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Gyldenholm T, Larsen JB. Cancer-Associated Thrombosis and Beyond: Biomarkers, Treatments, and Cancer-Hemostasis Interactions. Semin Thromb Hemost 2024; 50:325-327. [PMID: 38224698 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1778104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tua Gyldenholm
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julie Brogaard Larsen
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Gyldenholm T, Hvas AM, Christensen TD, Larsen JB. Thrombin Generation Markers as Predictors of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism: A Systematic Review. Semin Thromb Hemost 2024; 50:384-401. [PMID: 37813372 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1775856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a main contributor to morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Biomarkers with the potential to predict cancer-associated VTE are continually sought. Of these, markers of thrombin generation present a likely option. The present systematic review examines the ability of three widely used biomarkers of thrombin generation: prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2), thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), and ex vivo thrombin generation, to predict VTE in both solid and hematologic adult cancer patients. Relevant studies were identified in the PubMed and Embase databases, and the review conformed to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Each study was evaluated using the quality assessment tool from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The review protocol was published on PROSPERO with identifier CRD42022362339. In total, 24 papers were included in the review: 11 reporting data on F1.2, 9 on TAT, and 12 on ex vivo thrombin generation. The quality ratings of the included studies varied from good (n = 13), fair (n = 8), to poor (n = 3) with a high heterogenicity. However, F1.2, TAT complex, and ex vivo thrombin generation were all found to be associated with the development of VTE. This association was most pronounced for F1.2. Furthermore, the determination of F1.2 was able to improve the precision of several established risk assessment scores. In conclusion, markers of thrombin generation were found to be elevated in cancer patients with VTE, and particularly, F1.2 was found to be a promising predictor of cancer-associated VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tua Gyldenholm
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Decker Christensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julie Brogaard Larsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Gyldenholm T, Hvas CL, Hvas AM, Hviid CVB. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) predicts outcome after intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:6011-6019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gyldenholm T, Stengaard C, Sørensen JT, Bøtker MT, Ladefoged SA. Haemolysis in prehospital blood samples. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2021; 81:508-510. [PMID: 34182857 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2021.1941234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of Point Of Care Testing (POCT) in the prehospital setting demands a high and consistent quality of blood samples. We have investigated the degree of haemolysis in 779 prehospital blood samples and found a significant increase in haemolysis compared to intrahospital samples. The degree of haemolysis was within acceptable limits for current analyses. However, haemolysis should be taken into account when implementing future analyses in the prehospital field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tua Gyldenholm
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten Stengaard
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Morten T Bøtker
- Research and Development, Prehospital Emergency Medical Services, Central Denmark Region, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren A Ladefoged
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Gyldenholm T, Hvas AM, Lauridsen SV, Sandgaard E, Hvas CL. Histone-DNA Complexes and Coagulation after Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. TH Open 2021; 5:e139-e142. [PMID: 33870078 PMCID: PMC8046511 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1728672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tua Gyldenholm
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Signe V Lauridsen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emilie Sandgaard
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christine L Hvas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Hviid CVB, Gyldenholm T, Lauridsen SV, Hjort N, Hvas AM, Parkner T. Plasma neurofilament light chain is associated with mortality after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 58:261-267. [PMID: 31494627 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a neuron-specific biomarker with prognostic ability in several types of central nervous system injuries. This study investigates if plasma NfL (pNfL) is elevated early after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and whether such elevation reflects disease severity and day-30 outcome. Methods pNfL was quantified by single molecule array analysis in 103 reference subjects (RS) and in samples from 37 patients with ICH obtained on admission to hospital and at 24-h follow-up. The primary outcome was day-30 mortality. Clinical status on admission was evaluated by standardized scoring systems. Results Median pNfL among RS was 9.6 (interquartile range [IQR] 6.2) pg/mL. Upon admission, ICH patients had pNfL of 19.8 (IQR 30.7) pg/mL increasing to 35.9 (IQR 44.5) pg/mL at 24 h (all, p < 0.001). On admission, pNfL was higher among ICH non-survivors than survivors (119.2 [IQR 152.6] pg/mL vs. 15.7 [IQR 19.6] pg/mL, p < 0.01) and this difference was observed also on 24 h follow-up (195.1 [IQR 73.9] pg/mL vs. 31.3 [IQR 27.8] pg/mL, p < 0.01). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) for discrimination of day-30 mortality was significant on admission (AUC = 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56-1.0) and increased on 24-h follow-up (AUC = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.84-1.0). The odds ratio (OR) for death, by each quartile increase in pNfL was significant both on admission (OR = 4.52, 95% CI: 1.32-15.48) and after 24-h follow-up (OR = 9.52, 95% CI: 1.26-71.74). Conclusions PNfL is associated with day-30 mortality after spontaneous ICH when early after the ictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Vinter Bodker Hviid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark, Phone: +45 78455252
| | - Tua Gyldenholm
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Signe Voigt Lauridsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Hjort
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tina Parkner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Hvas CL, Lauridsen SV, Pedersen ES, Gyldenholm T, Hvas AM. Ex vivo effect of hemostatic therapy in subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage. Thromb Res 2020; 189:42-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hviid CVB, Lauridsen SV, Gyldenholm T, Sunde N, Parkner T, Hvas AM. Plasma Neurofilament Light Chain Is Associated with Poor Functional Outcome and Mortality Rate After Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:671-677. [PMID: 31808039 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The initial clinical status after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an important outcome predictor, but the mechanisms behind the early brain injury (EBI) remains incompletely understood. Elevated neurofilament levels in the cerebrospinal fluid at protracted stages after SAH are associated with poor outcome, but the potential association between plasma neurofilament (pNfL) levels during EBI, disease severity on admission, and poor outcome remains unaddressed. Plasma NfL (pNfL) was measured by single molecule array in 44 SAH patients on admission and 24 h after ictus, as well as in 44 controls. Disease severity on admission was assessed by validated scoring systems, and day 30 modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was registered. Admission levels of pNfL correlated with clinical disease severity scores (rho = 0.43, p < 0.01 and rho = 0.48, p < 0.001) as well as day 30 mRS score (rho = 0.53, p < 0.001). Each quartile increase in pNfL was independently associated with poor functional status (mRS > 4) [odds ratio = 1.98, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-3.88, p = 0.05]. Non-survivors had higher pNfL than survivors; on admission [17.6 pg/mL (IQR 11.4) vs. 8.4 pg/mL (IQR: 8.9), p < 0.01] and 24 h after ictus [29.9 pg/mL (IQR 90.4) vs 7.8 pg/mL (IQR 26.9), p = 0.01]. Each quartile increase in pNfL was independently associated with reduced survival rate [log-rank = 0.02, hazard ratio = 2.29 (95% CI): 1.15-4.57), p = 0.02]. PNfL levels are associated with disease severity during the EBI phase of SAH. Higher pNfL levels during EBI are associated with poor functional outcome on day 30 after ictus and increased mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Vinter Bodker Hviid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Signe Voigt Lauridsen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tua Gyldenholm
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Sunde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tina Parkner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Lauridsen SV, Hvas CL, Sandgaard E, Gyldenholm T, Mikkelsen R, Obbekjær T, Sunde N, Tønnesen EK, Hvas AM. Thromboelastometry Shows Early Hypercoagulation in Patients with Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 2019; 130:e140-e149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sandgaard E, Troldborg A, Lauridsen SV, Gyldenholm T, Thiel S, Hvas AM. Changes in the Lectin Pathway Following Intracerebral or Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:78-87. [PMID: 29675579 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that the complement system is activated after occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The role of the lectin pathway (LP) of the complement system in this activation has only scarcely been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the plasma concentration of the LP proteins in patients with ICH or SAH at admission compared to healthy individuals. Secondly, ICH and SAH patients were followed during the initial 24 h of disease, to investigate changes in LP protein concentrations during the critical acute phase. This prospective, observational study included 30 ICH and 33 SAH patients. EDTA plasma samples were collected at admission, 6 and 24 h after symptom onset. Time-resolved immuno-flourometric assays (TRIFMA) were used to measure all proteins of the LP in patient samples and in samples from age- and gender-matched healthy individuals. Compared to healthy individuals, ICH and SAH patients had increased levels of H-ficolin (p = 0.04, p = 0.03), M-ficolin (both p < 0.0001), and MAp44 (both p = 0.01) at admission. M-ficolin, H-ficolin, CL-L1, MASP-1, MASP-3, and MAp44 decreased significantly in both ICH and SAH patients during the initial 24 h after symptom onset. In conclusion, we observed significant differences in lectin pathway protein concentrations between patients with ICH or SAH and healthy individuals. Significant dynamics in lectin pathway protein levels were demonstrated during the initial 24 h after symptom onset. This indicates a potential role of the LP proteins during the acute phase of SAH and ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sandgaard
- Centre for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - A Troldborg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S V Lauridsen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - T Gyldenholm
- Centre for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - S Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- Centre for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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Lauridsen SV, Hvas AM, Sandgaard E, Gyldenholm T, Rahbek C, Hjort N, Tønnesen EK, Hvas CL. Coagulation Profile after Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Cohort Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:2951-2961. [PMID: 30072172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes death or disability and the incidence increases with age. Knowledge of acute hemostatic function in patients with ICH without anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy is sparse. Increased knowledge of the coagulation profile in the acute phase of ICH could improve acute treatment and recovery. We investigated coagulation at admission and changes in coagulation during the first 24hours after symptom onset. METHODS Enrolled were 41 ICH patients without anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy admitted to Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Blood samples were collected at admission, 6, and 24hours after symptom onset. Thromboelastometry (ROTEM), thrombin generation, and thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complex were analyzed. Clinical outcome was evaluated using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, the Modified Rankin Score, and mortality. RESULTS At admission, compared with healthy individuals, ICH patients had increased maximum clot firmness (EXTEM P < .0001; INTEM P < .0001; FIBTEM P < .0001), increased platelet maximum clot elasticity (P < .0001) in ROTEM, higher peak thrombin (P < .0001) and endogenous thrombin potential (P = .01) in thrombin generation, and elevated TAT complex levels. During 24hours after significantly, while thrombin generation showed decreased peak thrombin (P < .0001) and endogenous thrombin potential (P < .0001). Coagulation test results did not differ between patients when stratified according to clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS ICH patients without anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy demonstrated activated coagulation at admission and within 24hours after symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- Center for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University, Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emilie Sandgaard
- Center for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University, Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tua Gyldenholm
- Center for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University, Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Rahbek
- Department of Neuroradiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Hjort
- Department of Neurology, Danish Stroke Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Christensen IB, Gyldenholm T, Damkier HH, Praetorius J. Polarization of membrane associated proteins in the choroid plexus epithelium from normal and slc4a10 knockout mice. Front Physiol 2013; 4:344. [PMID: 24348423 PMCID: PMC3842056 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) has served as a model-epithelium for cell polarization and transport studies and plays a crucial role for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. The normal luminal membrane expression of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, aquaporin-1 and Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 in the choroid plexus is severely affected by deletion of the slc4a10 gene that encodes the bicarbonate transporting protein Ncbe/NBCn2. The causes for these deviations from normal epithelial polarization and redistribution following specific gene knockout are unknown, but may be significant for basic epithelial cell biology. Therefore, a more comprehensive analysis of cell polarization in the choroid plexus is warranted. We find that the cytoskeleton in the choroid plexus contains αI-, αII-, βI-, and βII-spectrin isoforms along with the anchoring protein ankyrin-3, most of which are mainly localized in the luminal membrane domain. Furthermore, we find α-adducin localized near the plasma membranes globally, but with only faint expression in the luminal membrane domain. In slc4a10 knockout mice, the abundance of β1 Na(+),K(+)-ATPase subunits in the luminal membrane is markedly reduced. Anion exchanger 2 abundance is increased in slc4a10 knockout and its anchor protein, α-adducin is almost exclusively found near the basolateral domain. The αI- and βI-spectrin abundances are also decreased in the slc4a10 knockout, where the basolateral domain expression of αI-spectrin is exchanged for a strictly luminal domain localization. E-cadherin expression is unchanged in the slc4a10 knockout, while small decreases in abundance are observed for its probable adaptor proteins, the catenins. Interestingly, the abundance of the tight junction protein claudin-2 is significantly reduced in the slc4a10 knockouts, which may critically affect paracellular transport in this epithelium. The observations allow the generation of new hypotheses on basic cell biological paradigms that can be tested experimentally in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga B Christensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tua Gyldenholm
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helle H Damkier
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Praetorius
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
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