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Rodríguez-Fernández K, Reynaldo-Fernández G, Reyes-González S, de Las Barreras C, Rodríguez-Vera L, Vlaar C, Monbaliu JCM, Stelzer T, Duconge J, Mangas-Sanjuan V. New insights into the role of VKORC1 polymorphisms for optimal warfarin dose selection in Caribbean Hispanic patients through an external validation of a population PK/PD model. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115977. [PMID: 38056237 PMCID: PMC10853672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Warfarin, an oral anticoagulant, has been used for decades to prevent thromboembolic events. The complex interplay between CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes on warfarin PK and PD properties is not fully understood in special sub-groups of patients. This study aimed to externally validate a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for the effect of warfarin on international normalized ratio (INR) and to evaluate optimal dosing strategies based on the selected covariates in Caribbean Hispanic patients. INR, and CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes from 138 patients were used to develop a population PK/PD model in NONMEM. The structural definition of a previously published PD model for INR was implemented. A numerical evaluation of the parameter-covariate relationship was performed. Simulations were conducted to determine optimal dosing strategies for each genotype combinations, focusing on achieving therapeutic INR levels. Findings revealed elevated IC50 for G/G, G/A, and A/A VKORC1 haplotypes (11.76, 10.49, and 9.22 mg/L, respectively), in this population compared to previous reports. The model-guided dosing analysis recommended daily warfarin doses of 3-5 mg for most genotypes to maintain desired INR levels, although subjects with combination of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes * 2/* 2-, * 2/* 3- and * 2/* 5-A/A would require only 1 mg daily. This research underscores the potential of population PK/PD modeling to inform personalized warfarin dosing in populations typically underrepresented in clinical studies, potentially leading to improved treatment outcomes and patient safety. By integrating genetic factors and clinical data, this approach could pave the way for more effective and tailored anticoagulation therapy in diverse patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Rodríguez-Fernández
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Stephanie Reyes-González
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, PR, USA
| | | | - Leyanis Rodríguez-Vera
- Center for Pharmacometrics and System Pharmacology at Lake Nona (Orlando), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Cornelis Vlaar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, PR, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Liège, Belgium
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, PR, USA; Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00926, PR, USA
| | - Jorge Duconge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, PR, USA.
| | - Victor Mangas-Sanjuan
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development, Polytechnic University of Valencia-University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Feng Báez JP, George De la Rosa MV, Alvarado-Hernández BB, Romañach RJ, Stelzer T. Evaluation of a compact composite sensor array for concentration monitoring of solutions and suspensions via multivariate analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 233:115451. [PMID: 37182364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Compact composite probes were identified as a priority to alleviate space constraints in miniaturized unit operations and pharmaceutical manufacturing platforms. Therefore, in this proof of principle study, a compact composite sensor array (CCSA) combining ultraviolet and near infrared features at four different wavelengths (280, 340, 600, 860 nm) in a 380 × 30 mm housing (length x diameter, 7 mm diameter at the probe head), was evaluated for its capabilities to monitor in situ concentration of solutions and suspensions via multivariate analysis using partial least squares (PLS) regression models. Four model active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs): warfarin sodium isopropanol solvate (WS), lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate (LID), 6-mercaptopurine monohydrate (6-MP), and acetaminophen (ACM) in their aqueous solution and suspension formulation were used for the assessment. The results demonstrate that PLS models can be applied for the CCSA prototype to measure the API concentrations with similar accuracy (validation samples within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) limits), compared to univariate CCSA models and multivariate models for an established Raman spectrometer. Specifically, the multivariate CCSA models applied to the suspensions of 6-MP and ACM demonstrate improved accuracy of 63% and 31%, respectively, compared to the univariate CCSA models [1]. On the other hand, the PLS models for the solutions WS and LID showed a reduced accuracy compared to the univariate models [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean P Feng Báez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
| | - Mery Vet George De la Rosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
| | | | - Rodolfo J Romañach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA.
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Burgos GL, Hernández-Espinell JR, Graciani-Massa T, Yao X, Borchardt-Setter KA, Yu L, López-Mejías V, Stelzer T. Role of Heteronucleants in Melt Crystallization of Crystalline Solid Dispersions. Cryst Growth Des 2023; 23:49-58. [PMID: 38107196 PMCID: PMC10722868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Few publications exist concerning polymorphic control during melt crystallization, particularly when employing heteronucleants. Here, the influence of a polymeric thin film (polyethylene terephthalate, PET) on the crystallization from melt of the polymorphic compound acetaminophen (ACM) in polyethylene glycol (PEG) was investigated. Molten ACM-PEG at different compositions was monitored using in situ Raman spectroscopy for nucleation induction time measurements and phase identification. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) served to analyze the preferred orientation (PO) of the pastilles (solidified melt droplets) on PET-coated and uncoated substrates. The results indicate that PET-coated substrates qualitatively accelerate the nucleation of ACM form II (ACM II) in PEG compared to uncoated glass substrates. Additionally, the occurrence of ACM II in PEG was increased by an average of 10% when crystallized on PET-coated substrates compared to uncoated substrates. Overall, these results suggest that ACM can interact through hydrogen bonding with the PET-coated substrate, leading to faster nucleation. This investigation illustrates the effect of PET-coated substrates in the selective crystallization of ACM II in PEG as crystalline solid dispersions (CSDs). Ultimately, the results suggest the implementation of polymeric heteronucleants in melt crystallization processes, specifically, in advanced polymer-based formulation processes for the enhanced polymorphic form control of pharmaceutical compounds in CSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni López Burgos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States; Molecular Sciences Research Center, Crystallization Design Institute, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - José R Hernández-Espinell
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, Crystallization Design Institute, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Tatiana Graciani-Massa
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, Crystallization Design Institute, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Kennedy A Borchardt-Setter
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Vilmalí López-Mejías
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, Crystallization Design Institute, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States; Molecular Sciences Research Center, Crystallization Design Institute, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
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Abstract
Solvent-mediated polymorphic transformations (SMPTs) employing nonconventional solvents (polymer melts) is an underexplored research topic that limits the application of polymer-based formulation processes. Acetaminophen (ACM), a widely studied active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), is known to present SMPTs spontaneously (<30 s) in conventional solvents such as ethanol. In situ Raman spectroscopy was employed to monitor the induction time for the SMPT of ACM II to I in polyethylene glycol (PEG) melts of different molecular weights (Mw, 4000, 10 000, 20 000, 35 000 g/mol). The results presented here demonstrate that the induction time for the SMPT of ACM II to I in PEG melts is driven by its diffusivity through the polymer melts. Compared to conventional solvents (i.e., ethanol) the mass transfer (diffusion coefficient, D) in melts is significantly hindered (Dethanol = 4.84 × 10-9 m2/s > DPEGs = 5.32 × 10-11-8.36 × 10-14 m2/s). Ultimately, the study proves that the induction time for the SMPT can be tuned by understanding the dispersant's physicochemical properties (i.e., η) and, thus, the D of the solute in the dispersant. This allows one to kinetically access and stabilize metastable forms or delay their transformations under given process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Hernández Espinell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, United States
| | - Verónica Toro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, United States
| | - Xin Yao
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Vilmalí Lopéz-Mejías
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, United States
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
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Yao X, Benson EG, Gui Y, Stelzer T, Zhang GGZ, Yu L. Surfactants Accelerate Crystallization of Amorphous Nifedipine by Similar Enhancement of Nucleation and Growth Independent of Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2343-2350. [PMID: 35477294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous formulations, increasingly employed to deliver poorly soluble drugs, generally contain surfactants to improve wetting and dissolution. These surfactants are often liquids and can potentially increase the mobility of the drug and reduce its stability, but little is known about this effect. Here we investigate the effect of four common nonionic surfactants (Tween 80, Span 80, Triton X-100, and Poloxamer 407) on the crystallization of amorphous nifedipine (NIF). We find that the surfactants significantly enhance the rates of crystal nucleation and growth even at low concentrations, by up to 2 orders of magnitude at 10 wt %. The surfactants tested show similar enhancement effects independent of their structural details and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), suggesting that surfactant adsorption at solid/liquid interfaces does not play a major role in crystal nucleation and growth. Importantly, the surfactants accelerate crystal nucleation and growth by a similar factor. This result mirrors the previous finding that a polymer dopant in a molecular glass-former causes similar slowdown of nucleation and growth. These results indicate that nucleation and growth in a deeply supercooled liquid are both mobility-limited, and a dopant mainly functions as a mobility modifier (enhancer or suppressor depending on the dopant). The common surfactants tested are all mobility enhancers and destabilize the amorphous drug, and this negative effect must be managed using stabilizers such as polymers. The effect of surfactants on nucleation can be predicted from the effect on crystal growth and the crystallization kinetics of the pure system, using the same principle previously established for drug-polymer systems. We show how the independently measured nucleation and growth rates enable predictions of the overall crystallization rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States.,Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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Abstract
Crystal nucleation rates have been measured in the supercooled melts of two richly polymorphic glass-forming liquids: ROY and nifedipine (NIF). ROY or 5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile is known for its crystals of red, orange, and yellow colors and many polymorphs of solved structures (12). Of the many polymorphs, ON (orange needles) nucleates the fastest with the runner up (Y04) trailing by a factor of 103 when compared under the same mobility-limited condition, while the other unobserved polymorphs are slower yet by at least 5 orders of magnitude. Similarly, of the six polymorphs of NIF, [Formula: see text]′ nucleates the fastest, [Formula: see text]′ is slower by a factor of 10, and the rest are slower yet by at least 5 decades. In both systems, the faster-nucleating polymorphs are not built from the lowest-energy conformers, while they tend to have higher energies and lower densities and thus greater similarity to the liquid phase by these measures. The temperature ranges of this study covered the glass transition temperature Tg of each system, and we find no evidence that the nucleation rate is sensitive to the passage of Tg. At the lowest temperatures investigated, the rates of nucleation and growth are proportional to each other, indicating that a similar kinetic barrier controls both processes. The classical nucleation theory provides an accurate description of the observed nucleation rates if the crystal growth rate is used to describe the kinetic barrier for nucleation. The quantitative rates of both nucleation and growth for the competing polymorphs enable prediction of the overall rate of crystallization and its polymorphic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gui
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Chengbin Huang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Chenyang Shi
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, USA
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, USA
| | - Geoff G. Z. Zhang
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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De la Rosa MVG, Báez JPF, Romañach RJ, López-Mejías V, Stelzer T. Real-time concentration monitoring using a compact composite sensor array for in situ quality control of aqueous formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 206:114386. [PMID: 34607202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements have demonstrated the feasibility of refrigerator-sized pharmaceutical manufacturing platforms (PMPs) for integrated end-to-end manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into formulated drug products. Unlike typical laboratory- or industrial-scale setups, PMPs present unique requirements for process analytical technology (PAT) with respect to versatility, flexibility, and physical size to fit into the PMP space constraints. In this proof of principle study, a novel compact composite sensor array (CCSA) combining ultraviolet (UV) and near infrared (NIR) features at four different wavelengths (280, 340, 600, 860 nm) with temperature measuring capability in a 380 × 30 mm housing (length x diameter, 7 mm diameter at the probe head), were evaluated. The results indicate that the CCSA prototype is capable of measuring the solution and suspension concentrations in aqueous formulations of four model APIs (warfarin sodium isopropanol solvate, lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate, 6-mercaptopurine monohydrate, acetaminophen) in situ and in real-time with similar accuracy as an established Raman spectrometer commonly applied for method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Vet George De la Rosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR 00936, USA; Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
| | - Jean P Feng Báez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR 00936, USA; Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
| | - Rodolfo J Romañach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus,. Mayagüez, PR, 00681, USA
| | - Vilmalí López-Mejías
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA.
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR 00936, USA; Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA.
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Jiménez Cruz JM, Vlaar CP, Stelzer T, López-Mejías V. Polymorphism in early development: The account of MBQ-167. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121064. [PMID: 34481010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
With McCrone's famous statement in mind, we set out to investigate the polymorphic behavior of a small-molecule dual inhibitor of Rac and Cdc42, currently undergoing preclinical trials. Herein, we report the existence of two polymorphs for 9-ethyl-3-(5-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-3-yl)-9H-carbazole (MBQ-167). These were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman and Infrared spectroscopy, as well as powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The results obtained from the thermal analysis revealed that MBQ-167 form II undergoes an exothermic phase transition to form I, making this the thermodynamically stable form. An examination of the Burger-Ramberger rules for assigning thermodynamic relationships in polymorphic pairs indicate that this system is monotropic. The structure elucidation reveals that these forms crystallize in the orthorhombic (Pbca) and monoclinic (P21/n) space groups. A conformational analysis shows that the metastable form (form II) presents the most planar conformation along the significant torsion angles identified. Hirshfeld surface analysis confirms that van der Waals contacts are the primary interactions and only subtle differences in short contacts help differentiate each form. These findings support the notion that polymorphism is prevalent in organic molecules and that one should invest time and money probing possible polymorphs, particularly in early development as in the case of MBQ-167.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Jiménez Cruz
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De León Ave, San Juan, PR 00926, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067, United States.
| | - Cornelis P Vlaar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067, United States.
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De León Ave, San Juan, PR 00926, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067, United States.
| | - Vilmalí López-Mejías
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De León Ave, San Juan, PR 00926, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Ave. Universidad STE 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925-2537, United States.
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Jiménez Cruz JM, Vlaar CP, López-Mejías V, Stelzer T. Solubility Measurements and Correlation of MBQ-167 in Neat and Binary Solvent Mixtures. J Chem Eng Data 2021; 66:832-839. [PMID: 36262318 PMCID: PMC9578765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.0c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
MBQ-167 is a novel, small-molecule dual inhibitor of Rac and Cdc42, small GTPases that are involved in cytoskeletal organization, cell cycle progression, and cell migration. In an in vivo mouse model, MBQ-167 has been shown to significantly reduce mammary tumor growth and metastasis and is currently undergoing preclinical studies for the treatment of metastatic cancer. To date, no solubility data have been reported for this compound. For this reason, the present study aims to determine the solubility of this compound in eight neat solvents (acetonitrile, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol) and two binary solvent mixtures [ethyl acetate (2) + heptane (3) and ethanol (2) + water (3)] between the temperatures of 278.15 and 333.15 K. The results obtained employing the polythermal method show that the solubility of MBQ-167 increases with an increase in temperature in all neat solvents used within this study. Moreover, in the two binary solvent mixtures, the solubility of this compound increases with increasing temperature and decreases with an increasing mass fraction of the antisolvent (heptane or water). The experimental solubility data were correlated using the modified Apelblat and λh model equations. The predicted solubility data acquired from the Apelblat and λh model equations correlate well with the experimental solubility data as indicated by the low ARD % (≤1.8304 and ≤6.5366, respectively). No solvent-mediated polymorphic phase transitions were observed while performing the solubility studies, and no other solid forms were detected after the recrystallization in the solvents and solvent mixtures. The solubility data determined here can offer pathways to develop pharmaceutical crystallization processes that can further the translation of MBQ-167 into a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Jiménez Cruz
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
| | - Cornelis P Vlaar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
| | - Vilmalí López-Mejías
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
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Reyes-González S, de las Barreras C, Reynaldo G, Rodríguez-Vera L, Vlaar C, Lopez Mejias V, Monbaliu JCM, Stelzer T, Mangas V, Duconge J. Genotype-driven pharmacokinetic simulations of warfarin levels in Puerto Ricans. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2020; 0:/j/dmdi.ahead-of-print/dmdi-2020-0135/dmdi-2020-0135.xml. [PMID: 32809952 PMCID: PMC7892629 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2020-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The inter-individual variability of warfarin dosing has been linked to genetic polymorphisms. This study was aimed at performing genotype-driven pharmacokinetic (PK) simulations to predict warfarin levels in Puerto Ricans. Methods Analysis of each individual dataset was performed by one-compartmental modeling using WinNonlin®v6.4. The k e of warfarin given a cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) genotype ranged from 0.0189 to 0.0075 h-1. K a and V d parameters were taken from literature. Data from 128 subjects were divided into two groups (i.e., wild-types and carriers) and statistical analyses of PK parameters were performed by unpaired t-tests. Results In the carrier group (n=64), 53 subjects were single-carriers and 11 double-carriers (i.e., *2/*2, *2/*3, *2/*5, *3/*5, and *3/*8). The mean peak concentration (Cmax) was higher for wild-type (0.36±0.12 vs. 0.32±0.14 mg/L). Likewise, the average clearance (CL) parameter was faster among non-carriers (0.22±0.03 vs. 0.17±0.05 L/h; p=0.0001), with also lower area under the curve (AUC) when compared to carriers (20.43±6.97 vs. 24.78±11.26 h mg/L; p=0.025). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between groups with regard to AUC and CL, but not for Cmax. This can be explained by the variation of k e across different genotypes. Conclusions The results provided useful information for warfarin dosing predictions that take into consideration important individual PK and genotyping data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Reyes-González
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico, USA
| | | | - Gledys Reynaldo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Foods, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Cornelis Vlaar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Vilmali Lopez Mejias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico, USA
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Liège, Belgium
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico, USA
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Victor Mangas
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia. Valencia, Spain
- Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development, Polytechnic University of Valencia-University of Valencia. Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Duconge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico, USA
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11
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Reyes-González S, de Las Barreras C, Reynaldo G, Rodríguez-Vera L, Vlaar C, Mejias VL, Monbaliu JCM, Stelzer T, Mangas V, Duconge J. Genotype-driven pharmacokinetic simulations of warfarin levels in Puerto Ricans. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2020; 35:dmpt-2020-0135. [PMID: 34704696 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2020-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The inter-individual variability of warfarin dosing has been linked to genetic polymorphisms. This study was aimed at performing genotype-driven pharmacokinetic (PK) simulations to predict warfarin levels in Puerto Ricans. METHODS Analysis of each individual dataset was performed by one-compartmental modeling using WinNonlin®v6.4. The k e of warfarin given a cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) genotype ranged from 0.0189 to 0.0075 h-1. K a and V d parameters were taken from literature. Data from 128 subjects were divided into two groups (i.e., wild-types and carriers) and statistical analyses of PK parameters were performed by unpaired t-tests. RESULTS In the carrier group (n=64), 53 subjects were single-carriers and 11 double-carriers (i.e., *2/*2, *2/*3, *2/*5, *3/*5, and *3/*8). The mean peak concentration (Cmax) was higher for wild-type (0.36±0.12 vs. 0.32±0.14 mg/L). Likewise, the average clearance (CL) parameter was faster among non-carriers (0.22±0.03 vs. 0.17±0.05 L/h; p=0.0001), with also lower area under the curve (AUC) when compared to carriers (20.43±6.97 vs. 24.78±11.26 h mg/L; p=0.025). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between groups with regard to AUC and CL, but not for Cmax. This can be explained by the variation of k e across different genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The results provided useful information for warfarin dosing predictions that take into consideration important individual PK and genotyping data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Reyes-González
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico, USA
| | | | - Gledys Reynaldo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Foods, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Cornelis Vlaar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Vilmali Lopez Mejias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, USA.,Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège (Sart Tilman), Liège, Belgium
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico, USA.,Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, USA
| | - Victor Mangas
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development, Polytechnic University of Valencia-University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Duconge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico, USA
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12
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Abstract
Solid dispersions embed active pharmaceutical ingredients in polymeric carriers to improve their solubility. Three solid dispersion preparation techniques are typically employed: solvent evaporation, solvent-fusion, and fusion methods. Although these are also widely recommended as preparative methods for phase diagram determination, few examples exist concerning their effect on the resulting polymorph, once the solid dispersion is produced. In this study, the influence of these methods on the polymorphic form obtained in crystalline solid dispersions (CSDs) composed of flufenamic acid (FFA) and poly(ethylene glycol) was investigated. The physical mixtures and CSDs were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results reveal that the fusion method leads to concomitant polymorphs (mainly FFA I and III) in the CSDs. In contrast, the solvent evaporation and solvent-fusion methods lead to FFA III. Collectively, these results demonstrate that preparative methods have a significant influence on the phase diagrams determined (average relative deviation ≤8%), which are often used to justify the design space of manufacturing processes, including those deemed "continuous." Consequently, choosing a preparation method that results in the desired polymorph is crucial to ensure accurate determination of phase diagrams and critical quality attributes of formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sanabria Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - José R. Hernández Espinell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Desire Ortiz Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Vilmalí Lopéz-Mejías
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
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13
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Vázquez Marrero VR, Berríos CP, Dios Rodríguez LD, Stelzer T, López-Mejías V. In the Context of Polymorphism: Accurate Measurement, and Validation of Solubility Data. Cryst Growth Des 2019; 19:4101-4108. [PMID: 32863778 PMCID: PMC7453630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solubility measurements for polymorphic compounds are often accompanied by solvent-mediated phase transformations. In this study, solubility measurements from undersaturated solutions are employed to investigate the solubility of the two most stable polymorphs of flufenamic acid (FFA forms I and III), tolfenamic acid (TA forms I and II), and the only known form of niflumic acid (NA). The solubility was measured from 278.15 to 333.15 K in four alcohols of a homologous series (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, n-butanol) using the polythermal method. It was established that the solubility of these compounds increases with increasing temperature. The solubility curves of FFA forms I and III intersect at ~315.15 K (42 °C) in all four solvents, which represents the transition temperature of the enantiotropic pair. In the case of TA, the solubility of form II could not be reliably obtained in any of the solvents because of the fast solvent-mediated phase transformation. The solubility of the only known form of NA was also determined, and no other polymorphs of NA were observed. The experimental solubility data of FFA (forms I and III), TA (form I), and NA in these four solvents was correlated using the modified Apelblat and λh model equations. The correlated and experimentally determined solubility data obtained serves to (i) guide the accurate determination of the solubility for polymorphic compounds, (ii) assess the role of the solvent in mediating transformations, and (iii) provide a route to engineer advanced crystallization processes for these pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor R. Vázquez Marrero
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico—Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Carmen Piñero Berríos
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico—Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Luz De Dios Rodríguez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico—Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico—Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
| | - Vilmalí López-Mejías
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico—Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
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14
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De la Rosa MVG, Santiago R, Romero JM, Duconge J, Monbaliu JC, López-Mejías V, Stelzer T. Solubility Determination and Correlation of Warfarin Sodium 2‑Propanol Solvate in Pure, Binary, and Ternary Solvent Mixtures. J Chem Eng Data 2019; 64:1399-1413. [PMID: 32536719 PMCID: PMC7291792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.8b00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The solubility of warfarin sodium isopropanol solvate (WS·IPA), a widely used anticoagulant, was determined at temperatures ranging from 278.15 to 333.15 K in four pure solvents (acetone, ethanol, IPA, and water), five binary solvent mixtures (IPA + acetone, IPA + ethanol, IPA + water, IPA + heptane, and IPA + hexane), and five ternary solvent mixtures (IPA + acetone + heptane, IPA + acetone + hexane, IPA + ethanol + heptane, IPA + ethanol + hexane, and IPA + water + heptane) using the polythermal method. It was demonstrated that the solubility of WS·IPA increases with increasing temperature in the pure solvents and at constant solvent composition in the solvent mixtures. In addition, the solubility of WS·IPA in IPA increases with increasing content of acetone, ethanol, and water, which act as cosolvents, and decreases with increasing content of heptane and hexane, which act as antisolvents. The experimental solubility data of WS·IPA in pure solvents and binary and ternary solvent mixtures were correlated using the modified Apelblat and λh model equations. The correlated solubility data agree with the experimental data based on the relative deviation and the average relative deviation (ARD %) values. Thus, the correlated and experimentally derived solubility data of WS·IPA provide a pathway to engineer advanced pharmaceutical crystallization processes for WS·IPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Vet George De la Rosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Roberto Santiago
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
- Department of Mathematics, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Joseph Malavé Romero
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón Campus, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00959, United States
| | - Jorge Duconge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
| | - Jean-Christophe Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, RU MolSys, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Sart Tilman, Belgium
| | - Vilmalí López-Mejías
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
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15
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Zorrilla-Veloz RI, Stelzer T, López-Mejías V. Measurement and Correlation of the Solubility of 5-Fluorouracil in Pure and Binary Solvents. J Chem Eng Data 2018; 63:3809-3817. [PMID: 38106881 PMCID: PMC10722872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.8b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The solubility of 5-ffuorouracil (5-FU), a widely used chemotherapeutic agent to treat solid tumors, which include colorectal, head and neck, breast, and lung cancer, was determined at temperatures ranging from 278.15 to 333.15 K in 11 pure solvents and binary water + ethanol solvent mixtures using the polythermal method. It was demonstrated that the solubility of 5-FU increases with increasing temperature in the pure solvents and at constant solvent composition in the solvent mixtures. Moreover, the solubility of 5-FU in the solvent mixtures exceeds its solubility in pure water and ethanol. The experimental solubility data of 5-FU in the pure solvents and solvent mixtures were correlated using the modified Apelblat and λh model equations. The predicted solubility data obtained agree with the experimental data based on the calculated relative deviation (RD) and the average relative deviation (ARD%) values. The selected solvents are categorized as either Class 2 or 3 (less toxic and lower risk to human health) solvents, and hence the correlated and experimentally derived solubility data of 5-FU presented provide a pathway to develop and engineer enhanced pharmaceutical processes and products based on this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío I. Zorrilla-Veloz
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
| | - Vilmalí López-Mejías
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
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16
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Espinell JRH, López-Mejías V, Stelzer T. Revealing Polymorphic Phase Transformations in Polymer-Based Hot Melt Extrusion Processes. Cryst Growth Des 2018; 18:1995-2002. [PMID: 31889927 PMCID: PMC6936767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.7b01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The inadvertent occurrence of polymorphic phase transformations in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during hot melt extrusion (HME) processes has been claimed to limit the application of this technique. Hence, the control of polymorphism would need to be addressed if there is any prospect of HME to be successfully implemented as an alternative solid dosage formulation strategy in integrated, continuous end-to-end pharmaceutical manufacturing settings. This work demonstrates that flufenamic acid (FFA), one of the most polymorphic APIs known, thus far, can be processed using temperature-simulated HME with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as polymeric carrier. At temperatures above the transition point of FFA forms III and I (42 °C), the induction time of the polymorphic phase transformation is longer than the average reported residence time in conventional HME processes (5 min). Moreover, it was demonstrated that thorough understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic design space for the PEG-FFA system leads to polymorphic control in the produced crystalline solid dispersions. Ultimately, this investigation helps to gain fundamental understanding of the processing needs of crystalline solid dispersions, which will lead to the broader application of HME as a continuous manufacturing strategy for drug products containing APIs prone to polymorphism, representing about 80% of all APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. Hernández Espinell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Vilmalí López-Mejías
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
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17
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Zhang P, Weeranoppanant N, Thomas DA, Tahara K, Stelzer T, Russell MG, O'Mahony M, Myerson AS, Lin H, Kelly LP, Jensen KF, Jamison TF, Dai C, Cui Y, Briggs N, Beingessner RL, Adamo A. Advanced Continuous Flow Platform for On-Demand Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. Chemistry 2018; 24:2776-2784. [PMID: 29385292 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a demonstration of an alternative to the challenges faced with batch pharmaceutical manufacturing including the large production footprint and lengthy time-scale, we previously reported a refrigerator-sized continuous flow system for the on-demand production of essential medicines. Building on this technology, herein we report a second-generation, reconfigurable and 25 % smaller (by volume) continuous flow pharmaceutical manufacturing platform featuring advances in reaction and purification equipment. Consisting of two compact [0.7 (L)×0.5 (D)×1.3 m (H)] stand-alone units for synthesis and purification/formulation processes, the capabilities of this automated system are demonstrated with the synthesis of nicardipine hydrochloride and the production of concentrated liquid doses of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, neostigmine methylsulfate and rufinamide that meet US Pharmacopeia standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nopphon Weeranoppanant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, 169 Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Dale A Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kohei Tahara
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, 00936, USA
| | - Mary Grace Russell
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marcus O'Mahony
- Pharmaceutical & Preclinical Sciences, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Allan S Myerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hongkun Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liam P Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Klavs F Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chunhui Dai
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yuqing Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Naomi Briggs
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rachel L Beingessner
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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18
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Stelzer T, Wong SY, Chen J, Myerson AS. Evaluation of PAT Methods for Potential Application in Small-Scale, Multipurpose Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Platforms. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shin Yee Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Allan S. Myerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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19
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Monbaliu JCM, Stelzer T, Revalor E, Weeranoppanant N, Jensen KF, Myerson AS. Compact and Integrated Approach for Advanced End-to-End Production, Purification, and Aqueous Formulation of Lidocaine Hydrochloride. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts
Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Center
for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts
Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical
Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States
| | - Eve Revalor
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts
Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Nopphon Weeranoppanant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts
Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts
Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Allan S. Myerson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts
Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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20
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Cui Y, O’Mahony M, Jaramillo JJ, Stelzer T, Myerson AS. Custom-Built Miniature Continuous Crystallization System with Pressure-Driven Suspension Transfer. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Cui
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marcus O’Mahony
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Juan J. Jaramillo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Allan S. Myerson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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21
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Adamo A, Beingessner RL, Behnam M, Chen J, Jamison TF, Jensen KF, Monbaliu JCM, Myerson AS, Revalor EM, Snead DR, Stelzer T, Weeranoppanant N, Wong SY, Zhang P. On-demand continuous-flow production of pharmaceuticals in a compact, reconfigurable system. Science 2016; 352:61-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Brüggemann M, Karu E, Stelzer T, Hoffmann T. Real-Time Analysis of Ambient Organic Aerosols Using Aerosol Flowing Atmospheric-Pressure Afterglow Mass Spectrometry (AeroFAPA-MS). Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:5571-5578. [PMID: 25861027 DOI: 10.1021/es506186c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds contribute to a major fraction of atmospheric aerosols and have significant impacts on climate and human health. However, because of their chemical complexity, their measurement remains a major challenge for analytical instrumentation. Here we present the development and characterization of a new soft ionization technique that allows mass spectrometric real-time detection of organic compounds in aerosols. The aerosol flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (AeroFAPA) ion source is based on a helium glow discharge plasma, which generates excited helium species and primary reagent ions. Ionization of the analytes occurs in the afterglow region after thermal desorption and produces mainly intact quasimolecular ions, facilitating the interpretation of the acquired mass spectra. We illustrate that changes in aerosol composition and concentration are detected on the time scale of seconds and in the ng m(-3) range. Additionally, the successful application of AeroFAPA-MS during a field study in a mixed forest region is presented. In general, the observed compounds are in agreement with previous offline studies; however, the acquisition of chemical information and compound identification is much faster. The results demonstrate that AeroFAPA-MS is a suitable tool for organic aerosol analysis and reveal the potential of this technique to enable new insights into aerosol formation, growth, and transformation in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brüggemann
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Einar Karu
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- ‡College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB243UE, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- †Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Cui Y, Jaramillo JJ, Stelzer T, Myerson AS. Statistical Design of Experiment on Contact Secondary Nucleation as a Means of Creating Seed Crystals for Continuous Tubular Crystallizers. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Juan J. Jaramillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Allan S. Myerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Munder A, Hartwig C, Schirmer B, Stelzer T, Tümmler B, Seifert R. The effector protein ExoY secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa augments the inflammatory reaction in the respiratory tract of mice. Pneumologie 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1376788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS A 72-year-old man received treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid because of fever and abdominal pain as an outpatient setting. Salmonella enteritidis infection was confirmed by a positive blood culture. The febrile patient showed abdominal tenderness on palpation. INVESTIGATIONS CT and PET scans revealed an aneurysmatic soft tissue inflammation which was interpreted as infectious aortitis in the context of salmonella bacteraemia. TREATMENT AND COURSE After several weeks of antibiotic treatment with ceftriaxone, an elective reconstruction using xenopericard with replacement of the mesenterial vessels was performed. After a postoperative course of antibiotics the patient recovered completely. CONCLUSION In patients with positive blood cultures for Salmonella in combination with fever, back or abdominal pain a workup for infectious aortitis and a rapid treatment is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stelzer
- Medizinische Klinik, Spital Zollikerberg, Schweiz
| | - L T Heuss
- Medizinische Klinik, Spital Zollikerberg, Schweiz
| | - R Schorn
- Medizinische Klinik, Spital Zollikerberg, Schweiz
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Hellstén S, Han B, Mäkilä E, Niemi H, Salonen J, Lehto VP, Stelzer T, Louhi-Kultanen M, Ulrich J. Insights into the Evaporation Kinetics of Indomethacin Solutions. Chem Eng Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dette S, Sanselme M, Stelzer T, Renou L, Jones M, Couvrat N, Coquerel G, Ulrich J. Structural investigation on sodium-2-keto-l-gulonate-monohydrate. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Helmdach L, Pertig D, Rüdiger S, Lee KS, Stelzer T, Ulrich J. Bubbles - Trouble-Makers in Crystallizers: Classical Problems during Inline Measurements. Chem Eng Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Rößler M, Stelzer T, Ulrich J. Untersuchung zur Wasseraufnahme von kristallinen Düngergranalien. CHEM-ING-TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Stelzer T, Ulrich J. Industrial Crystallization: Still a vivid topic! Chem Eng Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201190019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Schuster A, Stelzer T, Ulrich J. Generation of Crystalline Hollow Needles: New Approach by Liquid-Liquid Phase Transformation. Chem Eng Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pertig D, Buchfink R, Petersen S, Stelzer T, Ulrich J. Inline Analyzing of Industrial Crystallization Processes by an Innovative Ultrasonic Probe Technique. Chem Eng Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Shamiyeh A, Schrenk P, Stelzer T, Wayand WU. Prospective randomized blind controlled trial comparing sutures, tape, and octylcyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for skin closure after phlebectomy. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27:877-80. [PMID: 11722525 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.01111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The patient's view of the outcome after phlebectomy is mainly dependent on the cosmetic result. OBJECTIVE To compare 5-0 monofilament sutures with tapes and tissue adhesive for wound closure after varicose vein surgery. METHODS Seventy-nine patients undergoing varicose vein surgery were prospectively randomized in three groups (tissue adhesive, sutures, tape) for skin closure and compared. The follow-up 1 year postoperatively was done by a senior dermatologist who was blinded in the method of skin closure. RESULTS The cosmetic outcome showed little advantage for the suture group. Taping the incisions is faster than suturing them but without significance; closure with tissue adhesive takes nearly the double of time. The closure for one incision with tissue adhesive is 40 times more expensive than with tapes and 14 times more expensive than with sutures. CONCLUSION This study failed to demonstrate an advantage of tissue adhesive and tapes over monofilament sutures for skin closure after phlebectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shamiyeh
- Second Surgical Department and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Surgical Laparoscopy, Linz, Austria.
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Stadler M, Stelzer T, Borisjuk N, Zanke C, Schilde-Rentschler L, Hemleben V. Distribution of novel and known repeated elements of Solanum and application for the identification of somatic hybrids among Solanum species. Theor Appl Genet 1995; 91:1271-1278. [PMID: 24170057 DOI: 10.1007/bf00220940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/1995] [Accepted: 08/18/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Species-specific repetitive DNA probes are a useful tool for the molecular identification of somatic hybrids. Therefore, the distribution of three repetitive DNA elements of Solanum was investigated in Solanum wild species, Solanum breeding lines, and in more distantly related species of the genera Lycopersicon, Nicotiana, and Datura. The clone pSCH15, obtained from S. circaeifolium, represents a new 168-bp repetitive element; it shows 73-79% sequence similarity to repetitive elements of S. brevidens and Lycopersicon species. The 163-bp element in pSBH6, cloned from S. bulbocastanum, turned out to be very similar (95% sequence homology) to the Lycopersicon element pLEG15/TGRI previously regarded to be present only in species of the genus Lycopersicon and in S. lycopersicoides. Lower sequence similarity of approximately 80% was observed to repetitive elements of S. brevidens which are organized differently. The repeats exhibited different degrees of specificity: by Southern hybridization the element represented by the clone pSBH6 could be detected in almost all Solanum species investigated here but only after long exposure to X-ray film. The previously described "Solanum-specific" element represented by the clone pSA287 was also found, although in a very low copy number, in Lycopersicon esculentum. Therefore, detection of the repetitive elements pSA287 and pSBH6 in those species in which the respective repeat is less represented depends on exposure time. In contrast, the element pSCH15 is prominently present only in a small number of Solanum wild species and - to some extent - in the diploid breeding lines as revealed after long exposure. Use of these repeated elements for the identification of specific genomes in protoplast-fusion hybrids between Solanum wild species and Solanum breeding lines, or between two breeding lines, was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stadler
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Genetik, Biologisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Orr LH, Stelzer T, Stirling WJ. Gluon radiation in tt-bar production at the Fermilab Tevatron pp-bar collider. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1995; 52:124-132. [PMID: 10019026 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.52.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Halzen F, Gonzalez-Garcia MC, Stelzer T, Vázquez RA. Signatures of CP violation in the presence of multiple b-pair production at hadron colliders. Int J Clin Exp Med 1995; 51:4861-4866. [PMID: 10018961 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.51.4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Voelker W, Reul H, Nienhaus G, Stelzer T, Schmitz B, Steegers A, Karsch KR. Comparison of valvular resistance, stroke work loss, and Gorlin valve area for quantification of aortic stenosis. An in vitro study in a pulsatile aortic flow model. Circulation 1995; 91:1196-204. [PMID: 7850959 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.91.4.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valvular resistance and stroke work loss have been proposed as alternative measures of stenotic valvular lesions that may be less flow dependent and, thus, superior over valve area calculations for the quantification of aortic stenosis. The present in vitro study was designed to compare the impacts of valvular resistance, stroke work loss, and Gorlin valve area as hemodynamic indexes of aortic stenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS In a pulsatile aortic flow model, rigid stenotic orifices in varying sizes (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 cm2) and geometry were studied under different hemodynamic conditions. Ventricular and aortic pressures were measured to determine the mean systolic ventricular pressure (LVSPm) and the transstenotic pressure gradient (delta Pm). Transvalvular flow (Fm) was assessed with an electromagnetic flowmeter. Valvular resistance [VR = 1333.(delta Pm/Fm)] and stroke work loss [SWL = 100.(delta Pm/LVSPm)] were calculated and compared with aortic valve area [AVA = Fm/(50 square root of delta Pm)]. The measurements were performed for a large range of transvalvular flows. At low-flow states, flow augmentation (100-->200 mL/s) increased calculated valvular resistance between 21% (2.0 cm2 orifice) and 66% (0.5-cm2 orifice). Stroke work loss demonstrated an increase from 43% (2.0 cm2) to 100% (1.0 cm2). In contrast, Gorlin valve area revealed only a moderate change from 29% (2.0 cm2) to 5% (0.5 cm2). At physiological flow rates, increase in transvalvular flow (200-->300 mL/s) did not alter calculated Gorlin valve area, whereas valvular resistance and stroke work loss demonstrated a continuing increase. Our experimental results were adopted to interpret the results of three clinical studies in aortic stenosis. The flow-dependent increase of Gorlin valve area, which was found in the cited clinical studies, can be elucidated as true further opening of the stenotic valve but not as a calculation error due to the Gorlin formula. CONCLUSIONS Within the physiological range of flow, calculated aortic valve area was less dependent on hemodynamic conditions than were valvular resistance and stroke work loss, which varied as a function of flow. Thus, for the assessment of the severity of aortic stenosis, the Gorlin valve area is superior over valvular resistance and stroke work loss, which must be indexed for flow to adequately quantify the hemodynamic severity of the obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Voelker
- Department of Cardiology, Tuebingen University, Germany
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Schweizer G, Borisjuk N, Borisjuk L, Stadler M, Stelzer T, Schilde L, Hemleben V. Molecular analysis of highly repeated genome fractions in Solanum and their use as markers for the characterization of species and cultivars. Theor Appl Genet 1993; 85:801-808. [PMID: 24196053 DOI: 10.1007/bf00225022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/1992] [Accepted: 06/09/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Highly repeated DNA of potato (Solanum sp.) was characterized by cloning various major repeated elements of the nuclear genome. The percentage of the nuclear genome of the specific fractions and the restriction enzyme patterns were determined in order to show the distribution and organization of the respective repeats in the genome of Solanum tuberosum cultivars, dihaploid breeding lines and in wild species of Solanum. Several of the clones obtained were represented in a high copy number but showed no informative RFLP patterns. More information was gained from 'restriction satellite' repeats. The clone pR1T320 was found to contain satellite repeats (360 bp in length) that are proportionally present in the genome of all Solanum species at frequencies, between 0.5% and 2.6% and which are differently organized. This repeat was also found in the genera Lycopersicon, Datura and Nicotiana. With various restriction enzymes characteristic RFLP patterns were detected. A more or less genus-specific element for Solanum was the 183-bp repeat (clone pSA287; between 0.2-0.4% of the nuclear genome) that was present in the majority of the Solanum species analyzed except S. kurtzianum, S. bulbocastanum and S. pinnatisectum. In a few wild species (prominently in S. kurtzianum, S. demissum and S. acaule) a specific repeat type was detected (clone pSDT382; repeat length approximately 370 bp) that could be used to trace the wild species introduced into S. tuberosum cultivars. The repeats analyzed together with the 18S, 5.8S and 25S ribosomal DNA (1.9-5.2%, corresponding to 1800-5500 rDNA copies) comprised approximately 4-7% of the Solanum genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schweizer
- Bayrische Landesanstalt für Bodenkultur und Pflanzenbau, PZ 1.3 'Biotechnologie', Lange Point 6, W-8050, Freising, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to study pressure recovery in various models of aortic valve stenosis by performing hemodynamic measurements under physiologic conditions in a pulsatile aortic flow circuit. The results were used to validate calculations of pressure recovery based on theoretic considerations derived from fluid dynamics. BACKGROUND Pressure recovery in aortic stenosis has not been systematically analyzed. METHODS Stenoses varying in size, shape (circular, Y-shaped, slitlike) and inlet configuration (sharp-edged, nozzle-shaped inlet, artificially stenosed bioprostheses) were used. Aortic pressures were measured at multiple sites distal to the stenotic orifice to determine pressure gradients and recovery. RESULTS With decreasing orifice area (2, 1.5, 1 and 0.5 cm2) pressure recovery increased (5, 7, 10 and 16 mm Hg, respectively) and the index pressure recovery to maximal peak to peak gradient decreased (56%, 37%, 24% and 14%, respectively). For a given orifice size of 0.5 cm2, this index ranged between 12% for a Y-shaped orifice and 15% for a circular orifice with a nozzle (cardiac output 4 liters/min). Increasing the cardiac output increased pressure recovery, whereas the ratio of pressure recovery to maximal pressure gradient remained constant. CONCLUSIONS The index pressure recovery to transvalvular pressure gradient, which expresses the hemodynamic relevance of pressure recovery, decreases with increasing severity of aortic stenosis but is independent of transvalvular flow. Thus, pressure recovery is of minor importance in severe aortic stenosis but may account for discrepancies between Doppler and manometric gradients observed in patients with mild to moderate aortic stenosis or a prosthetic valve in the aortic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Voelker
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomechanical Engineering Aachen University of Technology, Germany
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Doncheski MA, Halzen F, Stelzer T. Oscillating atmospheric neutrinos: nu micro/ micro ratio in surface neutrino telescopes. Int J Clin Exp Med 1992; 46:505-509. [PMID: 10014963 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.46.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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