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Enget Jensen TM, Braaten T, Jacobsen BK, Ibsen DB, Skeie G. Replacing red and processed meat with lean or fatty fish and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Norwegian women. The Norwegian Women and Cancer Study (NOWAC): a prospective cohort study. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:531-543. [PMID: 37694448 PMCID: PMC10784130 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Nordic Nutrition Recommendations recommend reducing red and processed meat and increasing fish consumption, but the impact of this replacement on mortality is understudied. This study investigated the replacement of red and processed meat with fish in relation to mortality. Of 83 304 women in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study (NOWAC) study, 9420 died during a median of 21·0 years of follow-up. The hazard ratios (HR) for mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression with analyses stratified on red and processed meat intake due to non-linearity. Higher processed meat (> 30 g/d), red and processed meat (> 50 g/d), and fatty fish consumption were associated with higher mortality, while red meat and lean fish consumption were neutral or beneficial. Among women with higher processed meat intake (> 30 g/d), replacing 20 g/d with lean fish was associated with lower all-cause (HR 0·92, 95 % CI 0·89, 0·96), cancer (HR 0·92, 95 % CI 0·88, 0·97) and CVD mortality (HR 0·82, 95 % CI 0·74, 0·90), while replacing with fatty fish was associated with lower CVD mortality (HR 0·87, 95 % CI 0·77, 0·97), but not with all-cause or cancer mortality. Replacing processed meat with fish among women with lower processed meat intake (≤ 30 g/d) or replacing red meat with fish was not associated with mortality. Replacing processed meat with lean or fatty fish may lower the risk of premature deaths in Norwegian women, but only in women with high intake of processed meat. These findings suggest that interventions to reduce processed meat intake should target high consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torill M. Enget Jensen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tonje Braaten
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjarne Koster Jacobsen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037Tromsø, Norway
- Centre for Sami Health Research, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Daniel Borch Ibsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037Tromsø, Norway
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Lécuyer L, Laouali N, Viallon V, Artaud F, Hébert JR, Shivappa N, Agudo A, Tjønneland A, Mellemkjær L, Kaaks R, Katzke VA, Schulze MB, Frenoy P, Mancini FR, De Magistris MS, Macciotta A, Masala G, Agnoli C, Tumino R, Boer JMA, Verschuren WMM, Enget Jensen TM, Olsen KS, Skeie G, Chirlaque MD, Petrova D, Castro-Espin C, Quirós JR, Guevara M, Amiano P, Borné Y, Sandström M, Nilsson LM, Heath AK, Mayen AL, Huybrechts I, Weiderpass E, Boutron-Ruault MC, Dossus L, Rinaldi S, Truong T. Associations between dietary inflammatory scores and biomarkers of inflammation in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1115-1125. [PMID: 37271707 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the first version of the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) developed in the past decade, several other versions have been developed. However, to date no study has attempted to compare these versions with respect to their associations with biomarkers of inflammation. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the relationship between four dietary inflammatory scores [DII, two energy-adjusted derivatives (E-DII and E-DIIr), and the Inflammatory Score of the Diet (ISD)], and circulating levels of several inflammatory markers and adipokines. METHODS This study included 17 637 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort with at least one marker of inflammation measured in blood. Associations between the four scores and C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)6, IL10, IL1RA, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNFR1), sTNFR2, leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sLeptin R), adiponectin, and High Molecular Weight (HMW) adiponectin were evaluated using multivariable linear regressions adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Positive associations were observed between the four dietary inflammatory scores and levels of CRP, IL6, sTNFR1, sTNFR2 and leptin. However, only the DII and the ISD were positively associated with IL1RA levels and only the DII and the E-DIIr were positively associated with TNFα levels. The proportion of variance of each biomarker explained by the scores was lower than 2%, which was equivalent to the variance explained by smoking status but much lower than that explained by body mass index. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the four dietary inflammatory scores were associated with some biomarkers of inflammation and could be used to assess the inflammatory potential of diet in European adults but are not sufficient to capture the inflammatory status of an individual. These findings can help to better understand the inflammatory potential of diet, but they need to be replicated in studies with repeated dietary measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Lécuyer
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, CESP, Team "Exposome and Heredity", 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Nasser Laouali
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, CESP, Team "Exposome and Heredity", 94807, Villejuif, France; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Vivian Viallon
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Fanny Artaud
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, CESP, Team "Exposome and Heredity", 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - James R Hébert
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Nutrition and Cancer Group, Epidemiology, Public Health, Cancer Prevention and Palliative Care Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, "Diet, Cancer and Health", Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Mellemkjær
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, "Diet, Cancer and Health", Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena A Katzke
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Dept. of Molecular Epidemiology, Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Pauline Frenoy
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, CESP, Team "Exposome and Heredity", 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Francesca Romana Mancini
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, CESP, Team "Exposome and Heredity", 94807, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Alessandra Macciotta
- Centre for Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health (C-BEPH), Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Agnoli
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Hyblean Association for Epidemiological Research, AIRE-ONLUS, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Jolanda M A Boer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - W M Monique Verschuren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Torill M Enget Jensen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karina Standahl Olsen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - María-Dolores Chirlaque
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain; CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dafina Petrova
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), 18011, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlota Castro-Espin
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Nutrition and Cancer Group, Epidemiology, Public Health, Cancer Prevention and Palliative Care Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Marcela Guevara
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastián, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Epidemiology of Chronic and Communicable Diseases Group, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Yan Borné
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria Sandström
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lena Maria Nilsson
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health/ Arcum, Arctic Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alicia K Heath
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ana-Lucia Mayen
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Laure Dossus
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Sabina Rinaldi
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Thérèse Truong
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Inserm, CESP, Team "Exposome and Heredity", 94807, Villejuif, France.
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Enget Jensen TM, Braaten T, Jacobsen BK, Barnung RB, Olsen A, Skeie G. Adherence to the Healthy Nordic Food Index in the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) cohort. Food Nutr Res 2018; 62:1339. [PMID: 30237757 PMCID: PMC6139480 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High adherence to the Healthy Nordic Food Index has been associated with better health outcomes, but the results have not been consistent. The association between high adherence and higher intake of energy and healthy and less healthy foods has been persistent across countries, highlighting the need to examine potential confounding by energy intake. Objective This study aimed to examine energy-adjusted dietary factors and lifestyle factors related to the index in a Norwegian context. Design The study was cross-sectional within the Norwegian Women and Cancer cohort and included 81,516 women aged 41–76. Information about habitual food intake was based on a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The index incorporated six food groups (fish, root vegetables, cabbages, apples/pears, whole grain bread, and breakfast cereals). Ordered trend and regression analyses were performed to assess the association between the index and lifestyle and dietary factors with energy-adjusted models. Results Nearly one out of four women (22.8%) had low adherence, 49.0% had medium adherence, and 28.2% had high adherence to the index. Intake of energy and of both healthy and less healthy foods increased with increased adherence. Energy adjustment removed the associations between less healthy foods and high adherence and demonstrated a better dietary composition in high adherers. The healthy Nordic foods contributed more to the total food intake in high versus low adherers, and high adherence was associated with a healthier lifestyle. Conclusion High adherence was associated with a healthier lifestyle, both concerning diet and other factors. Energy adjustment of potential confounding foods removed associations between high adherence and less healthy foods. The Nordic foods accounted for a larger fraction of the diet among high adherers, at the expense of other healthy foods. Careful adjustment for confounders is warranted when assessing associations between the index and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torill M Enget Jensen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tonje Braaten
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjarne Koster Jacobsen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Runa Borgund Barnung
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anja Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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