ROS-driven supramolecular nanoparticles exhibiting efficient drug delivery for chemo/Chemodynamic combination therapy for Cancer treatment

Drug-based supramolecular self-assembling delivery systems have enhanced the bioavailability of chemotherapeutic drugs and reduced systemic side effects; however, improving the delivery efficiency and responsive release ability of these systems remains challenging. This study focuses primarily on the utilization of per-6-thio-β-cyclodextrin (CD) to link a significant quantity of paclitaxel (PTX) via ROS-sensitive thioketal (TK) linkages (designated as CDTP), thereby allowing efficiently drug release when exposed to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the tumor microenvironment. To construct these supramolecular nanoparticles (NPs) with CDTP, we introduced PEGylated ferrocene (Fc) through host-guest interactions. The intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is converted into hydroxyl radicals (•OH) through the Fc-catalyzed Fenton reaction. Additionally, the generated Fc+ consumes the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, CDTP@Fc-PEG NPs were absorbed effectively by tumor cells, which increased levels of ROS and decreased levels of GSH, disrupting the redox balance of cancer cells and increasing their sensitivity to chemotherapy. Furthermore, CDTP@Fc-PEG NPs exhibited high tumor accumulation and cytotoxicity without causing significant toxicity to healthy organs. Collectively, our results suggest CDTP@Fc-PEG NPs as a promising supramolecular nano-delivery platform for high drug-loading of PTX and synergistic chemotherapy.

[Short-course radiotherapy combined with CAPOX and PD-1 inhibitor for the total neoadjuvant therapy of locally advanced rectal cancer: the preliminary single-center findings of a prospective, multicentre, randomized phase II trial (TORCH)]

Objective: Total neoadjuvant therapy has been used to improve tumor responses and prevent distant metastases in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Patients with complete clinical responses (cCR) then have the option of choosing a watch and wait (W&W) strategy and organ preservation. It has recently been shown that hypofractionated radiotherapy has better synergistic effects with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors than does conventionally fractionated radiotherapy, increasing the sensitivity of microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer to immunotherapy. Thus, in this trial we aimed to determine whether total neoadjuvant therapy comprising short-course radiotherapy (SCRT) combined with a PD-1 inhibitor improves the degree of tumor regression in patients with LARC. Methods: TORCH is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, phase II trial (TORCH Registration No. NCT04518280). Patients with LARC (T3-4/N+M0, distance from anus ≤10 cm) are eligible and are randomly assigned to consolidation or induction arms. Those in the consolidation arm receive SCRT (25Gy/5 Fx), followed by six cycles of toripalimab plus capecitabine and oxaliplatin (ToriCAPOX). Those in the induction arm receive two cycles of ToriCAPOX, then undergo SCRT, followed by four cycles of ToriCAPOX. Patients in both groups undergo total mesorectal excision (TME) or can choose a W&W strategy if cCR has been achieved. The primary endpoint is the complete response rate (CR, pathological complete response [pCR] plus continuous cCR for more than 1 year). The secondary endpoints include rates of Grade 3-4 acute adverse effects (AEs) etc. Results: Up to 30 September 2022, 62 patients attending our center were enrolled (Consolidation arm: 34, Induction arm:28). Their median age was 53 (27-69) years. Fifty-nine of them had MSS/pMMR type cancer (95.2%), and only three MSI-H/dMMR. Additionally, 55 patients (88.7%) had Stage III disease. The following important characteristics were distributed as follows: lower location (≤5 cm from anus, 48/62, 77.4%), deeper invasion by primary lesion (cT4 7/62, 11.3%; mesorectal fascia involved 17/62, 27.4%), and high risk of distant metastasis (cN2 26/62, 41.9%; EMVI+ 11/62, 17.7%). All 62 patients completed the SCRT and at least five cycles of ToriCAPOX, 52/62 (83.9%) completing six cycles of ToriCAPOX. Finally, 29 patients achieved cCR (46.8%, 29/62), 18 of whom decided to adopt a W&W strategy. TME was performed on 32 patients. Pathological examination showed 18 had achieved pCR, four TRG 1, and 10 TRG 2-3. The three patients with MSI-H disease all achieved cCR. One of these patients was found to have pCR after surgery whereas the other two adopted a W&W strategy. Thus, the pCR and CR rates were 56.2% (18/32) and 58.1% (36/62), respectively. The TRG 0-1 rate was 68.8% (22/32). The most common non-hematologic AEs were poor appetite (49/60, 81.7%), numbness (49/60, 81.7%), nausea (47/60, 78.3%) and asthenia (43/60, 71.7%); two patients did not complete this survey. The most common hematologic AEs were thrombocytopenia (48/62, 77.4%), anemia (47/62, 75.8%), leukopenia/neutropenia (44/62, 71.0%) and high transaminase (39/62, 62.9%). The main Grade III-IV AE was thrombocytopenia (22/62, 35.5%), with three patients (3/62, 4.8%) having Grade IV thrombocytopenia. No Grade V AEs were noted. Conclusions: SCRT-based total neoadjuvant therapy combined with toripalimab can achieve a surprisingly good CR rate in patients with LARC and thus has the potential to offer new treatment options for organ preservation in patients with MSS and lower-location rectal cancer. Meanwhile, the preliminary findings of a single center show good tolerability, the main Grade III-IV AE being thrombocytopenia. The significant efficacy and long-term prognostic benefit need to be determined by further follow-up.

New insights into the ambivalent role of YAP/TAZ in human cancers

Hippo signaling was first identified in Drosophila as a key controller of organ size by regulating cell proliferation and anti-apoptosis. Subsequent studies have shown that this pathway is highly conserved in mammals, and its dysregulation is implicated in multiple events of cancer development and progression. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) (hereafter YAP/TAZ) are the downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway. YAP/TAZ overexpression or activation is sufficient to induce tumor initiation and progression, as well as recurrence and therapeutic resistance. However, there is growing evidence that YAP/TAZ also exert a tumor-suppressive function in a context-dependent manner. Therefore, caution should be taken when targeting Hippo signaling in clinical trials in the future. In this review article, we will first give an overview of YAP/TAZ and their oncogenic roles in various cancers and then systematically summarize the tumor-suppressive functions of YAP/TAZ in different contexts. Based on these findings, we will further discuss the clinical implications of YAP/TAZ-based tumor targeted therapy and potential future directions.

The oncogenic roles and clinical implications of YAP/TAZ in breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are homologous transcriptional coactivators and downstream effectors of Hippo signalling. YAP/TAZ activation has been revealed to play essential roles in multiple events of BC development, including tumour initiation, progression, metastasis, drug resistance and stemness regulations. In this review, we will first give an overview of YAP/TAZ-mediated oncogenesis in BC, and then systematically summarise the oncogenic roles of YAP/TAZ in various BC subtypes, BC stem cells (BCSCs) and tumour microenvironments (TMEs). Based on these findings, we will further discuss the clinical implications of YAP/TAZ-based targeted therapies in BC and the potential future direction.

Effective Sonosensitizer Delivery by Redox Sensitive Nanoparticles for Prostate Cancer Sonodynamic Therapy via Amplifying Oxidative Stress and Peroxidation

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), a novel noninvasive therapeutic modality, provides many noteworthy benefits by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, water-insoluble sonosensitizer delivery strategies have continuously underperformed because of unavoidable toxicity and a short circulation time. In this study, l-cystine derivative-based biocompatible nanoparticles (NPs) that can be used in SDT and induce limited cytotoxicity are designed and synthesized. After ultrasonic (US) irradiation, these sonosensitizer-loaded NPs show highly efficient sonodynamic performance that leads to cytotoxic ROS production. The ability to stop and start ROS generation induced by US irradiation enables accurate temporal and spatial control. In vivo and in vitro experiments are systematically performed to investigate the effects of this system on tumors, and the results indicate remarkable tumor suppression via markedly high persistent oxidative stress that induces peroxidation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Thus, this novel temporally and spatially controllable ROS generation platform offers a safe and effective theranostic strategy for prostate cancer treatment.

VEGF beta is a candidate biomarker for cardiovascular risk stratification

Background

The blood-based transcriptome changes in relation to body weight but longitudinal data on specific transcripts are rare. Monocytes play a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Monitoring monocytic gene expression patterns could aid to identify biomarkers for improved cardiovascular risk stratification. BMI and diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). There are mRNAs associated with the development of atherosclerosis and CAD, which can be detected in circulating cells. The exact pathways and direct targets have not been explored.

Objective

To apply transcriptome screening and validation analysis to identify novel biomarker candidates associated with longitudinal changes of BMI as cardiovascular risk factors and test association with clinical endpoints.

Methods

Transcriptome-wide monocytic gene expression changes were screened in relation to changes in BMI over a time period of 5 years in 1,092 participants of the Gutenberg Health Study with available transcriptomics data at baseline investigation and at 5-years follow-up. Functional enrichment of BMI-related genes (FDR <0.01) was tested based on pathway databases and selected gene sets. Serum VEGFB levels were quantified and validated in serum from n=1,895 individuals from an independent cohort study (FinRisk). In-vitro, THP1 cells were stimulated with recombinant VEGFB.

Results

143 transcripts showed a significant association with change in BMI over 5 years. Decreased VEGFB mRNA levels strongly associated with increased BMI (p=2.8x10–9). Lower levels of VEGFB mRNA were associated with increased mortality (HRperSD=0.757, 95% CI: 0.647–0.885, p=0.0005) following adjustment for age and sex and incident diabetes (p=0.01). Circulating VEGFB levels inversely correlated with VEGFB mRNA (r=−0.2, p=0.0024) and positively correlated with an increase in BMI (beta=0.226, p=8.4x10–6), type 2 diabetes mellitus risk (HRperSD=1.279, 95% CI: 1.148–1.425, p=7.8x10–6) and all-cause mortality (HRperSD=1.184, 95% CI: 1.045–1.342, p=0.008). Further exploration in n=1,895 individuals from FinRisk revealed an association of increased VEGFB levels with increased risk for heart failure (HRperSD=1.373, 95% CI: 1.210–1.560, p=1.0x10–6) and coronary artery disease (HR=1.018, 95% CI: 1.003–1.034, p=0.019), even after adjustment for BMI. In THP-1 culture, stimulation with VEGFB resulted in downregulation of VEGFB mRNA levels.

Conclusion

Decreased monocytic gene expression of VEGFB is related to increased BMI, increased risk of T2DM and all-cause mortality. Vice versa,circulating VEGFB levels associates positively with BMI, diabetes, mortality as well as heart failure and coronary heart disease. We hypothesize that monocytes regulate VEGFB expression by a negative feed-back mechanism based. Circulating VEGFB is a potential novel biomarker candidate for weight-related diabetes risk and cardiovascular risk evaluation.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): DZHK

Cyclodextrin-based supramolecular nanoparticles break the redox balance in chemodynamic therapy-enhanced chemotherapy

Drug delivery based on abnormal features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has attracted considerable interest worldwide. In this study, we proposed an applicable strategy to increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit glutathione (GSH), in an effort to amplify oxidative damage in prostate cancer cells. Specifically, we developed dual-responsive supramolecular self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) based on polymerized methacrylic acid (MA) and polymerized poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl acrylate-modified β-cyclodextrin (CD) with ferrocene (Fc)-connected (S) (+)-camptothecin (CPT) (designated as MA-CD/Fc-CPT NPs). The as-prepared negatively charged supramolecular NPs can be taken up by tumor cells successfully owing to their reversible negative-to-positive charge transition capacity at acidic pH. The supramolecular NPs increased ROS generation and decreased GSH to amplify oxidative stress and improve the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy. As expected, MA-CD/Fc-CPT NPs displayed good drug delivery capabilities to tumor cells or tissues. MA-CD/Fc-CPT NPs also inhibited cancer cell proliferation in both the cells and tissues. This result was partially due to increased ROS generation and decreased GSH, which contributed to more pronounced oxidative stress. The as-prepared supramolecular NPs displayed great biosafety to normal tissues. According to our results, negatively charged supramolecular MA-CD/Fc-CPT NPs are well-suited for drug delivery and improved cancer treatment in TMEs.

SRC kinase-mediated signaling pathways and targeted therapies in breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) has been ranked the most common malignant tumor throughout the world and is also a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. SRC family kinases (SFKs) belong to the non-receptor tyrosine kinase (nRTK) family, which has eleven members sharing similar structure and function. Among them, SRC is the first identified proto-oncogene in mammalian cells. Oncogenic overexpression or activation of SRC has been revealed to play essential roles in multiple events of BC progression, including tumor initiation, growth, metastasis, drug resistance and stemness regulations. In this review, we will first give an overview of SRC kinase and SRC-relevant functions in various subtypes of BC and then systematically summarize SRC-mediated signaling transductions, with particular emphasis on SRC-mediated substrate phosphorylation in BC. Furthermore, we will discuss the progress of SRC-based targeted therapies in BC and the potential future direction.

Sex modifies the association between body mass index and carotid artery intima media thickness in the multi-ethnic Singapore population

Background and aims

Globally cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is higher in men than in women in the younger age group but the risk is attenuated in later life with an unexpected higher risk in women in some populations. A better understanding of sex differences in CVD is needed. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been proposed for CVD risk assessment in individuals at intermediate risk. We study the gender interactions in the associations of the traditional cardiovascular risk factors with CIMT.

Methods

We performed carotid ultrasonography in the large population health study-HELIOS conducted in Singapore. Measurements were performed as per Mannheim consensus, at the far wall of bilateral common carotid artery at 8 sites in each participant. We report the average of all measurements (avgCIMT) and maximum value (maxCIMT). We analysed 2061 healthy participants recruited between 2018–2020. Inclusion criteria for this analysis: non-smokers, not known to have diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia or ischemic heart disease. Individuals with systolic blood pressure >160 mm Hg or fasting glucose >7.0 mmol/L on recruitment were excluded. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to examine the association between CIMT and cardiovascular risk factors in the healthy population adjusting for age, sex and ethnicity. All analysis was performed using Stata version 16.0.

Results

After exclusion, 1407 healthy participants were included in the analysis. Median (IQR) avgCIMT: 0.56 (0.50, 0.65) in men; 0.54 (0.50, 0.58) in women. Median (IQR) maxCIMT: 0.64 (0.57, 0.76) in men; 0.61 (0.54, 0.70) in women. The avgCIMT and the maxCIMT were higher in males when compared to women and all traditional cardiovascular risk factors associated with CIMT after adjustment for age, sex and ethnicity (P<0.05) (Table 1). Interaction tests in multivariable model adjusted for age, ethnicity, pulse pressure, non HDL-C and HbA1c showed a significant interaction between sex and body mass index (BMI) with predicted effects on avgCIMT and maxCIMT being relatively higher in males at the same BMI when compared to females (P-interaction <0.01) (Figure 1).

Conclusion

Sex modifies the relationship between BMI and CIMT in Singapore's multi-ethnic population. Understanding the intermediary mechanisms involved will help in developing personalized preventive strategies.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None. Figure 1

Dual pH- and Glutathione-Responsive CO2-Generating Nanodrug Delivery System for Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography and Therapy of Prostate Cancer

Ultrasonography (US) contrast imaging using US contrast agents has been widely applied for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of tumors. Commercial US contrast agents have limited applications because of their large size and shorter imaging time. At the same time, the desired therapeutic purpose cannot be achieved by applying only conventional US contrast agents. The development of nanoscale US agents with US imaging and therapeutic functions has attracted increasing attention. In this study, we successfully developed DOX-loaded poly-1,6-hexanedithiol-sodium bicarbonate nanoparticles (DOX@HADT-SS-NaHCO3 NPs) with pH-responsive NaHCO3 and GSH-responsive disulfide linkages. DOX@HADT-SS-NaHCO3 NPs underwent acid-triggered decomposition of NaHCO3 to generate CO2 bubbles and a reduction of disulfide linkages to further promote the release of CO2 and DOX. The potential of DOX@HADT-SS-NaHCO3 NPs for contrast-enhanced US imaging and therapy of prostate cancer was thoroughly evaluated using in vitro agarose gel phantoms and a C4-2 tumor-bearing nude mice model. These polymeric NPs displayed significantly enhanced US contrast at acidic pH and antitumor efficacy. Therefore, the NaHCO3 and DOX-encapsulated polymeric NPs hold tremendous potential for effective US imaging and therapy of prostate cancer.

[Long-term outcomes of Bryan artificial cervical disc replacement for degenerative cervical spondylosis]

Objective: To compare the long-term clinical effect and imaging results of Bryan artificial cervical disc replacement (ACDR) and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and to explore whether ACDR can reduce the occurrence of postoperative adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) in the treatment of degenerative cervical spondylosis. Methods: It was a retrospective study. Total of 60 patients with degenerative cervical spondylosis, who had received operations by Bryan ACDR (n=27) and ACDF (n=33) in the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University between January 2005 and December 2009 were enrolled in this study. The Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores, neck disability index (NDI), visual analogue scale (VAS), Odom's scale, cervical range of motion (ROM), surgical segment ROM, heterotopic ossification (HO) and ASD were used to evaluate the clinical and radiologic results. The indices abovementioned were compared between the two groups. Results: The VAS, NDI and JOA scores at each follow-up node in both ACDR and ACDF group were all significantly improved when compared with those before operation (all P<0.05), but there was no significant differences between the two groups (all P>0.05). Of all, 88.9%(24/27) of patients in ACDR group and 84.8%(28/33) of patients in ACDF group achieved excellent or good results, however, there was no significant difference in Odom's scale between the two groups (P>0.05). At the last follow-up, the cervical ROM in ACDR group was 43.2°±8.8°, which was slightly lower than that before operation (45.7°±10.4°), the difference was not statistically significant (t=0.954, P=0.345); the surgical segment ROM in ACDR group was 5.9°±3.6°, which was significantly reduced when compared with that before operation (8.8°±3.4°, t=3.043, P<0.01). However at the last follow-up, the cervical ROM in ACDF group was 36.4°±8.4°, which was significantly reduced when compared with that before operation (43.9°±11.1°), the difference was statistically significant (t=3.095, P<0.01). Although, there was no significant difference in the cervical ROM between the two groups before operation (t=0.643, P=0.523), and the difference was statistically significant at the last follow-up (t=3.054, P<0.01). At the last follow-up, the incidence of HO in ACDR group was 92.6%, and the high-grade HO was 37.0%. The incidence of ASD in ACDR group was 39.5%, which was much lower than that in ACDF group (61.1%, χ(2)=4.462, P=0.035). Conclusion: At minimum follow-up of 10 years, Bryan ACDR achieves a satisfactory clinical effect consistent with ACDF. In terms of advantages, ACDR could maintain the ROM of cervical and retain the ROM of the surgical segment, which reduces the occurrence of ASD by preserving motion.

Revealing Prognostic Value of Skeletal-Related Parameters in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer on Overall Survival: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

The skeleton is a preferred site for prostate cancer metastasis, and once metastases occur, the disease becomes incurable. Increasing evidence indicates the prognostic value of skeletal-related parameters, but remains controversial.

OBJECTIVE

To perform a systematic review of the existing literature on assessing the prognostic value of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), urinary N-telopeptide (uNTx), bone scan index (BSI), and Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (BPI-SF) score in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients with skeleton metastasis.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Medline, OVID, and Embase between 2010 and 2019 were reviewed. Key terms included randomized trials, prostate cancer, alkaline phosphatase, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, urinary N-telopeptide, bone scan index, and Brief Pain Inventory Short Form. Data were collected, checked, and analyzed from December 2019 to March 2020. Hazard ratios (HRs) and overall survival (OS) were extracted to estimate the relationship between the above parameters and OS in patients with metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa).

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

A total of 1,055 studies were identified via initial screening, including 1,032 from database research and 23 from other sources. After deduplication, 164 records were further excluded according to titles and abstracts. The remaining 36 potential articles were carefully screened. In the end, 15 eligible studies syntheses, which were published between 2010 and 2019, comprised data for a total of 11,378 patients, whose mean age ranged from 66 to 72 years. The sample size ranged from 82 to 1,901 patients. And the median follow-up time ranged from 24 to 55 months. Based on 15 randomized controlled trials published between 2010 and 2019, higher ALP levels (HR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.38-1.87 P < 0.001), higher BSAP levels (HR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.11-1.54 P = 0.001), higher uNTx levels (HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.29-1.52 P < 0.001), BSI progression (HR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08-1.29 P < 0.001), and higher BPI-SF score (HR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.35-1.61 P < 0.001) had an association with inferior OS.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher levels of ALP/BSAP and uNTx, a higher BPI-SF score, and progression of BSI predict inferior OS in patients with mCRPC. More randomized control trials are needed to investigate the promising value of these parameters.

Dietary intake of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and changes in body weight in European adults

PURPOSE

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can be formed in foods by the reaction of reducing sugars with proteins, and have been shown to induce insulin resistance and obesity in experimental studies. We examined the association between dietary AGEs intake and changes in body weight in adults over an average of 5 years of follow-up.

METHODS

A total of 255,170 participants aged 25-70 years were recruited in ten European countries (1992-2000) in the PANACEA study (Physical Activity, Nutrition, Alcohol, Cessation of smoking, Eating out of home in relation to Anthropometry), a sub-cohort of the EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). Body weight was measured at recruitment and self-reported between 2 and 11 years later depending on the study center. A reference database for AGEs was used containing UPLC-MS/MS-measured Nε-(carboxymethyl)-lysine (CML), Nε-(1-carboxyethyl)-lysine (CEL), and Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1) in 200 common European foods. This reference database was matched to foods and decomposed recipes obtained from country-specific validated dietary questionnaires in EPIC and intake levels of CEL, CML, and MG-H1 were estimated. Associations between dietary AGEs intake and body weight change were estimated separately for each of the three AGEs using multilevel mixed linear regression models with center as random effect and dietary AGEs intake and relevant confounders as fixed effects.

RESULTS

A one-SD increment in CEL intake was associated with 0.111 kg (95% CI 0.087-0.135) additional weight gain over 5 years. The corresponding additional weight gain for CML and MG-H1 was 0.065 kg (0.041-0.089) and 0.034 kg (0.012, 0.057), respectively. The top six food groups contributing to AGEs intake, with varying proportions across the AGEs, were cereals/cereal products, meat/processed meat, cakes/biscuits, dairy, sugar and confectionary, and fish/shellfish.

CONCLUSION

In this study of European adults, higher intakes of AGEs were associated with marginally greater weight gain over an average of 5 years of follow-up.

A Meta-Analysis of Glasgow Prognostic Score and Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score as Biomarkers for Predicting Survival Outcome in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Accumulative studies suggest the Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) and modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) to be potential biomarkers; however, their prognostic value remains debatable. Our meta-analysis focused on assessing the accurate prognostic value of GPS and mGPS in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in addition to their effectiveness.

Methods: To investigate the relationship between mGPS/GPS and prognostic value in patients with RCC, we performed a comprehensive retrieval of relevant articles from databases such as PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Medline up to February 1, 2020. STATA 15.0 software was used to obtain pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals for survival outcome, including overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS). A formal meta-analysis of these outcomes was performed.

Results: In total, 2,691 patients with RCC were enrolled from 15 cohort studies. Higher GPS/mGPS (GPS/mGPS of 2) indicated poorer OS, CSS, PFS, and RFS in patients with RCC. Similarly, medium GPS/mGPS (GPS/mGPS of 1) also had a significant association with poorer OS, CSS, PFS, and RFS but superior than higher GPS/mGPS in these patients.

Conclusion: GPS and mGPS are effective biomarkers for predicting prognosis in patients with RCC, and higher GPS and mGPS are closely related to inferior survival outcomes. More randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the promising value of GPS/mGPS in the future.

MiR-204 inhibits inflammation and cell apoptosis in retinopathy rats with diabetic retinopathy by regulating Bcl-2 and SIRT1 expressions

OBJECTIVE

To explore the influences of micro ribonucleic acid (miR)-204 on the rats with diabetic retinopathy by regulating the expressions of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 36 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into normal group (n=12), model group (n=12), and miR-204 mimics group (n=12). No treatment was performed in the normal group, the diabetic retinopathy model was established in model group, and miR-204 mimics were administered for intervention after modeling in the inhibitor group. After 7 d, materials were sampled for detection. The expressions of Bcl-2 and SIRT1 were detected via immunohistochemistry, and their relative protein expression levels were determined via Western blotting (WB). Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) was performed to detect the expression of miR-204, and the content of inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, cell apoptosis was evaluated via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL).

RESULTS

Immunohistochemistry results showed that the positive expression levels of Bcl-2 and SIRT1 were substantially lower in the model and miR-204 mimics groups than those in the normal group (p<0.05), and their positive expression levels in miR-204 mimics group were notably higher than those in model group (p<0.05). According to Western blot (WB) results, the relative protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and SIRT1 markedly declined in the other two groups compared with those in the normal group (p<0.05), while miR-204 mimics group exhibited remarkably higher relative protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and SIRT1 than the model group (p<0.05). The results of qPCR revealed that the relative expression level of miR-204 was markedly lowered in model and miR-204 mimics groups compared with that in the normal group (p<0.05), and its relative expression level in miR-204 mimics group was remarkably higher than that in the model group. It was found through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that compared with normal group, the other two groups had substantially increased content of IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α (p<0.05), and the content of IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α in miR-204 mimics group was markedly lower than that in the model group (p<0.05). According to TUNEL results, the apoptosis rate of cells rose substantially in the other two groups compared with that in the normal group (p<0.05), while was notably lower in the miR-204 mimics group than that in the model group (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-204 up-regulates Bcl-2 and SIRT1 expressions to inhibit the inflammation and cell apoptosis in rats with diabetic retinopathy.

Tuning the work functions of graphene quantum dot-modified electrodes for polymer solar cell applications

The graphene quantum dot (GQD) is a new kind of anode/cathode interlayer material for polymer solar cells (PSCs). The key requirement for a cathode interlayer (CIL) is a low work function. In this article, aiming at application as a CIL for PSCs, we report a general approach to tune the work function of GQD-modified electrodes using alkali metal cations, e.g. Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ and Cs⁺. For ITO electrodes modified with these GQDs containing alkali metal cations, the work function can be finely tuned within the range of 4.0-4.5 eV. Owing to their low work function, GQDs containing K⁺, Rb⁺ and Cs⁺ can be used as CILs for PSCs. Their device performance is fairly comparable to that of the state-of-the-art CIL material ZnO. This work provides a rational approach to tune the properties of GQD and to design solution-processable electrode interlayer materials for organic electronic devices.

Abstract P4-21-35: Phase II trial of pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and nab-paclitaxel in patients (pts) with HER2 overexpressing (HER2+) locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer (LABC) or untreated stage IV metastatic breast cancer (MBC)

Background: Pathologic complete response (pCR) to HER2-targeting neoadjuvant therapy (NT) predicts for improved survival (Cortazar et al, Lancet, 2014). The addition of pertuzumab to trastuzumab and docetaxel increased pCR rates, and, as first line treatment for MBC led to longer overall survival ([OS] Swain et al, NEJM 2015). Avoidance of anthracyclines in the adjuvant setting for HER2+ BC reduced the risk of secondary hematologic malignancies without a detriment to OS (Slamon et al, NEJM, 20111). Finally, nab-paclitaxel (nab) might provide an advantage over other taxanes via decreased use of steroids and may lead to increased response rates (RR). We designed a study of pertuzumab (pert), trastuzumab (trast), and nab, testing the feasibility and efficacy of this regimen in the LABC and metastatic breast cancer settings.

Materials and Methods: Pts with Stages II-III LABC received six cycles of NT with pert (day 1 q 21 days), trast, and nab 100 mg/m2 (both given IV, weekly). Pts with untreated MBC received the same regimen until progression, toxicities, or patient or physician preference led to stopping therapy. Primary endpoints included pCR (LABC) and RR and progression-free survival (PFS) in MBC. Forty pts with LABC and 25 pts with MBC were to be accrued. The study was designed to test whether the pCR rate of Neosphere (Gianni et al, Lancet Oncol, 2012, &gt; 45.8%) and the PFS rate of CLEOPATRA (median of &gt; 18.5 months) can be matched or exceeded. Procurement of serial samples for assessment of tumor gene expression, circulating tumor cells, miRNA, and serum DNA profiling for exploratory biomarker analysis was carried out.

Results:Twenty-two of 28 already enrolled pts with LABC (clinical stage II:15, stage III: 7) completed NT. The median age was 53 (34-77). The pCR rate was 86% (6/7) for hormone receptor negative (HR-) and 40% (6/15) for HR+ pts, with an overall pCR of 55%. Three pts without pCR following NT had residual BC with a HER2 negative phenotype. Eighteen of 22 pts required nab dose modifications. The most frequent toxicities following NT included elevated liver function tests:27%, peripheral neuropathy:23%, hematological toxicities:17%, diarrhea:18%, infusion reactions:18%. In the MBC cohort there were 13 of 16 enrolled pts with &gt; 2 months of follow-up. The median age was 47 (31-65), 62% had HR+ disease. A CR rate of 4/13 (31%) and confirmed RR of 77% were observed. The median number of cycles with pert, trast, nab was 9 (3+ to 41); 11 of 13 pts required dose modifications or delays (3 of the delays were due to primary breast surgery performed upon response to treatment). At a median follow-up of 19 months, PFS and OS estimates are 63% (95% CI 0.09-0.93), and 89% (95% CI 0.61-1.0).

Conclusion: The non-anthracycline-containing regimen of pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and nab-paclitaxel induced a high pCR rate in HER2+ BC. PFS is encouraging in MBC. Outcome of the fully accrued cohorts inclusive of residual cancer burden scores in the LABC cohort, and correlative data with exploratory biomarker analysis will be presented.

Citation Format: Somlo G, Frankel P, Yeon C, Yuan Y, Yim J, Kruper L, Taylor L, Mortimer J, Waisman J, Jones V, Vito C, Paz B, Huria A, Li D, Gaal C, Tong T, Tumyan L. Phase II trial of pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and nab-paclitaxel in patients (pts) with HER2 overexpressing (HER2+) locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer (LABC) or untreated stage IV metastatic breast cancer (MBC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-21-35.

Instantiated mixed effects modeling of Alzheimer's disease markers

The assessment and prediction of a subject's current and future risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease are of great interest in both the design of clinical trials as well as in clinical decision making. Exploring the longitudinal trajectory of markers related to neurodegeneration is an important task when selecting subjects for treatment in trials and the clinic, in the evaluation of early disease indicators and the monitoring of disease progression. Given that there is substantial intersubject variability, models that attempt to describe marker trajectories for a whole population will likely lack specificity for the representation of individual patients. Therefore, we argue here that individualized models provide a more accurate alternative that can be used for tasks such as population stratification and a subject-specific prognosis. In the work presented here, mixed effects modeling is used to derive global and individual marker trajectories for a training population. Test subject (new patient) specific models are then instantiated using a stratified "marker signature" that defines a subpopulation of similar cases within the training database. From this subpopulation, personalized models of the expected trajectory of several markers are subsequently estimated for unseen patients. These patient specific models of markers are shown to provide better predictions of time-to-conversion to Alzheimer's disease than population based models.

Abstract P1-14-10: Phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin and nab-paclitaxel in patients with triple negative locally advanced and inflammatory breast cancer

Background: Pathologic complete response (pCR) and residual cancer burden (RCB scores of 0 [pCR] or 1[near CR]) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) may predict for improved survival (Symmans et al. J Clin Oncol 25:4414-22, 2007). We set out to test the pCR rate with an anthracycline-free regimen of carboplatin (carb) and nab-paclitaxel (nab) in patients (pts) with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).

Materials and Methods: Forty-nine pts with stages II-III BC were to receive carb (AUC 6) on day 1 of a 28 day cycle, and nab 80 mg/m2 weekly, for a total of 4 cycles. Core biopsies were performed prior to NCT. Blood procurement for circulating tumor cell (CTC) analysis using the CellSearch platform was carried out pre-treatment, mid-treatment, and at surgery. We set out to assess the predictive value of Mammaprint (poor vs. good), BluePrint (basal, vs. luminal, vs. HER2) molecular subtype as well as microarray RNA and miRNA profiling, for pCR. Responses were also dichotomized as complete or near complete response (Symmans RCB scores of 0-1) vs. suboptimal response (RCB score &gt; 1).

Results: The median age was 53 (28-75). Pts presented with clinical stages II (63%) and III (37%). So far, 38 of the 49 pts accrued between 2/2012 and 6/2015, have undergone surgery, 68% of whom underwent modified radical mastectomy. The pCR rate (breast and lymph nodes in CR) was 53%, and RCB 0 and 1 were seen in 68% of pts. Toxicites included grade ¾ anemia (45%), thrombocytopenia (13%) and neutropenia (53%,1 pt with neutropenic fever). Dose adjustments were needed in over 80% of pts. Grades 2 or 3 peripheral neuropathy were seen in 8% each, and grades 3-4 fatigue (13%), hypokalemia (3%), and hyponatremia (3%) were observed. The median number of CTCs (pre-NCT) observed in 7 CTC positive pts of the first 27 pts who completed surgery was 1 (0-7), and 2 of the 7 pts continued to have CTCs at the time of surgery (1 CTC each), while 2 pts without CTCs pre-NCT had CTCs (1 each) detected at surgery. The final pt enrolled is expected to complete surgery by 10/2015. Results of sequential CTC assessments, MammaPrint/Blueprint and RNA/miRNA analysis of pre- and post-treatment specimens and their correlation with pCR will be presented.

Conclusion: The non-anthracycline-containing regimen of carb and nab-paclitaxel induced a high pCR rate in TNBC, in preliminary analysis. Ongoing profiling may allow for future subset-specific modification of this regimen to increase pCR across all molecular subtypes of TNBC.

Citation Format: Somlo G, Chung S, Frankel P, Hurria A, Koehler S, Kruper L, Mortimer JE, Paz B, Robinson K, Taylor L, Vito C, Waisman J, Yeon C, Yim J, Yuan Y, Tong T. Phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin and nab-paclitaxel in patients with triple negative locally advanced and inflammatory breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-14-10.

Contemporary carbon content of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in butter

The fraction of naturally produced bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a ubiquitous plasticizer known to contaminate packaged foods, was determined for each of five 1.10 kg samples of unsalted market butter by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). After extraction and concentration enrichment with liquid-liquid extraction, flash column chromatography, and preparative-scale high performance liquid chromatography, each sample provided ≈ 250 μg extracts of DEHP with carbon purity ranging from 92.5 ± 1.2% (n = 3, 1σ) to 97.1 ± 0.8% (n = 3, 1σ) as measured with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After corrections for method blank DEHP, co-eluting compounds, and unidentified carbon, the mean fraction of naturally produced DEHP in butter was determined to be 0.16 ± 0.12 (n = 5, 1σ). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the contemporary fraction of DEHP isolated from market butter in the U.S.

Case report: Spinal dermoid sinus in a Burmese cat with paraparesis

A 2-year-old, male, Burmese cat was evaluated for chronic progressive hindlimb weakness, ataxia and urinary incontinence. Radiographic examination, myelography and magnetic resonance imaging defined congenital vertebral anomalies and a space-occupying intradural, extramedullary mass. A dermoid sinus was subsequently identified dorsal to the affected spine. Surgical excision of the tract necessitated a dorsal laminectomy and removal of a 1-cm diameter intradural dermoid sinus 'cyst' that contained hair and sebaceous debris. The cat recovered hindlimb function after surgery and remains asymptomatic 50 months after surgery except for a persistent inability to urinate voluntarily.

Progress in the management of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

A more profound understanding in the pathophysiological mechanism of renal cell cancer has led to a shift in the treatment approach. Traditionally, cytokines were the frontline drugs, but recently this has transitioned to drugs interacting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) related pathway. Sorafenib, sunitinib, bevacizumab, temsirolimus and everolimus have demonstrated clinical improvements in randomized trials. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current management of advanced RCC.

Evaluation of hypophosphataemia in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-exposed and TDF-unexposed HIV-infected out-patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy

OBJECTIVES

Cases of hypophosphataemia (often coincident with renal dysfunction) have been reported in HIV-infected patients taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), but randomized placebo-controlled trials of HIV-infected persons with normal baseline renal function have found a comparable incidence of hypophosphataemia in the TDF and placebo groups. We assessed the incidence of grade 2 and higher hypophosphataemia in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS).

METHODS

We analysed a prospective cohort of patients who initiated either a TDF-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen [TDF-exposed (TDF+) group; n = 165] or a TDF-sparing HAART regimen [TDF-unexposed (TDF-) group; n = 90], and who had normal baseline phosphate and creatinine values.

RESULTS

The TDF+ and TDF- groups had comparable median follow-up times (10.9 vs 8.8 months, respectively; P = 0.18) and number of phosphate measurements (median = 3 for both) and were similar on most clinical and demographic factors. During follow up, 12.7% of TDF+vs 6.7% of TDF-patients developed grade 2 hypophosphataemia (2.0-2.4 mg/dL), and 2.4% of TDF+ patients vs 0% of TDF-patients developed grade 3 hypophosphataemia (1.0-1.9 mg/dL); none developed grade 4 hypophosphataemia (<1.0 mg/dL). The incidence of grade 2 or higher hypophosphataemia was 16.7 per 100 person-years among TDF+ patients vs 8.0 per 100 person-years among TDF-patients (P = 0.11).

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of hypophosphataemia was somewhat elevated in HOPS patients who took TDF-containing HAART compared with those who took TDF-sparing HAART during the first 1 to 2 years of observation, but the difference was not statistically significant. Longer follow-up of a larger population is needed to determine if this trend towards an association achieves statistical significance and to evaluate the clinical consequences of hypophosphataemia.

Gadd45a regulates β-catenin distribution and maintains cell–cell adhesion/contact

Gadd45a, a growth arrest and DNA-damage gene, plays important roles in the control of cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair and apoptosis. We show here that Gadd45a is involved in the control of cell contact inhibition and cell-cell adhesion. Gadd45a can serve as an adapter to enhance the interaction between beta-catenin and Caveolin-1, and in turn induces beta-catenin translocation to cell membrane for maintaining cell-cell adhesion/contact inhibition. This is coupled with reduction of beta-catenin in cytoplasm and nucleus following Gadd45a induction, which is reflected by the downregulation of cyclin D1, one of the beta-catenin targeted genes. Additionally, Gadd45a facilitates ultraviolet radiation-induced degradation of cytoplasmic and nuclear beta-catenin in a p53-dependent manner via activation of p38 kinase. These findings define a novel link that connects Gadd45a to cell-cell adhesion and cell contact inhibition, which might contribute to the role of Gadd45a in inhibiting tumorigenesis.

Immunogenicity of Empty Capsids of Porcine Circovius Type 2 Produced in Insect Cells

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a single-stranded DNA virus, is associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). ORF2 protein (capsid) of PCV2 was recently demonstrated to be a major immunogenable to induce protection in pigs with a prime-boost protocol. In this study, the ORF2 gene of PCV2 was expressed in insect cells. The product self-assembled into particles that were structurally and antigenically indistinguishable from regular PCV2 capsids. To evaluated the immunogenicity of these virus-like particles, PCV2-free piglets were vaccinated with the crude lysate from recombinant baculovirus (Ac.ORF2)-infected insect cells, at doses of 0.1 ml (10(6) cells), 0.5 mL (5 x 10(6) cells) or 1.0 ml (10(7) cells). The immune response was monitored by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for PCV2 antibody and lymphocyte proliferation assay. The ELISA results indicated that primary immune response was elicited with 0.5 ml or 1.0 ml of crude lysate from Ac.ORF2. After boost immunization, relatively higher levels of PCV2 antibody were elicited in 0.5-ml or 1.0-ml vaccinated groups, compared to the 0.1-ml group. In addition, higher PCV2 specific lymphocyte proliferation response was developed in piglets vaccinated with 0.5 ml or 1.0 ml of crude lysate, especially in those vaccinated with with 1.0 ml of crude lysate. Thus, the expressed ORF2 protein has significant potential as a subunit vaccine against PCV2 infection.

Coexistence between colorectal cancer/adenoma and coronary artery disease: results from 1382 patients

BACKGROUND

Common risk factors exist in colorectal neoplasia (cancer or adenoma) and coronary artery disease.

AIM

To investigate in a retrospective study if there is coexistence of the two events in patients > OR =50 years.

METHODS

Computer data on colonoscopies performed on symptomatic patients, the corresponding medical record and colonic histology in 1997-2000 were retrieved. History of coronary artery disease was recorded. To adjust for the factors of age and sex, bivariate logistic regression analysis was used to test for coexistence.

RESULTS

1382 patients were recruited. Colorectal neoplasia and history of coronary artery disease were present in 27% (373) and 12% (167) of patients, respectively. The mean age of patients was older in colorectal neoplasia+ (75 +/- 11 vs. 69 +/- 13 years, P < 0.0001) and in coronary artery disease+ (79 +/- 9 vs. 69 +/- 12 years, P < 0.0001) patients. Male was the predominant sex in colorectal neoplasia+: 33% vs. 22% (P < 0.0001), but not in coronary artery disease+ (P = 0.29). Colorectal neoplasia+ patients were more likely to have coronary artery disease+ [21.2% (79/373) vs. 8.8% (89/1098) (P < 0.0001)]. Bivariate logistic regression analysis showed strong association between the two events (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.5, 3.0).

CONCLUSION

There is strong coexistence of colorectal neoplasia and coronary artery disease, probably due to exposure to common risk factors.