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Beidler CD, Smith HM, Alonso A, Andreeva T, Baldzuhn J, Beurskens MNA, Borchardt M, Bozhenkov SA, Brunner KJ, Damm H, Drevlak M, Ford OP, Fuchert G, Geiger J, Helander P, Hergenhahn U, Hirsch M, Höfel U, Kazakov YO, Kleiber R, Krychowiak M, Kwak S, Langenberg A, Laqua HP, Neuner U, Pablant NA, Pasch E, Pavone A, Pedersen TS, Rahbarnia K, Schilling J, Scott ER, Stange T, Svensson J, Thomsen H, Turkin Y, Warmer F, Wolf RC, Zhang D. Publisher Correction: Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X. Nature 2021; 598:E5. [PMID: 34642470 PMCID: PMC8550957 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C D Beidler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - H M Smith
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Alonso
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - T Andreeva
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Baldzuhn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - M Borchardt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S A Bozhenkov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - K J Brunner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Damm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Drevlak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - O P Ford
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Fuchert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Geiger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - P Helander
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Hergenhahn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany.,Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Hirsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Höfel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ye O Kazakov
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics (LPP), École royale militaire/Koninklijke Militaire School (ERM/KMS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Kleiber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Krychowiak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Kwak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Langenberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H P Laqua
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Neuner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - N A Pablant
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - E Pasch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Pavone
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T S Pedersen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - K Rahbarnia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Schilling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - E R Scott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Stange
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Svensson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Thomsen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Y Turkin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - F Warmer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - R C Wolf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
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Beidler CD, Smith HM, Alonso A, Andreeva T, Baldzuhn J, Beurskens MNA, Borchardt M, Bozhenkov SA, Brunner KJ, Damm H, Drevlak M, Ford OP, Fuchert G, Geiger J, Helander P, Hergenhahn U, Hirsch M, Höfel U, Kazakov YO, Kleiber R, Krychowiak M, Kwak S, Langenberg A, Laqua HP, Neuner U, Pablant NA, Pasch E, Pavone A, Pedersen TS, Rahbarnia K, Schilling J, Scott ER, Stange T, Svensson J, Thomsen H, Turkin Y, Warmer F, Wolf RC, Zhang D. Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X. Nature 2021; 596:221-226. [PMID: 34381232 PMCID: PMC8357633 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03687-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Research on magnetic confinement of high-temperature plasmas has the ultimate goal of harnessing nuclear fusion for the production of electricity. Although the tokamak1 is the leading toroidal magnetic-confinement concept, it is not without shortcomings and the fusion community has therefore also pursued alternative concepts such as the stellarator. Unlike axisymmetric tokamaks, stellarators possess a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field geometry. The availability of this additional dimension opens up an extensive configuration space for computational optimization of both the field geometry itself and the current-carrying coils that produce it. Such an optimization was undertaken in designing Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X)2, a large helical-axis advanced stellarator (HELIAS), which began operation in 2015 at Greifswald, Germany. A major drawback of 3D magnetic field geometry, however, is that it introduces a strong temperature dependence into the stellarator's non-turbulent 'neoclassical' energy transport. Indeed, such energy losses will become prohibitive in high-temperature reactor plasmas unless a strong reduction of the geometrical factor associated with this transport can be achieved; such a reduction was therefore a principal goal of the design of W7-X. In spite of the modest heating power currently available, W7-X has already been able to achieve high-temperature plasma conditions during its 2017 and 2018 experimental campaigns, producing record values of the fusion triple product for such stellarator plasmas3,4. The triple product of plasma density, ion temperature and energy confinement time is used in fusion research as a figure of merit, as it must attain a certain threshold value before net-energy-producing operation of a reactor becomes possible1,5. Here we demonstrate that such record values provide evidence for reduced neoclassical energy transport in W7-X, as the plasma profiles that produced these results could not have been obtained in stellarators lacking a comparably high level of neoclassical optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Beidler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - H M Smith
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Alonso
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - T Andreeva
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Baldzuhn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - M Borchardt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S A Bozhenkov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - K J Brunner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Damm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Drevlak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - O P Ford
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Fuchert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Geiger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - P Helander
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Hergenhahn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Hirsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Höfel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ye O Kazakov
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics (LPP), École royale militaire/Koninklijke Militaire School (ERM/KMS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Kleiber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Krychowiak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Kwak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Langenberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H P Laqua
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Neuner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - N A Pablant
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - E Pasch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Pavone
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T S Pedersen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - K Rahbarnia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Schilling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - E R Scott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Stange
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Svensson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Thomsen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Y Turkin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - F Warmer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - R C Wolf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
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Endler M, Baldzuhn J, Beidler C, Bosch HS, Bozhenkov S, Buttenschön B, Dinklage A, Fellinger J, Feng Y, Fuchert G, Gao Y, Geiger J, Grulke O, Hartmann D, Jakubowski M, König R, Laqua H, Lazerson S, McNeely P, Naujoks D, Neuner U, Otte M, Pasch E, Sunn Pedersen T, Perseo V, Puig Sitjes A, Rahbarnia K, Rust N, Schmitz O, Spring A, Stange T, von Stechow A, Turkin Y, Wang E, Wolf R. Wendelstein 7-X on the path to long-pulse high-performance operation. Fusion Engineering and Design 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Schmid K, Effenberg F, Dinklage A, Rudischhauser L, Gao Y, Mayer M, Brezinsek S, Geiger J, Fuchert G, Miklos V, Smith H, Turkin Y, Rahbarnia K, Stange T, Ipp K, Brunner J, Neuner U, Pavone A, Hoefel U, Ipp H. Integrated modelling: Coupling of surface evolution and plasma-impurity transport. Nuclear Materials and Energy 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2020.100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Andreeva T, Alonso J, Bozhenkov S, Brandt C, Endler M, Fuchert G, Geiger J, Grahl M, Klinger T, Krychowiak M, Langenberg A, Lazerson S, Neuner U, Rahbarnia K, Pablant N, Pavone A, Schilling J, Schmitt J, Thomsen H, Turkin Y. Equilibrium evaluation for Wendelstein 7-X experiment programs in the first divertor phase. Fusion Engineering and Design 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Drews P, Killer C, Cosfeld J, Knieps A, Brezinsek S, Jakubowski M, Brandt C, Bozhenkov S, Dinklage A, Cai J, Endler M, Hammond K, Henkel M, Gao Y, Geiger J, Grulke O, Höschen D, König R, Krämer-Flecken A, Liang Y, Li Y, Liu S, Niemann H, Nicolai D, Neubauer O, Neuner U, Rack M, Rahbarnia K, Rudischhauser L, Sandri N, Satheeswaran G, Schilling S, Thomsen H, Windisch T, Sereda S. Edge plasma measurements on the OP 1.2a divertor plasmas at W7-X using the combined probe. Nuclear Materials and Energy 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zanini M, Laqua H, Stange T, Brandt C, Hirsch M, Höfel U, Marushchenko N, Neuner U, Rahbarnia K, Schilling J, Thomsen H, Wolf R. ECCD operations in the second experimental campaign at W7-X. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920302013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, up to 7MW of power are delivered to the plasma by an electron cyclotron resonance heating system consisting of ten 140 GHz gyrotrons [1].
Due to the flexible front steering mirror of each beam line, the power deposition can be varied over the whole plasma radius and is optionally combinable with additional current drive. This flexibility, together with small toroidal currents in the stellarator, makes W7-X a perfect testbed for electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) experiments, which have been successfully accomplished during the first two experimental campaigns OP1.1 and OP1.2a.
Long discharges (lasting up to 30s) have been performed in OP1.2a, thus allowing the study of the current drive time evolution and the possibility to compensate the bootstrap current.
ECCD efficiency has been studied using different power deposition profiles combined with a variation of the injection angles in relation to the magnetic field.
During ECCD experiments, saw-tooth-like oscillations have been observed. Depending on the driven current density, ECCD can significantly modify the rotational transform (iota) profile, which can locally reach low order rational, thus triggering plasma instabilities.
Different current density profiles have been tested, in order to try to understand the main trigger parameter for the instabilities. In particular, effects caused by current density gradient have been investigated producing both co- and counter-current drive at different radial positions: the total current drive is negligible, but a strong current gradient arises by driving currents in opposite directions.
In this work an overview of ECCD operations in OP1.2a is given and first results, comparing different diagnostics, are presented. An initial 1-D model, coupled with the ray tracer TRAVIS, is developed, in order to have an estimation of current diffusion times and the radial position where a low order rational crosses the disturbed iota profile.
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Kubkowska M, Czarnecka A, Fornal T, Gruca M, Jabłoński S, Krawczyk N, Ryć L, Burhenn R, Buttenschön B, Geiger B, Grulke O, Langenberg A, Marchuk O, McCarthy KJ, Neuner U, Nicolai D, Pablant N, Schweer B, Thomsen H, Wegner T, Drews P, Hollfeld KP, Killer C, Krings T, Offermanns G, Satheeswaran G, Kunkel F. Plasma impurities observed by a pulse height analysis diagnostic during the divertor campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10F111. [PMID: 30399723 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The paper reports on the optimization process of the soft X-ray pulse height analyzer installed on the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. It is a 3-channel system that records X-ray spectra in the range from 0.6 to 19.6 keV. X-ray spectra, with a temporal and spatial resolution of 100 ms and 2.5 cm (depending on selected slit sizes), respectively, are line integrated along a line-of-sight that crosses near to the plasma center. In the second W7-X operation phase with a carbon test divertor unit, light impurities, e.g., carbon and oxygen, were observed as well as mid- to high-Z elements, e.g., sulfur, chlorine, chromium, manganese, iron, and nickel. In addition, X-ray lines from several tracer elements have been observed after the laser blow-off injection of different impurities, e.g., silicon, titanium, and iron, and during discharges with prefill or a gas puff of neon or argon. These measurements were achieved by optimizing light absorber-foil selection, which defines the detected energy range, and remotely controlled pinhole size, which defines photon flux. The identification of X-ray lines was confirmed by other spectroscopic diagnostics, e.g., by the High-Efficiency XUV Overview Spectrometer, HEXOS, and high-resolution X-ray imaging spectrometer, HR-XIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kubkowska
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Czarnecka
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Fornal
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Gruca
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - S Jabłoński
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - N Krawczyk
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Ryć
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - R Burhenn
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Buttenschön
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Geiger
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - O Grulke
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Langenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - O Marchuk
- Forschungszentrum, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - K J McCarthy
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - U Neuner
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Nicolai
- Forschungszentrum, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - N Pablant
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - B Schweer
- Forschungszentrum, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - H Thomsen
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Th Wegner
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - P Drews
- Forschungszentrum, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | | | - C Killer
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Th Krings
- Forschungszentrum, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | | | | | - F Kunkel
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
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9
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Wegner T, Geiger B, Kunkel F, Burhenn R, Schröder T, Biedermann C, Buttenschön B, Cseh G, Drews P, Grulke O, Hollfeld K, Killer C, Kocsis G, Krings T, Langenberg A, Marchuk O, Neuner U, Nicolai D, Offermanns G, Pablant NA, Rahbarnia K, Satheeswaran G, Schilling J, Schweer B, Szepesi T, Thomsen H. Design, capabilities, and first results of the new laser blow-off system on Wendelstein 7-X. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:073505. [PMID: 30068134 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed overview and first results of the new laser blow-off system on the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X. The system allows impurity transport studies by the repetitive and controlled injection of different tracer ions into the plasma edge. A Nd:YAG laser is used to ablate a thin metal film, coated on a glass plate, with a repetition rate of up to 20 Hz. A remote-controlled adjustable optical system allows the variation of the laser spot diameter and enables the spot positioning to non-ablated areas on the target between laser pulses. During first experiments, clear spectral lines from higher ionization stages of the tracer ions have been observed in the X-ray to the extreme ultraviolet spectral range. The temporal behavior of the measured emission allows the estimate of transport properties, e.g., impurity transport times in the order of 100 ms. Although the strong injection of impurities is well detectable, the global plasma parameters are barely changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Th Wegner
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Geiger
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - F Kunkel
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Burhenn
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Schröder
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - C Biedermann
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Buttenschön
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Cseh
- Wigner Research Center for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - P Drews
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - O Grulke
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - K Hollfeld
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - C Killer
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Kocsis
- Wigner Research Center for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Krings
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A Langenberg
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - O Marchuk
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - U Neuner
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Nicolai
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | - N A Pablant
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - K Rahbarnia
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - J Schilling
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Schweer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - T Szepesi
- Wigner Research Center for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - H Thomsen
- Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
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Krychowiak M, Adnan A, Alonso A, Andreeva T, Baldzuhn J, Barbui T, Beurskens M, Biel W, Biedermann C, Blackwell BD, Bosch HS, Bozhenkov S, Brakel R, Bräuer T, Brotas de Carvalho B, Burhenn R, Buttenschön B, Cappa A, Cseh G, Czarnecka A, Dinklage A, Drews P, Dzikowicka A, Effenberg F, Endler M, Erckmann V, Estrada T, Ford O, Fornal T, Frerichs H, Fuchert G, Geiger J, Grulke O, Harris JH, Hartfuß HJ, Hartmann D, Hathiramani D, Hirsch M, Höfel U, Jabłoński S, Jakubowski MW, Kaczmarczyk J, Klinger T, Klose S, Knauer J, Kocsis G, König R, Kornejew P, Krämer-Flecken A, Krawczyk N, Kremeyer T, Książek I, Kubkowska M, Langenberg A, Laqua HP, Laux M, Lazerson S, Liang Y, Liu SC, Lorenz A, Marchuk AO, Marsen S, Moncada V, Naujoks D, Neilson H, Neubauer O, Neuner U, Niemann H, Oosterbeek JW, Otte M, Pablant N, Pasch E, Sunn Pedersen T, Pisano F, Rahbarnia K, Ryć L, Schmitz O, Schmuck S, Schneider W, Schröder T, Schuhmacher H, Schweer B, Standley B, Stange T, Stephey L, Svensson J, Szabolics T, Szepesi T, Thomsen H, Travere JM, Trimino Mora H, Tsuchiya H, Weir GM, Wenzel U, Werner A, Wiegel B, Windisch T, Wolf R, Wurden GA, Zhang D, Zimbal A, Zoletnik S. Overview of diagnostic performance and results for the first operation phase in Wendelstein 7-X (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D304. [PMID: 27910389 DOI: 10.1063/1.4964376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wendelstein 7-X, a superconducting optimized stellarator built in Greifswald/Germany, started its first plasmas with the last closed flux surface (LCFS) defined by 5 uncooled graphite limiters in December 2015. At the end of the 10 weeks long experimental campaign (OP1.1) more than 20 independent diagnostic systems were in operation, allowing detailed studies of many interesting plasma phenomena. For example, fast neutral gas manometers supported by video cameras (including one fast-frame camera with frame rates of tens of kHz) as well as visible cameras with different interference filters, with field of views covering all ten half-modules of the stellarator, discovered a MARFE-like radiation zone on the inboard side of machine module 4. This structure is presumably triggered by an inadvertent plasma-wall interaction in module 4 resulting in a high impurity influx that terminates some discharges by radiation cooling. The main plasma parameters achieved in OP1.1 exceeded predicted values in discharges of a length reaching 6 s. Although OP1.1 is characterized by short pulses, many of the diagnostics are already designed for quasi-steady state operation of 30 min discharges heated at 10 MW of ECRH. An overview of diagnostic performance for OP1.1 is given, including some highlights from the physics campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krychowiak
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Adnan
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Alonso
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - T Andreeva
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Baldzuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Barbui
- University of Wisconsin, Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Beurskens
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - W Biel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - C Biedermann
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B D Blackwell
- Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601 Canberra, Australia
| | - H S Bosch
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Bozhenkov
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Brakel
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Bräuer
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Brotas de Carvalho
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Avenue Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Burhenn
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Buttenschön
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Cappa
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Cseh
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Czarnecka
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Dinklage
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - P Drews
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A Dzikowicka
- University of Szczecin, al. Papieża Jana Pawła II 22A, Szczecin, Poland
| | - F Effenberg
- University of Wisconsin, Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Endler
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - V Erckmann
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Estrada
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - O Ford
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Fornal
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - H Frerichs
- University of Wisconsin, Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G Fuchert
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Geiger
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - O Grulke
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J H Harris
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - H J Hartfuß
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Hathiramani
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Hirsch
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Höfel
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Jabłoński
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M W Jakubowski
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Kaczmarczyk
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Klinger
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Klose
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Knauer
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Kocsis
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - R König
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - P Kornejew
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Krämer-Flecken
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - N Krawczyk
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Kremeyer
- University of Wisconsin, Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - I Książek
- Opole University, pl. Kopernika 11a, 45-040 Opole, Poland
| | - M Kubkowska
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Langenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - H P Laqua
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Laux
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Lazerson
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Y Liang
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - S C Liu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A Lorenz
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A O Marchuk
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - S Marsen
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - V Moncada
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - D Naujoks
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Neilson
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - O Neubauer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - U Neuner
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Niemann
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J W Oosterbeek
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M Otte
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - N Pablant
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - E Pasch
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Sunn Pedersen
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - F Pisano
- University of Cagliari, Via Università, 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - K Rahbarnia
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - L Ryć
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery Street 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - O Schmitz
- University of Wisconsin, Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Schmuck
- Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - W Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Schröder
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Schuhmacher
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - B Schweer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - B Standley
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Stange
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - L Stephey
- University of Wisconsin, Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Svensson
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Szabolics
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Szepesi
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - H Thomsen
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J-M Travere
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - H Trimino Mora
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Tsuchiya
- NIFS National Institute for Fusion Science, 322-6 Oroshi-cho, Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - G M Weir
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Wenzel
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Werner
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Wiegel
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - T Windisch
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - G A Wurden
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Zimbal
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S Zoletnik
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
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Endler M, Brucker B, Bykov V, Cardella A, Carls A, Dobmeier F, Dudek A, Fellinger J, Geiger J, Grosser K, Grulke O, Hartmann D, Hathiramani D, Höchel K, Köppen M, Laube R, Neuner U, Peng X, Rahbarnia K, Rummel K, Sieber T, Thiel S, Vorköper A, Werner A, Windisch T, Ye M. Engineering design for the magnetic diagnostics of Wendelstein 7-X. Fusion Engineering and Design 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hartmann D, Krampitz R, Damiani C, Neuner U, Schauer F. Wendelstein 7-X Torus Hall Layout and System Integration. Fusion Engineering and Design 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Tahir NA, Hoffmann DH, Kozyreva A, Tauschwitz A, Shutov A, Maruhn JA, Spiller P, Neuner U, Jacoby J, Roth M, Bock R, Juranek H, Redmer R. Metallization of hydrogen using heavy-ion-beam implosion of multilayered cylindrical targets. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 63:016402. [PMID: 11304360 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.63.016402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Employing a two-dimensional simulation model, this paper presents a suitable design for an experiment to study metallization of hydrogen in a heavy-ion beam imploded multilayered cylindrical target that contains a layer of frozen hydrogen. Such an experiment will be carried out at the upgraded heavy-ion synchrotron facility (SIS-18) at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt by the end of the year 2001. In these calculations we consider a uranium beam that will be available at the upgraded SIS-18. Our calculations show that it may be possible to achieve theoretically predicted physical conditions necessary to create metallic hydrogen in such experiments. These include a density of about 1 g/cm(3), a pressure of 3-5 Mbar, and a temperature of a few 0.1 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Tahir
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgarten Strasse 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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14
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Neuner U, Bock R, Roth M, Spiller P, Constantin C, Funk UN, Geissel M, Hakuli S, Hoffmann DH, Jacoby J, Kozyreva A, Tahir NA, Udrea S, Varentsov D, Tauschwitz A. Shaping of intense ion beams into hollow cylindrical form. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 85:4518-4521. [PMID: 11082585 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.4518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A specifically tailored plasma lens could shape a high-energy, heavy-ion beam into the form of a hollow cylinder without loss of beam intensity. It has been experimentally confirmed that both a positive as well as a negative radial gradient of the current density in the active plasma lens can be the underlying principle. Calculations were performed that yield the ideal current density distribution for both cases. A numerical simulation of an experiment with an intense ion beam highlights that the shaping of the beam increases the achievable compression in a lead sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Neuner
- GSI Darmstadt mbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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Tahir NA, Hoffmann DH, Kozyreva A, Shutov A, Maruhn JA, Neuner U, Tauschwitz A, Spiller P, Bock R. Equation-of-state properties of high-energy-density matter using intense heavy ion beams with an annular focal spot. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 2000; 62:1224-1233. [PMID: 11088581 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents two-dimensional numerical simulations of the hydrodynamic response of solid as well as hollow cylindrical targets made of lead that are irradiated by an intense beam of uranium ions which has an annular focal spot. Using a particle tracking computer code, it has been shown that a plasma lens can generate such a beam with parameters used in the calculations presented in this paper. The total number of particles in the beam is 2x10(11) and the particle energy is about 200 MeV/u that means a total energy of approximately 1.5 kJ. This energy is delivered in a pulse that is 50 ns long. These beam parameters lead to a specific energy deposition of 50-100 kJ/g and a specific power deposition of 1-2 TW/g in solid matter. These calculations show that in case of the solid lead cylinder, it may be possible to achieve more than 4 times solid lead density along the cylinder axis at the time of maximum compression. The pressure in the compressed region is about 20 Mbar and the temperature is a few eV. In the case of a hollow cylinder, one also achieves the same degree of compression but now the temperature in the compressed region is much higher (over 10 eV). Such samples of highly compressed matter can be used to study the equation-of-state properties of high-energy-density matter. It is expected that by the end of the year 2001, after completion of the upgrade of the existing facilities, the above beam parameters will be available at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt. This will open up the possibility to carry out very interesting experiments on a number of important problems including the investigation of the EOS of high-energy-density matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- NA Tahir
- Institut fur Kernphysik, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Schlossgarten Strasse 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Tahir NA, Hoffmann DH, Kozyreva A, Shutov A, Maruhn JA, Neuner U, Tauschwitz A, Spiller P, Bock R. Shock compression of condensed matter using intense beams of energetic heavy ions. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 2000; 61:1975-1980. [PMID: 11046484 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/1999] [Revised: 10/05/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper is presented, with the help of sophisticated two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, a suitable design with optimized parameters for a heavy-ion beam-matter interaction experiment that will be carried out at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) Darmstadt by the end of the year 2001 when the upgrade of the existing accelerator facility will be completed. Our simulations show that this upgraded heavy-ion beam is capable of generating strong shocks in solid targets that compress the target material to supersolid densities and generate multi-mbar pressures. This will open up, at the GSI, the possibility of investigation of the equation-of-state properties of matter under such extreme conditions. Numerical simulations can predict the experimental results with reasonable accuracy, which is helpful in designing the diagnostic tools for the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- NA Tahir
- Institut fur Kernphysik, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Schlossgarten Strasse 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Neuner U, Horioka K, Nakajima M, Ogawa M, Oguri Y, Takizawa M, Yamauchi S. Performance of a carbon plasma stripper for intense beams. Fusion Engineering and Design 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(98)00338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ogawa M, Neuner U, Sakumi A, Hasegawa J, Sasa K, Horioka K, Oguri Y, Hattori T, Shiho M, Miyamoto S. Heavy ion beam inertial confinement fusion studies in TIT. Fusion Engineering and Design 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(98)00347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Spiller P, Stetter M, Stöwe S, Neuner U, Wollnik H, Winkler M, Muller R, Hofmann I. Final beam transport and the application of high current pulsed quadrupole lenses for focusing in an inertial confinement fusion test facility. Fusion Engineering and Design 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(96)00494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Stetter M, Neuner U, Stöwe S, Dornik M, Hoffmann D, Kowalewicz R, Spiller P, Tauschwitz A. The high current plasma lens: investigations of fine focusing of high energy heavy ion beams. Fusion Engineering and Design 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(96)00506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stetter M, Christiansen J, Neuner U, Stöwe S, Tkotz R, Wagner T, Boggasch E, Tauschwitz A, Hoffmann DHH, Spiller P. Development of a plasma lens as a fine focusing lens for heavy-ion beams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02821273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Tauschwitz A, Boggasch E, Hoffmann DHH, de Magistris M, Neuner U, Stetter M, Tkotz R, Wagner T, Seelig W, Wetzler H. The plasma lens solution for heavy-ion beam focusing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02821274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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