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Roshan U, Mudugamuwa A, Cha H, Hettiarachchi S, Zhang J, Nguyen NT. Actuation for flexible and stretchable microdevices. Lab Chip 2024; 24:2146-2175. [PMID: 38507292 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01086d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable microdevices incorporate highly deformable structures, facilitating precise functionality at the micro- and millimetre scale. Flexible microdevices have showcased extensive utility in the fields of biomedicine, microfluidics, and soft robotics. Actuation plays a critical role in transforming energy between different forms, ensuring the effective operation of devices. However, when it comes to actuating flexible microdevices at the small millimetre or even microscale, translating actuation mechanisms from conventional rigid large-scale devices is not straightforward. The recent development of actuation mechanisms leverages the benefits of device flexibility, particularly in transforming conventional actuation concepts into more efficient approaches for flexible devices. Despite many reviews on soft robotics, flexible electronics, and flexible microfluidics, a specific and systematic review of the actuation mechanisms for flexible and stretchable microdevices is still lacking. Therefore, the present review aims to address this gap by providing a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art actuation mechanisms for flexible and stretchable microdevices. We elaborate on the different actuation mechanisms based on fluid pressure, electric, magnetic, mechanical, and chemical sources, thoroughly examining and comparing the structure designs, characteristics, performance, advantages, and drawbacks of these diverse actuation mechanisms. Furthermore, the review explores the pivotal role of materials and fabrication techniques in the development of flexible and stretchable microdevices. Finally, we summarise the applications of these devices in biomedicine and soft robotics and provide perspectives on current and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uditha Roshan
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Amith Mudugamuwa
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Samith Hettiarachchi
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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Konara M, Mudugamuwa A, Dodampegama S, Roshan U, Amarasinghe R, Dao DV. Formation Techniques Used in Shape-Forming Microrobotic Systems with Multiple Microrobots: A Review. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:mi13111987. [PMID: 36422416 PMCID: PMC9699214 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple robots are used in robotic applications to achieve tasks that are impossible to perform as individual robotic modules. At the microscale/nanoscale, controlling multiple robots is difficult due to the limitations of fabrication technologies and the availability of on-board controllers. This highlights the requirement of different approaches compared to macro systems for a group of microrobotic systems. Current microrobotic systems have the capability to form different configurations, either as a collectively actuated swarm or a selectively actuated group of agents. Magnetic, acoustic, electric, optical, and hybrid methods are reviewed under collective formation methods, and surface anchoring, heterogeneous design, and non-uniform control input are significant in the selective formation of microrobotic systems. In addition, actuation principles play an important role in designing microrobotic systems with multiple microrobots, and the various control systems are also reviewed because they affect the development of such systems at the microscale. Reconfigurability, self-adaptable motion, and enhanced imaging due to the aggregation of modules have shown potential applications specifically in the biomedical sector. This review presents the current state of shape formation using microrobots with regard to forming techniques, actuation principles, and control systems. Finally, the future developments of these systems are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menaka Konara
- Centre for Advanced Mechatronics Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence:
| | - Amith Mudugamuwa
- Centre for Advanced Mechatronics Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Shanuka Dodampegama
- Centre for Advanced Mechatronics Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Uditha Roshan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Ranjith Amarasinghe
- Centre for Advanced Mechatronics Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Dzung Viet Dao
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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Mudugamuwa A, Hettiarachchi S, Melroy G, Dodampegama S, Konara M, Roshan U, Amarasinghe R, Jayathilaka D, Wang P. Vision-Based Performance Analysis of an Active Microfluidic Droplet Generation System Using Droplet Images. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22186900. [PMID: 36146247 PMCID: PMC9503175 DOI: 10.3390/s22186900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses an active droplet generation system, and the presented droplet generator successfully performs droplet generation using two fluid phases: continuous phase fluid and dispersed phase fluid. The performance of an active droplet generation system is analysed based on the droplet morphology using vision sensing and digital image processing. The proposed system in the study includes a droplet generator, camera module with image pre-processing and identification algorithm, and controller and control algorithm with a workstation computer. The overall system is able to control, sense, and analyse the generation of droplets. The main controller consists of a microcontroller, motor controller, voltage regulator, and power supply. Among the morphological features of droplets, the diameter is extracted from the images to observe the system performance. The MATLAB-based image processing algorithm consists of image acquisition, image enhancement, droplet identification, feature extraction, and analysis. RGB band filtering, thresholding, and opening are used in image pre-processing. After the image enhancement, droplet identification is performed by tracing the boundary of the droplets. The average droplet diameter varied from ~3.05 mm to ~4.04 mm in the experiments, and the average droplet diameter decrement presented a relationship of a second-order polynomial with the droplet generation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amith Mudugamuwa
- Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD) Project—Centre for Advanced Mechatronic Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence:
| | - Samith Hettiarachchi
- Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD) Project—Centre for Advanced Mechatronic Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Gehan Melroy
- Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD) Project—Centre for Advanced Mechatronic Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Shanuka Dodampegama
- Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD) Project—Centre for Advanced Mechatronic Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Menaka Konara
- Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD) Project—Centre for Advanced Mechatronic Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Uditha Roshan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Ranjith Amarasinghe
- Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD) Project—Centre for Advanced Mechatronic Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Dumith Jayathilaka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Peihong Wang
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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Roshan U, Amarasinghe R, Dayananda N. Design and Fabrication of a Minimally Invasive Surgical Device with Customized Shape Memory Alloy Spring Actuator. JRNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2991/jrnal.2018.5.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Abstract
Absolute fast converging phylogenetic reconstruction methods are provably guaranteed to recover the true tree with high probability from sequences that grow only polynomially in the number of leaves, once the edge lengths are bounded arbitrarily from above and below. Only a few methods have been determined to be absolute fast converging; these have all been developed in just the last few years, and most are polynomial time. In this paper, we compare pre-existing fast converging methods as well as some new polynomial time methods that we have developed. Our study, based upon simulating evolution under a wide range of model conditions, establishes that our new methods outperform both neighbor joining and the previous fast converging methods, returning very accurate large trees, when these other methods do poorly.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nakhleh
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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