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Sharma S, Thiriard A, Olislagers V, Lechien JR, Jurion MH, Delforge ML, Marchant A, Saussez S. Mucosal antibody response and SARS-CoV-2 shedding in patients with COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29398. [PMID: 38235905 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) was one of the most common symptom of infection with the Wuhan strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and could persist for several months after symptom onset. The pathogenesis of prolonged OD remains poorly understood but probably involves sustained viral replication associated with limited mucosal immune response to the virus. This prospective study was conducted to investigate the potential relationship between nasal SARS-CoV-2 viral load and antibody levels in patients with loss of smell. One hundred and five patients were recruited 2 weeks after presenting with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 associated OD. Based on the identification sniffing test performed at enrollment, 52 patients were still anosmic or hyposmic and 53 were normosmic. SARS-CoV-2 was detectable in nasal wash of about 50% of anosmic and normosmic patients. Higher viral load was detected in anosmic patients with lower levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific nasal immunoglobulins (Ig) IgG and IgA. This association was not observed in normosmic patients. No relationship between nasal viral load and antibodies to endemic coronaviruses was observed. SARS-CoV-2 replication in the nasal cavity may be promoted by defective mucosal antibody responses in patients with OD. Boosting mucosal immunity may limit nasal SARS-CoV-2 replication and thereby help in the control of persistent OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpee Sharma
- European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology, ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anaïs Thiriard
- European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology, ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Olislagers
- European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology, ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jerome R Lechien
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young Otolaryngologists, The International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium
| | - Marie-Hélène Jurion
- National Reference Center for Congenital Infections, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Luce Delforge
- National Reference Center for Congenital Infections, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology, ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sven Saussez
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young Otolaryngologists, The International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium
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2
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Tomasi L, Thiriard A, Heyndrickx L, Georges D, Van den Wijngaert S, Olislagers V, Sharma S, Matagne A, Ackerman ME, Ariën KK, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A. Younger Children Develop Higher Effector Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac554. [PMCID: PMC9709628 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The basis of the less severe clinical presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children as compared with adults remains incompletely understood. Studies have suggested that a more potent boosting of immunity to endemic common cold coronaviruses (HCoVs) may protect children.
Methods
To test this hypothesis, we conducted a detailed analysis of antibodies induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children aged 2 months to 14 years.
Results
Younger children had higher titers of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD), S1 but not S2 domain, and total spike (S) protein, higher avidity RBD immunoglobulin G, and higher titers of neutralizing and complement-activating antibodies as compared with older children. In contrast, older children had higher titers of antibodies to HCoVs, which correlated with antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 S2 domain but not with neutralizing or complement-activating antibodies.
Conclusions
These results reveal a unique capacity of young children to develop effector antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection independently of their immunity to HCoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tomasi
- Pediatric Department, Saint-Pierre Hospital , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Anais Thiriard
- Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB-Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Daphnée Georges
- Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB-Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Protein Folding, Centre for Protein Engineering, InBioS, University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
| | | | - Véronique Olislagers
- Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB-Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
| | - Shilpee Sharma
- Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB-Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
| | - André Matagne
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Protein Folding, Centre for Protein Engineering, InBioS, University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire , USA
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Pediatric Department, Saint-Pierre Hospital , Brussels , Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB-Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, and ULB-Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
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Lavis P, Morra S, Orte Cano C, Albayrak N, Corbière V, Olislagers V, Dauby N, Del Marmol V, Marchant A, Decaestecker C, Mascart F, De Vos N, Van de Borne P, Salmon I, Remmelink M, Parmentier M, Cardozo AK, Bondue B. Chemerin plasma levels are increased in COVID-19 patients and are an independent risk factor of mortality. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941663. [PMID: 36032171 PMCID: PMC9412239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chemerin is an extracellular protein with chemotactic activities and its expression is increased in various diseases such as metabolic syndrome and inflammatory conditions. Its role in lung pathology has not yet been extensively studied but both known pro- and anti-inflammatory properties have been observed. The aim of our study was to evaluate the involvement of the chemerin/ChemR23 system in the physiopathology of COVID-19 with a particular focus on its prognostic value. Methods Blood samples from confirmed COVID-19 patients were collected at day 1, 5 and 14 from admission to Erasme Hospital (Brussels – Belgium). Chemerin concentrations and inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed in the plasma. Blood cells subtypes and their expression of ChemR23 were determined by flow cytometry. The expression of chemerin and ChemR23 was evaluated on lung tissue from autopsied COVID-19 patients by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results 21 healthy controls (HC) and 88 COVID-19 patients, including 40 in intensive care unit (ICU) were included. Plasma chemerin concentration were significantly higher in ICU patients than in HC at all time-points analyzed (p<0.0001). Moreover, they were higher in deceased patients compared to survivors (p<0.05). Logistic univariate regression and multivariate analysis demonstrated that chemerin level at day 14 of admission was an independent risk factor for death. Accordingly, chemerin levels correlated with inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor α. Finally, IHC analysis revealed a strong expression of ChemR23 on smooth muscle cells and chemerin on myofibroblasts in advanced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Discussion Increased plasma chemerin levels are a marker of severity and may predict death of COVID-19 patients. However, multicentric studies are needed, before chemerin can be considered as a biomarker of severity and death used in daily clinical practice. Further studies are also necessary to identify the precise mechanisms of the chemerin/ChemR23 system in ARDS secondary to viral pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philomène Lavis
- Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- I.R.I.B.H.M., Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofia Morra
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carmen Orte Cano
- Department of Dermatology, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nurhan Albayrak
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Corbière
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Olislagers
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dauby
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Infectious Diseases, C.H.U. Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Del Marmol
- Department of Dermatology, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Decaestecker
- DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Mascart
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Vos
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, LHUB-ULB, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Van de Borne
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Translational Research in Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Salmon
- Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- Centre Universitaire inter Régional d’expertise en Anatomie Pathologique Hospitalière, Jumet, Belgium
| | - Myriam Remmelink
- Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Parmentier
- I.R.I.B.H.M., Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Kupper Cardozo
- Inflammation and Cell Death Signalling group, Experimental Gastroenterology Laboratory and Endotools, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Bondue
- I.R.I.B.H.M., Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Bondue,
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4
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Brauns E, Azouz A, Grimaldi D, Xiao H, Thomas S, Nguyen M, Olislagers V, Vu Duc I, Orte Cano C, Del Marmol V, Pannus P, Libert F, Saussez S, Dauby N, Das J, Marchant A, Goriely S. Functional reprogramming of monocytes in acute and convalescent severe COVID-19 patients. JCI Insight 2022; 7:154183. [PMID: 35380990 PMCID: PMC9090263 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 disease is associated with dysregulation of the myeloid compartment during acute infection. Survivors frequently experience long-lasting sequelae, but little is known about the eventual persistence of this immune alteration. Herein, we evaluated TLR-induced cytokine responses in a cohort of mild to critical patients during acute or convalescent phases (n = 97). In the acute phase, we observed impaired cytokine production by monocytes in the patients with the most severe COVID-19. This capacity was globally restored in convalescent patients. However, we observed increased responsiveness to TLR1/2 ligation in patients who recovered from severe disease, indicating that these cells display distinct functional properties at the different stages of the disease. In patients with acute severe COVID-19, we identified a specific transcriptomic and epigenomic state in monocytes that can account for their functional refractoriness. The molecular profile of monocytes from recovering patients was distinct and characterized by increased chromatin accessibility at activating protein 1 (AP1) and MAF loci. These results demonstrate that severe COVID-19 infection has a profound impact on the differentiation status and function of circulating monocytes, during both the acute and the convalescent phases, in a completely distinct manner. This could have important implications for our understanding of short- and long-term COVID-19–related morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Brauns
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Abdulkader Azouz
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Hanxi Xiao
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Séverine Thomas
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muriel Nguyen
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Olislagers
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ines Vu Duc
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Pieter Pannus
- SD Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédérick Libert
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sven Saussez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dauby
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jishnu Das
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Pannus P, Depickère S, Kemlin D, Houben S, Neven KY, Heyndrickx L, Michiels J, Willems E, De Craeye S, Francotte A, Chaumont F, Olislagers V, Waegemans A, Verbrugghe M, Schmickler MN, Van Gucht S, Dierick K, Marchant A, Desombere I, Ariën KK, Goossens ME. Safety and immunogenicity of a reduced dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (REDU-VAC): A single blind, randomized, non-inferiority trial. PLOS Glob Public Health 2022; 2:e0001308. [PMID: 36962838 PMCID: PMC10021431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fractional dosing of COVID-19 vaccines could accelerate vaccination rates in low-income countries. Dose-finding studies of the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) suggest that a fractional dose induces comparable antibody responses to the full dose in people <55 years. Here, we report the safety and immunogenicity of a fractional dose regimen of the BNT162b2 vaccine. REDU-VAC is a participant-blinded, randomised, phase 4, non-inferiority study. Adults 18-55 years old, either previously infected or infection naïve, were randomly assigned to receive 20μg/20μg (fractional dose) or 30μg/30μg (full dose) of BNT162b2. The primary endpoint was the geometric mean ratio (GMR) of SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD IgG titres at 28 days post second dose between the reduced and full dose regimens. The reduced dose was considered non-inferior to the full dose if the lower limit of the two-sided 95% CI of the GMR was >0.67. Primary analysis was done on the per-protocol population, including infection naïve participants only. 145 participants were enrolled and randomized, were mostly female (69.5%), of European origin (95%), with a mean age of 40.4 years (SD 7.9). At 28 days post second dose, the geometric mean titre (GMT) of anti-RBD IgG of the reduced dose regimen (1,705 BAU/mL) was not non-inferior to the full dose regimen (2,387 BAU/mL), with a GMR of 0.714 (two-sided 95% CI 0.540-0.944). No serious adverse events occurred. While non-inferiority of the reduced dose regimen was not demonstrated, the anti-RBD IgG titre was only moderately lower than that of the full dose regimen and, importantly, still markedly higher than the reported antibody response to the licensed adenoviral vector vaccines. These data suggest that reduced doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine may offer additional benefit as compared to the vaccines currently in use in most low and middle-income countries, warranting larger immunogenicity and effectiveness trials. Trial Registration: The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04852861).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Pannus
- Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Depickère
- Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Delphine Kemlin
- Institute for Medical Immunology and ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sarah Houben
- Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristof Y Neven
- Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Michiels
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Willems
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stéphane De Craeye
- Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Francotte
- Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Félicie Chaumont
- Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Olislagers
- Institute for Medical Immunology and ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Waegemans
- Institute for Medical Immunology and ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | | | - Steven Van Gucht
- Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katelijne Dierick
- Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology and ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Desombere
- Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria E Goossens
- Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Saussez S, Sharma S, Thiriard A, Olislagers V, Vu Duc I, Le Bon SD, Khalife M, Hans S, De Riu G, Hopkins C, Lechien JR, Vaira LA, Marchant A. Predictive factors of smell recovery in a clinical series of 288 coronavirus disease 2019 patients with olfactory dysfunction. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:3702-3711. [PMID: 34157187 PMCID: PMC8444937 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim was to evaluate potential predictive factors of smell recovery in a clinical series of 288 patients presenting olfactory dysfunction (OD) related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Potential correlations were sought between epidemiological, clinical and immunological characteristics of patients and the persistence of OD at 60 days. METHODS COVID-19 positive patients presenting OD were prospectively recruited from three European hospitals. Baseline clinical and olfactory evaluations were performed within the first 2 weeks after OD onset and repeated at 30 and 60 days. In a subgroup of patients, anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies were measured in serum, saliva and nasal secretions at 60 days. RESULTS A total of 288 COVID-19 patients with OD were included in the study. Two weeks after the onset of the loss of smell, 52.4% of patients had OD on psychophysical tests, including 113 cases (39.2%) of anosmia and 38 cases (13.2%) of hyposmia. At 60-day follow-up, 25.4% of the patients presented persistent OD. There was no significant correlation between sex, age, viral load on nasopharyngeal swab or COVID-19 severity and poor olfactory outcome. In a subgroup of 63 patients, it was demonstrated that patients with poor olfactory outcomes at 60 days had lower levels of salivary and nasal immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG1, but similar levels of antibodies in the serum. CONCLUSIONS No clinical markers predicted the evolution of OD at 60 days. Patients with poor olfactory outcome at 60 days had lower saliva and nasal antibodies, suggesting a role for local immune responses in the persistence of COVID-19 related OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Saussez
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.,Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium
| | - Shilpee Sharma
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Anaïs Thiriard
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Véronique Olislagers
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Inès Vu Duc
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Serge-D Le Bon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohamad Khalife
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium
| | - Stephane Hans
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France
| | - Giacomo De Riu
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Guy's and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,British Rhinological Society (President), London, UK
| | - Jerome R Lechien
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France
| | - Luigi A Vaira
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Biomedical Science PhD School, Biomedical Science Department, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
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7
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Huygens A, Lecomte S, Tackoen M, Olislagers V, Delmarcelle Y, Burny W, Van Rysselberge M, Liesnard C, Larsen M, Appay V, Donner C, Marchant A. Functional Exhaustion Limits CD4+and CD8+T-Cell Responses to Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:484-94. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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8
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Antoine P, Olislagers V, Huygens A, Lecomte S, Liesnard C, Donner C, Marchant A. Functional exhaustion of CD4+ T lymphocytes during primary cytomegalovirus infection. J Immunol 2012; 189:2665-72. [PMID: 22865914 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human CMV establishes lifelong persistence after primary infection. Chronic CMV infection is associated with intermittent viral reactivation inducing high frequencies of CD4+ T lymphocytes with potent antiviral and helper properties. Primary CMV infection is characterized by an intense viral replication lasting for several months. The impact of this prolonged exposure to high Ag loads on the functionality of CD4+ T cells remains incompletely understood. In pregnant women with primary CMV infection, we observed that CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes had a decreased capacity to proliferate and to produce IL-2. A very large proportion of CMV-specific CD4+ T cells had downregulated the expression of CD28, a costimulatory molecule centrally involved in the production of IL-2. Unexpectedly, both CD28+ and CD28+ CD4+ T cells produced low levels of IL-2. This defective production of IL-2 was part of a larger downregulation of cytokine production. Indeed, CMV-specific CD4+ T cells produced lower amounts of IFN-γ and TNF-α and showed lower functional avidity during primary as compared with chronic infection. Increased programmed death-1 expression was observed in CD28+ CMV-specific CD4+ T cells, and programmed death-1 inhibition increased proliferative responses. These results indicate that primary CMV infection is associated with the exhaustion of CMV-specific CD4+ T cells displaying low functional avidity for viral Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Antoine
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
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Antoine P, Olislagers V, Lecomte S, Liesnard C, Donner C, Marchant A. CD4+ T lymphocyte response to primary CMV infection. Retrovirology 2009. [DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s1-p7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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De Wit D, Tonon S, Olislagers V, Goriely S, Boutriaux M, Goldman M, Willems F. Impaired responses to toll-like receptor 4 and toll-like receptor 3 ligands in human cord blood. J Autoimmun 2004; 21:277-81. [PMID: 14599853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2003.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 signaling pathway plays an essential role in host defense against gram-negative bacteria while TLR-3-mediated signaling is critically involved in anti-viral immunity. To gain insight into the defects responsible for impaired Th1 responses in human newborns, we investigated the responses of human cord blood cells to lipopolysaccharide, LPS, and to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, Poly (I:C), ligands of TLR-4 and TLR-3, respectively. Measurement of cytokine levels revealed a profound defect in IL-12 (p70) synthesis and an increased release of IL-10 in cord blood exposed to LPS or Poly (I:C), as compared to adult blood. Moreover, Poly (I:C)-induced IFN-alpha production was found to be significantly impaired in cord blood. Phenotypic maturation of myeloid DC in response to LPS or Poly (I:C) was next compared in cord and adult blood. We observed that neonatal myeloid DC displayed decreased upregulation of CD40, CD80 whereas CD86 and HLA-DR upregulation did not differ significantly between adults and neonates. Taken together, these findings might be relevant to the increased vulnerability of human newborns to intracellular pathogens and to their inability to develop efficient Th1-type responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique De Wit
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808, Route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
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De Wit D, Olislagers V, Goriely S, Vermeulen F, Wagner H, Goldman M, Willems F. Blood plasmacytoid dendritic cell responses to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are impaired in human newborns. Blood 2003; 103:1030-2. [PMID: 14504106 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-04-1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) respond to unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motifs present in bacterial DNA or unmethylated synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG). In order to assess the function of pDCs in human newborns, interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) production induced by CpG 2216 and phenotypic maturation of pDCs in response to CpG 2006 were compared in cord blood and adult blood. We first observed that neonatal pDCs displayed decreased up-regulation of CD80, CD83, CD86, and CD40, whereas HLA-DR and CD54 up-regulation did not differ significantly between adults and neonates. We then found that the production of IFN-alpha in response to CpG was dramatically impaired in cord blood. This neonatal defect was detected both at protein and mRNA levels and was still present in blood of 4-day-old babies. Further experiments on enriched pDCs confirmed that these cells are intrinsically deficient in CpG-induced IFN-alpha production at birth. These findings might be relevant to the increased susceptibility of human newborns to infections as well as to the use of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as vaccine adjuvants in the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique De Wit
- Hôpital Erasme-Department of Immunology, 808, Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
gamma delta T cells are known to be involved in the innate immune defenses against infectious microorganisms. Herein, we considered that gamma delta T cells could also influence adaptative immunity by interacting with dendritic cells (DC) in the early phase of the immune response. To investigate this hypothesis, gamma delta T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers were cocultured with autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells, which were subsequently analyzed for their expression of key surface molecules and for their production of IL-12. First, we found that gamma delta T cells induced the upregulation of HLA-DR, CD86, and CD83 on DC. This effect did not require cell to cell contact and could be blocked by a neutralizing anti-TNF antibody. We then observed that gamma delta T cells activated by the synthetic phosphoantigen bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP) induced the production of IL-12 (p40) and IL-12 (p70) by DC, an effect that involved IFN-gamma production. The relevance of this finding to DC function was demonstrated by the increased production of IFN-gamma by alloreactive T cells when stimulated in a mixed leucocyte reaction with DC preincubated with activated gamma delta T cells. We conclude that gamma delta T cell activation might result in DC maturation and thereby in enhanced alpha beta T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Ismaili
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Expérimentale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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