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Ma YN, Xu DB, Li L, Zhang F, Fu XQ, Shen Q, Lyu XY, Wu ZK, Pan QF, Shi P, Hao XL, Yan TX, Chen MH, Liu P, He Q, Xie LH, Zhong YJ, Tang YL, Zhao JY, Zhang LD, Sun XF, Tang KX. Jasmonate promotes artemisinin biosynthesis by activating the TCP14-ORA complex in Artemisia annua. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaas9357. [PMID: 30627665 PMCID: PMC6317983 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aas9357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua produces the valuable medicinal component, artemisinin, which is a sesquiterpene lactone widely used in malaria treatment. AaORA, a homolog of CrORCA3, which is involved in activating terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus, is a jasmonate (JA)-responsive and trichome-specific APETALA2/ETHYLENE-RESPONSE FACTOR that plays a pivotal role in artemisinin biosynthesis. However, the JA signaling mechanism underlying AaORA-mediated artemisinin biosynthesis remains enigmatic. Here, we report that AaORA forms a transcriptional activator complex with AaTCP14 (TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 14), which is also predominantly expressed in trichomes. AaORA and AaTCP14 synergistically bind to and activate the promoters of two genes, double bond reductase 2 (DBR2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), both of which encode enzymes vital for artemisinin biosynthesis. AaJAZ8, a repressor of the JA signaling pathway, interacts with both AaTCP14 and AaORA and represses the ability of the AaTCP14-AaORA complex to activate the DBR2 promoter. JA treatment induces AaJAZ8 degradation, allowing the AaTCP14-AaORA complex to subsequently activate the expression of DBR2, which is essential for artemisinin biosynthesis. These data suggest that JA activation of the AaTCP14-AaORA complex regulates artemisinin biosynthesis. Together, our findings reveal a novel artemisinin biosynthetic pathway regulatory network and provide new insight into how specialized metabolism is modulated by the JA signaling pathway in plants.
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Abstract
Micro-structural characteristics and electrical properties of an n-type GaN epilayer on Al2O3 irradiated by 290-MeV 238U32+ ions to various fluences were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), and Raman scattering spectroscopy. AFM images show that the nano-hillocks generated, and the diameter and density of the nano-hillocks, increase obviously with increasing ion fluence, accompanied by an increase in surface roughness. SEM images display that the Al, O, and C elements appear on the GaN surface, along with a spiral-like, layered volcanic-cone structure formed at the highest-fluence irradiation. HRXRD reveals that the dislocation density increases, as the lattices gradually expand, and that Ga2O3 was produced with increasing ion fluence. Raman scattering spectra show that no N and Ga vacancies were produced, the free-carrier concentration decreases, while its mobility first increases and then exhibits a significant reduction with increasing ion fluence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Q Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - C H Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - J J Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Y C Meng
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Y T Yang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Y Song
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Z N Ding
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - T X Yan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Abstract
Gibberellins (GA) are some of the most important phytohormones involved in plant development. DELLA proteins are negative regulators of GA signaling in many plants. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequences of three DELLA genes were cloned from Artemisia annua. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AaDELLA1 and AaDELLA2 were located in the same cluster, but AaDELLA3 was not. Subcellular localization analysis suggested that AaDELLAs can be targeted to the nucleus and/or cytoplasm. Real-time PCR indicated that all three AaDELLA genes exhibited the highest expression in seeds. Expression of all AaDELLA genes was enhanced by exogenous MeJA treatment but inhibited by GA3 treatment. Yeast two-hybrid assay showed that AaDELLAs could interact with basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor AaMYC2, suggesting that GA and JA signaling may be involved in cross-talk via DELLA and MYC2 interaction in A. annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Shen
- Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology Research and Development Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Cui
- Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology Research and Development Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Q Fu
- Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology Research and Development Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - T X Yan
- Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology Research and Development Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - K X Tang
- Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology Research and Development Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Yan KS, Yan TX, Guo H, Li JZ, Wei LL, Wang C, Nie SF, Pan WS. Evaluation of transdermal permeability of pentoxifylline gel: in vitro skin permeation and in vivo microdialysis using Wistar rats. Drug Discov Ther 2007; 1:78-83. [PMID: 22504368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the transdermal permeability of pentoxifylline gel in vitro and in vivo. Gel was prepared with carbomer 934 as the base, and the Wistar rat was chosen as an animal model. The effects of percutaneous enhancers on the transdermal permeability of pentoxifylline gel were investigated by in vitro permeation experiments. Cumulative permeation at different times was determined by HPLC. 3% Azone and 5% propylene glycol were used as collaborative enhancers in an optimal formulation. Topical concentrations at different times were measured by microdialysis in vivo. The transdermal process of pentoxifylline fits to a zero-order kinetic equation, and its release profile remains of the zero-order despite the addition of enhancers. In addition, a good in-vitro-in-vivo correlation was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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