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McInturff EL, France SP, Leverett CA, Flick AC, Lindsey EA, Berritt S, Carney DW, DeForest JC, Ding HX, Fink SJ, Gibson TS, Gray K, Hubbell AK, Johnson AM, Liu Y, Mahapatra S, McAlpine IJ, Watson RB, O'Donnell CJ. Synthetic Approaches to the New Drugs Approved During 2021. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10150-10201. [PMID: 37528515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Each year, new drugs are introduced to the market, representing structures that have affinity for biological targets implicated in human diseases and conditions. These new chemical entities (NCEs), particularly small molecules and antibody-drug conjugates, provide insight into molecular recognition and serve as potential leads for the design of future medicines. This annual review is part of a continuing series highlighting the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 35 NCEs that were first approved anywhere in the world during 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L McInturff
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scott P France
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Carolyn A Leverett
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andrew C Flick
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erick A Lindsey
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Simon Berritt
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W Carney
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacob C DeForest
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hong X Ding
- Pharmacodia (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Sarah J Fink
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 125 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tony S Gibson
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Gray
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Aran K Hubbell
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amber M Johnson
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Subham Mahapatra
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Indrawan J McAlpine
- Genesis Therapeutics, 11568 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 8, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rebecca B Watson
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Flick AC, Leverett CA, Ding HX, McInturff EL, Fink SJ, Mahapatra S, Carney DW, Lindsey EA, DeForest JC, France SP, Berritt S, Bigi-Botterill SV, Gibson TS, Watson RB, Liu Y, O'Donnell CJ. Synthetic Approaches to the New Drugs Approved During 2020. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9607-9661. [PMID: 35833579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
New drugs introduced to the market are privileged structures that have affinities for biological targets implicated in human diseases and conditions. These new chemical entities (NCEs), particularly small molecules and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), provide insight into molecular recognition and simultaneously function as leads for the design of future medicines. This Review is part of a continuing series presenting the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 44 new chemical entities approved for the first time anywhere in the world during 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Flick
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Carolyn A Leverett
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hong X Ding
- Pharmacodia (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Emma L McInturff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sarah J Fink
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 125 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Subham Mahapatra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W Carney
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erick A Lindsey
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacob C DeForest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Scott P France
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simon Berritt
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Tony S Gibson
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rebecca B Watson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Konen JR, Haag MM, Guseva D, Hurd M, Linton AA, Lavoie B, Kerrigan CB, Joyce E, Bischoff SC, Swann S, Griffin L, Matsukawa J, Falk MD, Gibson TS, Hennig GW, Wykosky J, Mawe GM. Prokinetic actions of luminally acting 5-HT 4 receptor agonists. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14026. [PMID: 33185015 PMCID: PMC7990683 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-HT4 receptor (5-HT4 R) agonists exert prokinetic actions in the GI tract, but non-selective actions and potential for stimulation of non-target 5-HT4 Rs have limited their use. Since 5-HT4 Rs are expressed in the colonic epithelium and their stimulation accelerates colonic propulsion in vitro, we tested whether luminally acting 5-HT4 R agonists promote intestinal motility. METHODS Non-absorbed 5-HT4 R agonists, based on prucalopride and naronapride, were assessed for potency at the 5-HT4 R in vitro, and for tissue and serum distribution in vivo in mice. In vivo assessment of prokinetic potential included whole gut transit, colonic motility, fecal output, and fecal water content. Colonic motility was also studied ex vivo in mice treated in vivo. Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate receptor distribution in human intestinal mucosa. KEY RESULTS Pharmacological screening demonstrated selectivity and potency of test agonists for 5-HT4 R. Bioavailability studies showed negligible serum detection. Gavage of agonists caused faster whole gut transit and colonic motility, increased fecal output, and elevated fecal water content. Prokinetic actions were blocked by a 5-HT4 R antagonist and were not detected in 5-HT4 R knockout mice. Agonist administration promoted motility in models of constipation. Evaluation of motility patterns ex vivo revealed enhanced contractility in the middle and distal colon. Immunoreactivity for 5-HT4 R is present in the epithelial layer of the human small and large intestines. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES These findings demonstrated that stimulation of epithelial 5-HT4 Rs can potentiate propulsive motility and support the concept that mucosal 5-HT4 Rs could represent a safe and effective therapeutic target for the treatment of constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Konen
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA,Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Melody M Haag
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Daria Guseva
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Molly Hurd
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alisha A. Linton
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Brigitte Lavoie
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Colleen B Kerrigan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA,Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Emily Joyce
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steve Swann
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Grant W Hennig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jill Wykosky
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gary M Mawe
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Flick AC, Leverett CA, Ding HX, McInturff E, Fink SJ, Mahapatra S, Carney DW, Lindsey EA, DeForest JC, France SP, Berritt S, Bigi-Botterill SV, Gibson TS, Liu Y, O'Donnell CJ. Synthetic Approaches to the New Drugs Approved during 2019. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3604-3657. [PMID: 33783211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
New drugs introduced to the market are privileged structures having affinities for biological targets implicated in human diseases and conditions. These new chemical entities (NCEs), particularly small molecules and antibody-drug conjugates, provide insight into molecular recognition and simultaneously function as leads for the design of future medicines. This review is part of a continuing series presenting the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 40 NCEs approved for the first time anywhere in the world in 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Flick
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Carolyn A Leverett
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hong X Ding
- Pharmacodia (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Emma McInturff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sarah J Fink
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 125 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Subham Mahapatra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W Carney
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erick A Lindsey
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacob C DeForest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Scott P France
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simon Berritt
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Tony S Gibson
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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5
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Mccleary BV, Mugford DC, Camire MC, Gibson TS, Harrigan K, Janning M, Meuser F, Williams P. Determination of ß-Glucan in Barley and Oats by Streamlined Enzymatic Method: Summary of Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/80.3.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted involving 8 laboratories (including the authors’ laboratories) to validate the streamlined enzymatic method for determination of ß-D-glucan in barley and oats. In the method, the flour sample is cooked to hydrate and gelatinize ß-glucan, which is subsequently hydrolyzed to soluble fragments with the lichenase enzyme. After volume and pH adjustments and filtration, the solution is treated with ß-glucosidase, which hydrolyzes ß-gluco-oligosaccharides to D-glucose. D-Glucose is measured with glucose oxidase-peroxidase reagent. Other portions of lichenase hydrolysate are treated directly with glucose oxidase-peroxidase reagent to measure free glucose in test sample. If levels of free glucose are high, the sample is extracted first with 80% ethanol. For all samples analyzed, the repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) values ranged from 3.1 to 12.3% and the reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) values ranged from 6.6 to 12.3%. The streamlined enzymatic method for determination of ß-D-glucan in barley and oats has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry V Mccleary
- Megazyme International Ireland Ltd., Bray Business Park, Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland
| | - David C Mugford
- Bread Research Institute of Australia, Inc., PO Box 7, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
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6
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Gibson TS, Johnson B, Fanjul A, Halkowycz P, Dougan DR, Cole D, Swann S. Structure-based drug design of novel ASK1 inhibitors using an integrated lead optimization strategy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1709-1713. [PMID: 28291695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based drug design is an iterative process that is an established means to accelerate lead optimization, and is most powerful when integrated with information from different sources. Herein is described the use of such methods in conjunction with deconstruction and re-optimization of a diverse series of ASK1 chemotypes along with high-throughput screening that lead to the identification of a novel series of efficient ASK1 inhibitors displaying robust MAP3K pathway inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony S Gibson
- Medicinal Chemistry Gastrointestinal Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda California Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States.
| | - Benjamin Johnson
- Medicinal Chemistry CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda California Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Andrea Fanjul
- Discovery Biology Gastrointestinal Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda California Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Petro Halkowycz
- Discovery Biology Gastrointestinal Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda California Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Douglas R Dougan
- Structural Biology and Biophysics, Takeda California Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Derek Cole
- Medicinal Chemistry Gastrointestinal Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda California Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Steven Swann
- Medicinal Chemistry Gastrointestinal Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda California Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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7
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Cui JJ, Araldi GL, Reiner JE, Reddy KM, Kemp SJ, Ho JZ, Siev DV, Mamedova L, Gibson TS, Gaudette JA, Minami NK, Anderson SM, Bradbury AE, Nolan TG, Semple JE. Non-covalent thrombin inhibitors featuring P3-Heterocycles with P1-Bicyclic arginine surrogates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2925-30. [PMID: 12270176 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel, potent, and highly selective classes of thrombin inhibitors were identified, which resulted from judicious combination of P4-aromatics and P2-P3-heterocyclic dipeptide surrogates with weakly basic (calcd pKa approximately non-basic-8.6) bicyclic P1-arginine mimics. The design, synthesis, and biological activity of achiral, non-covalent, orally bioavailable inhibitors NC1-NC44 featuring P1-indazoles, benzimidazoles, indoles, benzotriazoles, and aminobenzisoxazoles is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Jean Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Corvas International, Inc., 3030 Science Park Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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8
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Reiner JE, Siev DV, Araldi GL, Cui JJ, Ho JZ, Reddy KM, Mamedova L, Vu PH, Lee KSS, Minami NK, Gibson TS, Anderson SM, Bradbury AE, Nolan TG, Semple JE. Non-covalent thrombin inhibitors featuring P(3)-heterocycles with P(1)-monocyclic arginine surrogates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1203-8. [PMID: 11934589 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigations on P(2)-P(3)-heterocyclic dipeptide surrogates directed towards identification of an orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitor led us to pursue novel classes of achiral, non-covalent P(1)-arginine derivatives. The design, synthesis, and biological activity of inhibitors NC1-NC30 that feature three classes of monocyclic P(1)-arginine surrogates will be disclosed: (1) (hetero)aromatic amidines, amines and hydroxyamidines, (2) 2-aminopyrazines, and (3) 2-aminopyrimidines and 2-aminotetrahydropyrimidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Reiner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Corvas International, Inc., 3030 Science Park Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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9
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Abstract
Evolution of P(1)-argininal inhibitor prototypes led to a series of non-covalent P(3)-7-membered lactam inhibitors 1a-w, featuring novel peptidomimetic units that probe each of the S(1), S(2), and S(3) specificity pockets of thrombin. Rigid P(1)-arginine surrogates possessing a wide range of basicity (calcd pK(a)'s approximately neutral-14) were surveyed. The design, synthesis, and biological activity of these targets are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Ho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Corvas International, Inc., 3030 Science Park Road, 92121, San Diego, CA, USA
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10
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Ho JZ, Levy OE, Gibson TS, Nguyen K, Semple JE. Exploratory solid-phase synthesis of factor Xa inhibitors: discovery and application of p3-heterocyclic amides as novel types of non-basic arginine surrogates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:3459-64. [PMID: 10617091 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel FXa inhibitors 2a-m and 3a-f was discovered that feature heterocyclic carboxamides tethered to a d-diaminobutyric acid sidechain. These neutral amide derivatives serve as novel P3 d-arginine mimics. Pyrazine carboxamide scaffolds afforded the most potent FXa inhibitors (e.g., 2b IC50 = 4.6 nM). The synthesis and biological activity of two focused libraries are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Ho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Corvas International, Inc. San Diego, California 92121, USA
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