosurgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy (F.C., T.I., M.S.); Department of Human Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy (F.F.); Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico 'E. Medea', Polo Regionale Friuli Venezia Giulia, Pordenone, Italy (F.F.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College, London, England (T.S.); Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, International School for Advanced Studies SISSA-ISAS, Trieste, Italy (T.S.)
| | - Tim Shallice
- Neurosurgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy (F.C., T.I., M.S.); Department of Human Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy (F.F.); Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico 'E. Medea', Polo Regionale Friuli Venezia Giulia, Pordenone, Italy (F.F.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College, London, England (T.S.); Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, International School for Advanced Studies SISSA-ISAS, Trieste, Italy (T.S.)
| | - Miran Skrap
- Neurosurgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy (F.C., T.I., M.S.); Department of Human Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy (F.F.); Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico 'E. Medea', Polo Regionale Friuli Venezia Giulia, Pordenone, Italy (F.F.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College, London, England (T.S.); Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, International School for Advanced Studies SISSA-ISAS, Trieste, Italy (T.S.)
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Robinson GA, Cipolotti L, Walker DG, Biggs V, Bozzali M, Shallice T. Verbal suppression and strategy use: a role for the right lateral prefrontal cortex? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 138:1084-96. [PMID: 25665583 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Verbal initiation, suppression and strategy generation/use are cognitive processes widely held to be supported by the frontal cortex. The Hayling Test was designed to tap these cognitive processes within the same sentence completion task. There are few studies specifically investigating the neural correlates of the Hayling Test but it has been primarily used to detect frontal lobe damage. This study investigates the components of the Hayling Test in a large sample of patients with unselected focal frontal (n = 60) and posterior (n = 30) lesions. Patients and controls (n = 40) matched for education, age and sex were administered the Hayling Test as well as background cognitive tests. The standard Hayling Test clinical measures (initiation response time, suppression response time, suppression errors and overall score), composite errors scores and strategy-based responses were calculated. Lesions were analysed by classical frontal/posterior subdivisions as well as a finer-grained frontal localization method and a specific contrast method that is somewhat analogous to voxel-based lesion mapping methods. Thus, patients with right lateral, left lateral and superior medial lesions were compared to controls and patients with right lateral lesions were compared to all other patients. The results show that all four standard Hayling Test clinical measures are sensitive to frontal lobe damage although only the suppression error and overall scores were specific to the frontal region. Although all frontal patients produced blatant suppression errors, a specific right lateral frontal effect was revealed for producing errors that were subtly wrong. In addition, frontal patients overall produced fewer correct responses indicative of developing an appropriate strategy but only the right lateral group showed a significant deficit. This problem in strategy attainment and implementation could explain, at least in part, the suppression error impairment. Contrary to previous studies there was no specific frontal effect for verbal initiation. Overall, our results support a role for the right lateral frontal region in verbal suppression and, for the first time, in strategy generation/use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A Robinson
- 1 Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 2 Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Lisa Cipolotti
- 2 Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK 3 Dipartimento di Psicologia, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - David G Walker
- 4 BrizBrain and Spine, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vivien Biggs
- 4 BrizBrain and Spine, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marco Bozzali
- 5 Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Tim Shallice
- 6 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College, London, UK 7 International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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Cipolotti L, Healy C, Chan E, Bolsover F, Lecce F, White M, Spanò B, Shallice T, Bozzali M. The impact of different aetiologies on the cognitive performance of frontal patients. Neuropsychologia 2015; 68:21-30. [PMID: 25556811 PMCID: PMC4410793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychological group study methodology is considered one of the primary methods to further understanding of the organisation of frontal 'executive' functions. Typically, patients with frontal lesions caused by stroke or tumours have been grouped together to obtain sufficient power. However, it has been debated whether it is methodologically appropriate to group together patients with neurological lesions of different aetiologies. Despite this debate, very few studies have directly compared the performance of patients with different neurological aetiologies on neuropsychological measures. The few that did included patients with both anterior and posterior lesions. We present the first comprehensive retrospective comparison of the impact of lesions of different aetiologies on neuropsychological performance in a large number of patients whose lesion solely affects the frontal cortex. We investigated patients who had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), high (HGT) or low grade (LGT) tumour, or meningioma, all at the post-operative stage. The same frontal 'executive' (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices, Stroop Colour-Word Test, Letter Fluency-S; Trail Making Test Part B) and nominal (Graded Naming Test) tasks were compared. Patients' performance was compared across aetiologies controlling for age and NART IQ scores. Assessments of focal frontal lesion location, lesion volume, global brain atrophy and non-specific white matter (WM) changes were undertaken and compared across the four aetiology. We found no significant difference in performance between the four aetiology subgroups on the 'frontal' executive and nominal tasks. However, we found strong effects of premorbid IQ on all cognitive tasks and robust effects of age only on the frontal tasks. We also compared specific aetiology subgroups directly, as previously reported in the literature. Overall we found no significant differences in the performance of CVA and tumour patients, or LGT and HGT patients or LGT, HGT and meningioma's on our four frontal tests. No difference was found with respect to the location of frontal lesions, lesion volume, global brain atrophy and non-specific WM changes between the subgroups. Our results suggest that the grouping of frontal patients caused by different aetiologies is a pragmatic, justified methodological approach that can help to further understanding of the organisation of frontal executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Palermo, Italy.
| | - Colm Healy
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Edgar Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Fay Bolsover
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Francesca Lecce
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Mark White
- Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Barbara Spanò
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK; International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS), Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Starrfelt
- a Department of Psychology , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Michalec J, Bezdíček O, Nikolai T, Harsa P, Žaloudková H, Růžička E, Shallice T. Standardization of the Czech Version of the Tower of London Test – Administration, Scoring, Validity. Cesk Slov Neurol N 2014. [DOI: 10.14735/amcsnn2014596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
We investigated the interplay between stimulus-driven attention and memory retrieval with a novel interference paradigm that engaged both systems concurrently on each trial. Participants encoded a 45-min movie on Day 1 and, on Day 2, performed a temporal order judgment task during fMRI. Each retrieval trial comprised three images presented sequentially, and the task required participants to judge the temporal order of the first and the last images (“memory probes”) while ignoring the second image, which was task irrelevant (“attention distractor”). We manipulated the content relatedness and the temporal proximity between the distractor and the memory probes, as well as the temporal distance between two probes. Behaviorally, short temporal distances between the probes led to reduced retrieval performance. Distractors that at encoding were temporally close to the first probe image reduced these costs, specifically when the distractor was content unrelated to the memory probes. The imaging results associated the distractor probe temporal proximity with activation of the right ventral attention network. By contrast, the precuneus was activated for high-content relatedness between distractors and probes and in trials including a short distance between the two memory probes. The engagement of the right ventral attention network by specific types of distractors suggests a link between stimulus-driven attention control and episodic memory retrieval, whereas the activation pattern of the precuneus implicates this region in memory search within knowledge/content-based hierarchies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Shallice
- 2SISSA, Trieste, Italy
- 3University College London
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Campanella F, Shallice T, Ius T, Fabbro F, Skrap M. Impact of brain tumour location on emotion and personality: a voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping study on mentalization processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2532-45. [PMID: 25027503 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients affected by brain tumours may show behavioural and emotional regulation deficits, sometimes showing flattened affect and sometimes experiencing a true 'change' in personality. However, little evidence is available to the surgeon as to what changes are likely to occur with damage at specific sites, as previous studies have either relied on single cases or provided only limited anatomical specificity, mostly reporting associations rather than dissociations of symptoms. We investigated these aspects in patients undergoing surgery for the removal of cerebral tumours. We argued that many of the problems described can be ascribed to the onset of difficulties in one or more of the different levels of the process of mentalizing (i.e. abstracting and reflecting upon) emotion and intentions, which impacts on everyday behaviour. These were investigated in terms of (i) emotion recognition; (ii) Theory of Mind; (iii) alexithymia; and (iv) self-maturity (personality disorder). We hypothesized that temporo/limbic areas would be critical for processing emotion and intentions at a more perceptual level, while frontal lobe structures would be more critical when higher levels of mentalization/abstraction are required. We administered four different tasks, Task 1: emotion recognition of Ekman faces; Task 2: the Eyes Test (Theory of Mind); Task 3: Toronto Alexithymia Scale; and Task 4: Temperament and Character Inventory (a personality inventory), both immediately before and few days after the operation for the removal of brain tumours in a series of 71 patients (age range: 18-75 years; 33 female) with lesions located in the left or right frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. Lobe-based and voxel-based analysis confirmed that tasks requiring interpretation of emotions and intentions at more basic (less mentalized) levels (Tasks 1 and 2) were more affected by temporo/insular lesions, with emotion recognition (Task 1) being maximally impaired by anterior temporal and amygdala lesions and Task 2 (found to be a 'basic' Theory of Mind task involving only limited mentalization) being mostly impaired by posterior temporoparietal lesions. Tasks relying on higher-level mentalization (Tasks 3 and 4) were maximally affected by prefrontal lesions, with the alexithymia scale (Task 3) being mostly associated with anterior/medial lesions and the self-maturity measure (Task 4) with lateral prefrontal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Campanella
- 1 Neurosurgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria 'Santa Maria della Misericordia', Udine, Italy
| | - Tim Shallice
- 2 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College, London, UK3 Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, International School for Advanced Studies SISSA-ISAS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tamara Ius
- 1 Neurosurgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria 'Santa Maria della Misericordia', Udine, Italy
| | - Franco Fabbro
- 4 Department of Human Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy5 Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico 'E. Medea', Polo Regionale Friuli Venezia Giulia, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Miran Skrap
- 1 Neurosurgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria 'Santa Maria della Misericordia', Udine, Italy
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Abstract
The article is concerned with inferences from the behaviour of neurological patients to models of normal function. It takes the letter-by-letter reading strategy common in pure alexic patients as an example of the methodological problems involved in making such inferences that compensatory strategies produce. The evidence is discussed on the possible use of three ways the letter-by-letter reading process might operate: "reversed spelling"; the use of the phonological input buffer as a temporary holding store during word building; and the use of serial input to the visual word-form system entirely within the visual-orthographic domain such as in the model of Plaut [1999. A connectionist approach to word reading and acquired dyslexia: Extension to sequential processing. Cognitive Science, 23, 543-568]. The compensatory strategy used by, at least, one pure alexic patient does not fit with the third of these possibilities. On the more general question, it is argued that even if compensatory strategies are being used, the behaviour of neurological patients can be useful for the development and assessment of first-generation information-processing models of normal function, but they are not likely to be useful for the development and assessment of second-generation computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Shallice
- a Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience , University College London , London , UK
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Battaglia-Mayer A, Buiatti T, Caminiti R, Ferraina S, Lacquaniti F, Shallice T. Correction and suppression of reaching movements in the cerebral cortex: Physiological and neuropsychological aspects. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42:232-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Shallice T. Jon Driver: a tribute. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1296:iv-153. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience; University College London; London United Kingdom
- The Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, SISSA; Trieste Italy
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Murphy P, Shallice T, Robinson G, MacPherson SE, Turner M, Woollett K, Bozzali M, Cipolotti L. Impairments in proverb interpretation following focal frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2075-86. [PMID: 23850600 PMCID: PMC4020551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The proverb interpretation task (PIT) is often used in clinical settings to evaluate frontal "executive" dysfunction. However, only a relatively small number of studies have investigated the relationship between frontal lobe lesions and performance on the PIT. We compared 52 patients with unselected focal frontal lobe lesions with 52 closely matched healthy controls on a proverb interpretation task. Participants also completed a battery of neuropsychological tests, including a fluid intelligence task (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices). Lesions were firstly analysed according to a standard left/right sub-division. Secondly, a finer-grained analysis compared the performance of patients with medial, left lateral and right lateral lesions with healthy controls. Thirdly, a contrast of specific frontal subgroups compared the performance of patients with medial lesions with patients with lateral frontal lesions. The results showed that patients with left frontal lesions were significantly impaired on the PIT, while in patients with right frontal lesions the impairments approached significance. Medial frontal patients were the only frontal subgroup impaired on the PIT, relative to healthy controls and lateral frontal patients. Interestingly, an error analysis indicated that a significantly higher number of concrete responses were found in the left lateral subgroup compared to healthy controls. We found no correlation between scores on the PIT and on the fluid intelligence task. Overall our results suggest that specific regions of the frontal lobes contribute to the performance on the PIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Murphy
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Box 37 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Buiatti T, Skrap M, Shallice T. Reaching a moveable visual target: Dissociations in brain tumour patients. Brain Cogn 2013; 82:6-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Two views on the semantics of concrete words are that their core mental representations are feature-based or are reconstructions of sensory experience. We argue that neither of these approaches is capable of representing the semantics of abstract words, which involve the representation of possibly hypothetical physical and mental states, the binding of entities within a structure, and the possible use of embedding (or recursion) in such structures. Brain based evidence in the form of dissociations between deficits related to concrete and abstract semantics corroborates the hypothesis. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that left lateral inferior frontal cortex supports those processes responsible for the representation of abstract words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Shallice
- Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, SISSA Trieste, Italy ; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London London, UK
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Abstract
We studied the ability of patients with lesions arising from operation for an anterior or posterior (left or right) brain tumour to read a set of words and pronounceable nonwords. In line with previous works, we observed that damage to the left posterior or left anterior cortex can give rise to phonological alexia, where the reading performance of nonwords is affected more than that of words. More surprisingly, similar effects were found in the right posterior group. However, there were significant differences in the error types, for both complex and positional errors, between phonological alexic patients in the three location groups. The findings present difficulties for the position held by theorists of the triangle model that phonological alexia arises from impairments in the language production system or in a general-purpose orthographic-phonological translation system. They also pose new questions about the possible role of the right posterior cortex in letter sequence representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Buiatti
- Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, SISSA, Trieste, Italy
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Abstract
Category-specific deficits and their relation to types of feature knowledge are addressed with respect to three semantic domains: artefacts, living things, and mass-kinds. The performance of a herpes encephalitic patient with a classic category-specific pattern of knowledge, MU, was compared to that of the other HSE patients and normal subjects. In a feature verification task involving over 4000 questions, MU showed a severe impairment with the mass-kind category, where his sensory features knowledge was at chance and much worse than his functional knowledge. In the feature production task, however, MU was grossly impaired with respect to sensory relative to functional features across all categories. Control experiments suggest that the deficits were of knowledge. Overall, these findings give some support to the sensory-functional theory, and are difficult to explain on the domain-specific knowledge theory. However, an account is still needed of the differences observed in MU's performance between the two paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borgo
- Neuroscience Programme SISSA-ISAS and University of Trieste, Italy
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Bozzali M, MacPherson SE, Cercignani M, Crum WR, Shallice T, Rees JH. White matter integrity assessed by diffusion tensor tractography in a patient with a large tumor mass but minimal clinical and neuropsychological deficits. Funct Neurol 2012; 27:239-246. [PMID: 23597438 PMCID: PMC3861348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography and image registration were used to investigate a patient with a massive left-sided brain tumor, whose size was largely disproportionate to his subtle neurological deficits. MRI was obtained from the patient and his healthy identical twin, who acted as anatomical reference for DTI and as a control for quantitative measures. To compensate for the patient's altered anatomy, seed and way points for probabilistic tractography were drawn on the color-coded direction maps of the healthy twin. Registration, based on the combination of b0-images, T2-weighted and T1-weighted images, was used to identify the corresponding regions in the patient. The corticospinal tract (CST), the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and the cingulum bundle (CB) showed displaced anatomy. A significant difference was found between fractional anisotropy distribution along the left SLF and CB, but not along the CST. These findings fit well with the patient's substantial preservation of his motor abilities, while abnormalities of the SLF and CB could explain the subtle but detectable cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bozzali
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
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Shallice T, Buiatti T. Types of case series--the anatomically based approach: commentary on M. F. Schwartz & G. S. Dell: case series investigations in cognitive neuropsychology. Cogn Neuropsychol 2012; 28:500-14; discussion 515-20. [PMID: 22746691 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2012.674012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The paper addresses a weakness in the Schwartz and Dell paper (2010)-namely, its discussion of the inclusion criteria for case series. The paper distinguishes the different types that exist and how they constrain the theoretical conclusions that one can draw about the organization of the normal cognitive system. Four different types of inclusion criteria are considered. Two are those treated by Schwartz and Dell-namely, theoretically derived clinical criteria, such as the example of semantic dementia, and broad clinical criteria such as the presence of aphasia. In addition, in the present paper two different types of anatomically based criteria are assessed-those using anatomical regions selected a priori and also regions selected as a result of an anatomical group study analysis. Putative functional syndromes are argued to be the empirical building blocks for cognitive neuropsychology. Anatomically based case series can aid in their construction or in their fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Shallice
- Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, SISSA, Trieste, Italy.
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Abstract
Fluency tasks have been widely used to tap the voluntary generation of responses. The anatomical correlates of fluency tasks and their sensitivity and specificity have been hotly debated. However, investigation of the cognitive processes involved in voluntary generation of responses and whether generation is supported by a common, general process (e.g. fluid intelligence) or specific cognitive processes underpinned by particular frontal regions has rarely been addressed. This study investigates a range of verbal and non-verbal fluency tasks in patients with unselected focal frontal (n=47) and posterior (n=20) lesions. Patients and controls (n=35) matched for education, age and sex were administered fluency tasks including word (phonemic/semantic), design, gesture and ideational fluency as well as background cognitive tests. Lesions were analysed by standard anterior/posterior and left/right frontal subdivisions as well as a finer-grained frontal localization method. Thus, patients with right and left lateral lesions were compared to patients with superior medial lesions. The results show that all eight fluency tasks are sensitive to frontal lobe damage although only the phonemic word and design fluency tasks were specific to the frontal region. Superior medial patients were the only group to be impaired on all eight fluency tasks, relative to controls, consistent with an energization deficit. The most marked fluency deficits for lateral patients were along material specific lines (i.e. left-phonemic and right-design). Phonemic word fluency that requires greater selection was most severely impaired following left inferior frontal damage. Overall, our results support the notion that frontal functions comprise a set of specialized cognitive processes, supported by distinct frontal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Robinson
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
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Crescentini C, Seyed-Allaei S, Vallesi A, Shallice T. Two networks involved in producing and realizing plans. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:1521-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Existing studies on memory interference in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have provided mixed results and it is unknown whether PD patients have problems in overcoming interference from retrieval cues. We investigated this issue by using a part-list cuing paradigm. In this paradigm, after the study of a list of items, the presentation of some of these items as retrieval cues hinders the recall of the remaining ones. METHOD We tested PD patients' (n = 19) and control participants' (n = 16) episodic memory in the presence and absence of part-list cues, using initial-letter probes, and following either weak or strong serial associative encoding of list items. RESULTS Both PD patients and control participants showed a comparable and significant part-list cuing effect after weak associative encoding (13% vs. 12% decrease in retrieval in part-list cuing vs. no part-list cuing -control- conditions in PD patients and control participants, respectively), denoting a similar effect of cue-driven interference in the two populations when a serial retrieval strategy is hard to develop. However, only PD patients showed a significant part-list cuing effect after strong associative encoding (20% vs. 5% decrease in retrieval in patients and controls, respectively). CONCLUSIONS When encoding promotes the development of an effective serial retrieval strategy, the presentation of part-list cues has a specifically disruptive effect in PD patients. This indicates problems in strategic retrieval, probably related to PD patients' increased tendency to rely on external cues. Findings in control conditions suggest that less effective encoding may have contributed to PD patients' memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Crescentini
- Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, International School for Advanced Studies, SISSA, Trieste, Italy.
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Abstract
In four experiments, a computerized Corsi-like paradigm was used to assess which of the many reference frames are used in visuospatial short-term memory. By varying the relative orientation (slanted +/–45° or in an upright position) of the head and the displays, we modulate the utility of the allocentric, egocentric (eye- and head-centred), and template-centred reference frames. The results of all experiments showed the crucial importance of the gravitational allocentric reference frames while using visuospatial short-term memory to retain a spatial sequence of elements. The results also provide some support for a mental rotation process involved in recognition following angular displacement of a multi-item display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardis
- Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, SISSA-ISAS (International School for Advanced Studies), Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy
- B.R.A.I.N. Centre for Neuroscience, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tim Shallice
- Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, SISSA-ISAS (International School for Advanced Studies), Trieste, Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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Crescentini C, Mondolo F, Biasutti E, Shallice T. Preserved and impaired task-switching abilities in non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychol 2011; 6:94-118. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-6653.2011.02018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cooper RP, Shallice T. The roles of functional neuroimaging and cognitive neuropsychology in the development of cognitive theory: A reply to Coltheart. Cogn Neuropsychol 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2012.679919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shallice T, Skrap M. Localisation through operation for brain tumour: a reply to Karnath and Steinbach. Cortex 2010; 47:1007-9. [PMID: 21255774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Shallice
- Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, Trieste, Italy.
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Campanella F, Shallice T. Refractoriness and the healthy brain: a behavioural study on semantic access. Cognition 2010; 118:417-31. [PMID: 21146162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While many behavioural studies on refractory phenomena in lexical/semantic access have focused on the mechanisms involved in the oral production of names, comprehension tasks have been almost exclusively used in neuropsychological studies on brain damaged patients. We report the results of two experiments on healthy participants conducted by means of speeded word to picture matching tasks. They assess the effects of the same variables examined in the study of refractory access dysphasic patients: semantic distance and word frequency (experiment 1) and presentation rate and serial position effects (experiment 2). Semantic access patients usually show little effect of word frequency but a large semantic distance effect. However, critical in characterising the syndrome as 'refractory', effects of presentation rate and serial position should also be present. The experiments involved the use of a deadline response procedure. The critical manipulation was the absence of a Response Stimulus Interval (RSI) in the fast presentation rate conditions; slower presentation rates involved 1 s RSI. With these manipulations the typical behavioural pattern of performance provided by semantic access dysphasic patients was reproduced. Semantic distance effects were more powerful than word frequency effects (experiment1). Presentation rate effects were found and, most important for a "refractory" account of the effects, a serial position effect was obtained (experiment 2). These results provide the first evidence of such a broad range of refractory effects at the same time in comprehension tasks in healthy subjects and support a purely semantic account for the locus of refractoriness. Moreover, error analysis showed a predominance of perseverative errors with subsequent representations of the same target, supporting a failure of cognitive control mechanisms as the cause of refractory behaviour. The findings are discussed in the light of current models of lexical and semantic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Campanella
- Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, International School for Advanced Studies SISSA-ISAS, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Filosofia, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy.
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