Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction processed with different systems for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study on cell proliferation and clinical results

In recent years, the interest in stromal vascular fraction (SVF) therapy for conservative treatment of osteoarthritis has grown significantly. This study aims to assess three different processing systems (micro-fragmentation, filtration, or slow centrifugation) in terms of cell proliferation in vitro and clinical results of intraarticular injections for the treatment of knee OA. From December 2017 to June 2018, 25 procedures were performed using three different systems. A considerable improvement of the clinical condition in almost all patients already one month after the treatment with a stable effect at 6 and 12 months was recorded. Patients treated with SVF, obtained by the micro-fragmentation system, had better outcomes one month after the treatment with a mean improvement of the symptomatology higher than that found in patients treated with the filtration or slow centrifugation system. The SVF product from the same system had a higher cell proliferation capacity in vitro.

Infection after spinal surgery and procedures

Postoperative infections after spinal surgery are a challenging issue, difficult to diagnose and treat, that requires prolonged medical therapy and even surgery. In this paper, we aim to review the current standards in the diagnosis and treatment of post-procedural Spondylodiscitis (SD). We performed a review of the available literature focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic standards of post-procedural SD, both after minimally invasive procedures and open surgery. Spinal infections can occur in less invasive procedures with an incidence ranging from 0.26% to 2.75%. Post-surgical spinal infections range from 2.1% to 8.5% for instrumented surgery, whereas these are less than 1% in open surgery without instrumentation. MRI is currently the most sensitive and specific technique to diagnose postoperative SD. CT guided aspiration culture should be performed in all patients with deep-seated infections with negative blood cultures. Early infections start with wound healing problems within a few weeks from surgery, and the occurrence of fever and an increase in serum markers of inflammation. Late infections often cause chronic pain, implant failure, non-union or wound dehiscence even a long time after surgery. The onset of the infection differentiates the specific treatment. Indeed, in the early postoperative period spinal fusion is not appropriate yet, and the stability of the fusion site only relies on the instrumentation. Therefore, even when suitable, implant removal may lead to undesirable consequences. In chronic infections, on the other hand, implant removal is unlikely to determine instability since the fusion has already been accomplished.

Advances in management of periprosthetic joint infections: an historical prospective study

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of our study is to assess the incidence of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total Knee arthroplasty (TKA), total Hip arthroplasty (THA) and total Shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), to identify risk factors, determine the microbial spectrum and management's outcome.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A case-control, retrospective observational study was performed analyzing patients who developed a PJI after TKA, THA, and TSA from 2000 to 2017 at our hospital. The patient's risk profile was defined extracting from clinical records the following data: sex, age, BMI, type of implant, comorbidity, year of surgery, year of infection, previous intra-articular injection, microbial isolation, medical and surgical management outcome. We include in the "control group" for each "case" at least 3 patients who didn't have a PJI after TJA.

RESULTS

28 patients met all inclusion and exclusion criteria. Comparing the "cases" with "controls" demographics parameters, medical comorbidities and previous intra-articular injection were not associated with an increased risk of PJI. Comparing the "early/delayed group" with "late group", BMI was associated with an increased risk of early/delayed PJI, while demographics parameters, medical comorbidities, and previous intra-articular injection did not significantly increase the risk of PJI. Logistic regression showed that for each BMI unit there was a 20-fold increased risk of early prosthetic infection (OR 1.19, IC 1.03-1.38, p=0.01). Staphylococci were isolated most frequently from pre-operative and intra-operative cultures. Two-stage arthroplasty exchange and surgical debridement resulted in the most performed surgical treatment with a success rate of 88 and 87%.

CONCLUSIONS

Obesity is a risk factor for "early/delayed infection" of TJA. Two-stage arthroplasty exchange, debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention in patients are treatments with a high rate of success in terms of reinfection.

Frailty of the elderly in orthopaedic surgery and body composition changes: the musculoskeletal crosstalk through irisin

In recent years, scientific interest has been developed towards irisin, a novel molecule of the family of myokines, which is directly involved in body mass composition balance, chronic diseases susceptibility and physiologic resilience to stressful events, including surgery. In the context of musculoskeletal disease, the role of this molecule has been associated to the balance of lean and fatty mass, and the production of irisin is subordinated to a healthy lifestyle and exercise. The mechanism of action of irisin on tissues is complex, and several studies described the molecular pathways in animal model and human subjects. In particular, in adipose cells, the key-role of irisin is to stimulate the differentiation of white adipose tissue to brown adipose tissue, through the action on the uncoupling protein 1. Furthermore, in the bony tissue, irisin stimulates osteogenesis through expression of Sost and Opn genes. These features make irisin a suitable molecule to use as a biomarker of the overall musculoskeletal health of the elderly, before undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Further research on this topic should be carried out to highlight the possible clinical role and predictive value of irisin in a multidisciplinary approach to the elderly before musculoskeletal surgery.

Validation of a novel smart drilling system to monitor bone impedance during transpedicular screw placement: a pilot study

Transpedicular screw placement is a high-risk procedure routinely performed in spine surgery. To decrease the rate of complications, it is necessary to find innovative solutions to assist the surgeon during screw insertion so as to avoid the chance of mispositioning. In this study, we developed a new drilling system able to estimate the mechanical properties of drilled tissues. Several investigations show that cortical bone requires a high level of thrust force and torque during drilling compared to trabecular bone. To implement an algorithm for bony breakthrough detection, a new drilling system has been built together with a mechanical support to drill the pedicle along a pre-planned trajectory. The mechanical support is equipped with a smart rotative drill that embeds force and position sensors. Ten human vertebral segments have been used to test the surgical platform, for percutaneous bone drilling. 10 transpedicular holes from L1 to L5 have been performed bilaterally. The holes were further evaluated by computed tomographic scans to measure bone density in the cortical and in the trabecular layers. To compare bone density with the bony mechanical impedance two new parameters (DHU and DPAI) have been introduced. The results show that in 18 out of 20 cases the D values of bone density and mechanical impedance, related to the same bone transition, differ less than 10%. The proposed system is thus able to evaluate the variation of bone density of the cortical and the trabecular layer using impedance. Therefore, it is possible to use the described system to increase the accuracy of transpedicular screw placement.

Osseointegration for lower and upper-limb amputation a systematic review of clinical outcomes and complications

The conventional use of prosthetic custom-design socket is affected by discomfort related to wellknown problems: sweating, sores or skin irritation, excessive weight and harness, impaired body image, that lead to a high rate of abandonment. Osseointegrated prosthetic implants for limb amputation are progressively evolving to overcome limitations of socket. The aim of this article is to present a systematic review of the use, safety in terms of rate of infection and complications, and reported outcomes of upper and lower limb osseointegrated prosthetic implants. A systematic search was carried out for studies that evaluated outcomes of osseointegration technique in case of upper and lower limb amputees according to the PRISMA guidelines with a PRISMA checklist and algorithm. MINORS score was used for methodologic assessment. 17 articles about the treatment of patients with upper or lower limb amputation treated with an osseointegrated prostesis were included. The overall rate of infections was 32%. All the clinical outcomes reported were related to lower limb. No clinical data for upper limb was found. The postoperative mean value of MCS and PCS SF-36 and Q-TFA was 55.1, 45.4 and 73.8 respectively, while six minute walk test (6MWT) and the timed up and go (TUG) test scored an average value of 388 meters and 11.5 seconds respectively. MINORS score ranged from 5 to 13, with a median of 11 [interquartile range (IQR), 9-11]. The osseointegration is associated to a high rate of postoperative complications but, significant improvement in clinical outcomes compared to preoperative time are shown. The data available from the literature are limited but suggest good clinical outcomes and significant survivorship of the implants. Further clinical studies are needed to establish which kind of implant is associated to higher clinical performance and lower rate of postoperative complications and infections.

Weil osteotomy for the treatment of grade III hallux rigidus: a case series

Hallux rigidus (HR) is one of the most common pathologies of the forefoot. The conservative treatment is indicated for early stages, while surgical treatment is required for advanced osteoarthritis and rigidity. Surgical treatment of advanced stages of HR is still controversial and includes joint-destructive procedures such as arthrodesis and arthroplasty, Weil osteotomy for decompression of the joint space may be a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of grade III HR. Twenty-four patients that underwent Weil osteotomy for Grade III HR were retrospectively reviewed. American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS), ROM and a subjective 5-point satisfaction scale were evaluated preoperatively, at 1 year, and at a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Joint space width and metatarsal length were assessed through radiographic examination preoperatively, immediately postoperatively and at 2 years follow up. AOFAS score was 45.1±3.9 preoperatively, 84.9±6.4 at 1 year and 73.7±6.2 at two years of follow up. All patients were satisfied with the procedure at 2 years follow up. Mean ROM increased from 35.1° (range, 10°- 50°) preoperatively to 80.3° (range, 60°-90°) at 1 year. Mean dorsiflexion increased from 5° (range 0° to 10°) preoperatively to 15° (range 7° to 23°) at 1 year. Both total ROM and dorsiflexion values remained constant at 2 years. The joint space was 0.5±0.9 mm preoperatively, 2.0±1.9 mm at 1 year and 1.5±1.2 mm at 2 years. The average metatarsal shortening was 2±1.4 mm. Weil osteotomy alone can be beneficial for the treatment of patients affected by advanced HR. It can improve clinical and radiological outcomes at 2 years follow up in a series of patients affected by grade III HR. Therefore, the sliding oblique osteotomy represent a valid alternative to delay more aggressive procedures.

Epidemiology of rotator cuff surgery in Italy: regional variation in access to health care. Results from a 14-year nationwide registry

PURPOSE

Rotator cuff (RC) disease is frequent and represents a common source of shoulder pain. The aim of this study is to analyse geographical differences in RC surgeries from 2001 to 2014 in Italy, a country with universal and free health care for its population.

METHODS

An analysis of the Italian National Hospital Discharge records from 2001 to 2014 was performed. These data are anonymous and include patient's age, sex, domicile, region of hospitalization, length of the hospitalization and type of reimbursement (public or private). National and regional population data were obtained from the National Institute for Statistics (ISTAT) for each year.

RESULTS

During the 14-year study period, 390,001 RC repairs were performed in Italy, which represented a mean incidence of 62.1 RC procedures for every 100,000 Italian inhabitants. Nevertheless, the incidence was very different if every single regional population is considered individually. Lombardy resulted to have the highest number of surgeries during the 14-year study period, with 27.95% (108,954) of the total national procedures performed in the 2001-2014 time span. More than half the surgeries (52.00%) were performed in only 3 regions of the northern part of Italy.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows the existence of geographical disparities in access to RC surgery and patients' necessity to migrate among regions in order to obtain it. Southern regions of Italy are characterized by a lower number of surgeries compared to the northern part of Italy.

Frozen shoulder or shoulder stiffness from Parkinson disease?

PURPOSE

To understand the role of camptocormia (increased kyphosis) and postural alteration in Parkinson's disease in the development of shoulder pathology, with a special concern for adhesive capsulitis and shoulder stiffness.

METHODS

A preliminary online search was carried out, with combination of keywords including "Parkinson," "Shoulder stiffness," "Frozen shoulder," "Adhesive capsulitis," "Postural alteration," "Camptocormia". The retrieved papers were screened by title and abstract and those considered relevant to the aim of the review were read in full text and included. Relevant information were extracted and reported into text.

RESULTS

Due to a severe impairment of posture, patients affected by PD show an increased thoracic kyphosis (camptocormia) and decreased mobility of the trunk that can yield a humeroacromial impingement syndrome and capsulitis, resulting in inflammation of the bursa, shoulder pain and reduction of movement. Furthermore, kinematic of the shoulder is allowed by the combined movement of the humerus, the scapula, the clavicle, the thoracic wall and thoracic spine. The thoracic spine and wall mobility are severely impaired in the parkinsonian patient, thus limiting the shoulder motion.

CONCLUSION

The postural alteration observed in PD is the primum movens for shoulder pathology, since anterior tilt of the scapula, which occurs with the increment of thoracic kyphosis, yields to a subacromial impingement. A closed loop is then created, as the rigidity of the shoulder causes further alteration in the posture, which worsens the impingement syndrome and so on.

The combined use of platelet rich plasma and hyaluronic acid: prospective results for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis represents an important social economic burden with a high incidence worldwide. Conservative management of knee OA consists in several therapeutic options: pharmacologic therapy such as analgesics, non-steroid and steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, and injective therapy with hyaluronic acid (HA) and platelet-rich plasma injections (PRP). The aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of combined autologous PRP and HHA (Hybrid Hyaluronic Acid) viscosupplementation on clinical outcomes of patients with knee OA, by assessing the subjects before and after injective treatment. The study was conducted on 60 patients with an age between 40 and 70 years old affected by unilateral symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (stage II and III of Kellgren-Lawrence scale) nonresponsive to pharmacologic and rehab treatment. We divided the patients in two groups, and we treated the group A with injection of HHA and group B with HHA+PRP. Each patient received 3 injections at an interval of 1 week for 3 consecutive weeks. The patients were evaluated by the Knee Injury and Osteroartrhitis Outcome Score (KOOS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment. Statistical comparison between groups showed a significantly better result for the group B concerning the KOOS value, at 3 months and at 6 months. This difference, although clinically relevant, lost the statistical significance at 12 months. The VAS trend differently showed a significant difference at 3 and 12 months, while at 6 months the superiority of group B did not achieve statistical significance. Few studies investigated the effects of HA+PRP combined treatment for knee OA. Numerous studies demonstrated the efficacy of HA injection therapy in knee OA for a clinical point of view, reducing the pain and improving the quality of life. PRP preparations also improved functional outcome scores compared to hyaluronic acid and placebo in patients affected by knee OA. Based on our results we can conclude that the combined PRP and HHA treatment is not only a safe and efficacious procedure which can provide functional benefit but is also significantly better than HHA injective therapy alone, as demonstrated by the comparison within our cohort.

Sport activity as risk factor for early knee osteoarthritis

There is wide discussion about the association between sport activity and musculoskeletal disorders, as sports-related joint loading increases the risk of osteoarthritis (OA). The present article reviews the current available literature on the connections between participation in several sports and athletic activities and prevalence of knee OA, especially focusing on early knee OA. The study was based on an electronic search through web databases including Medline, Cochrane and Google Scholar. Articles were retrieved and evaluated, and case series, retrospective studies, case-control studies, prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials were considered for inclusion. The main data were extracted and summarized in tables and text. Athletic individuals do show an increased prevalence of knee OA, especially for professional athletes when compared to general population or non-professional athletes. Furthermore, several features related to sport activity were associated to increased risk of early knee OA, such as knee ligamentous injury, concussion, high-impact sports and different team roles. Methodology and results of the included studies are barely comparable, thus preventing the authors to carry out an accurate and systematic comparison of the results of the included studies. Only low level evidence studies are available, and better designed studies, with radiological and functional evaluation of the knee based on internationally validated measures, should be planned. Also, follow-up of patients during and after their life-period of sport involvement should be considered.

Outcomes of neck modularity in total hip arthroplasty: an Italian perspective

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of clinical outcomes and complications of modular neck THA among Italian cohorts.

METHODS

Only reviewed publications focused on Italian cohort patients in English language were considered for inclusion. Studies were included if they involved patients who underwent total hip replacement surgery with modular necks, and reported aetiology or survival rate or bone stability or clinical scores or complications.

RESULTS

The studies included in our search reported data on 3714 patients and 3856 hips. Most of the studies were from high-volume surgery centres. The most frequent diagnosis was osteoarthritis that occurred in 2910 cases (75.9%). The average survival rate and average bone stability were 97.20% and 99.37%, respectively. The average HHS improved from 42.1 prior to surgery to 89.52 after surgery. Studies included in our search reported 40 complications. The most frequently reported complication was dislocation (40%).

CONCLUSION

This review showed excellent survival rate and bone stability and good clinical outcomes in Italian cohort patients treated with modular neck THA, and these clinical results are comparable with international cohort rates. This review suggests that modular implants represent a very satisfying choice when practised by expert orthopaedic joint surgeons.

Targeting VEGF-A in cartilage repair and regeneration: state of the art and perspectives

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorders in western populations, and is characterized by a progressive degradation of articular cartilage (AC) leading to loss of joint function. Methods to cure, delay or prevent the onset of OA and/or improve AC repair strategies have high clinical and socioeconomic impact. Possible innovative strategies envisioned for early OA treatments or cartilage repair include the implantation/injection of mesenchymal progenitors (MPs)-based constructs or cell-free bioactive scaffolds/hydrogel coupled with the controlled recruitment and instruction of resident MPs or AC. However, these tissue engineering-based strategies still suffer from unreliable outcomes with poor fibro-cartilaginous repair and blood vessel invasion. In such conditions Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) family has been shown to play a key role in controlling AC catabolism on one hand and angiogenesis on the other as a crucial step for endochondral ossification of MPs, ultimately leading to progressive breakdown of the neo-formed matrix. This review aims to provide a summary of relevant relationships between impaired angiogenesis, OA and cartilage regeneration highlighting how VEGF might play a paramount role in the pathophysiology of cartilage aging or degeneration as well as in cartilage repair.

Hybrid hyaluronic acid versus high molecular weight hyaluronic acid for the treatment of osteoarthritis in obese patients

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is one of the most relevant and debilitating health problems. Obesity represents one of the major risk factor for early development of OA. In the obese population, knee replacement should be delayed and eventually avoided and prefer conservative treatments including intrarticular hyaluronic acid (HA) viscosupplementation. In the present clinical randomized trial, we present a comparison between two groups of 24 obese patients which were randomized to be treated with two intrarticular injections of hybrid (low and high molecular weight) hyaluronic acid (Group A) or two injections of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (Group B). Patients were followed-up through to 6 months and assessed though IKDC and KOOS scores, pain was evaluated with VAS. All patients reported a significant improvement when compared to baseline value in all outcome measures. At 3-month follow-up, IKDC had significantly improved in patients of Group A, compared to Group B (53.1±1.9 vs 51.4±2.4, p=0.0079) and the same for KOOS (52.1±2.0 vs 50.1±2.9, p=0.010). Furthermore, the difference in KOOS was persistently significant at 6-month follow-up (54.7±2.3 vs 51.7±4.9, p=0.014). The VAS reduced significantly more in Group A at 3 months (3.7±0.5 vs 5.2±0.7, p less than 0.001). In an obese population, where basal inflammatory pattern increases symptoms of OA and conservative treatment is recommended, HA viscosupplementation improved function and pain of the knee. The treatment with hybrid HA showed better outcomes than high molecular weight HA in obese patients. The combination of the anti-inflammatory action of low molecular weight HA on chondrocytes and the biomechanical role of high molecular weight HA might explain the different results.

The use of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of shoulder capsulitis: a systematic review

Adhesive capsulitis (AC) is a common pathological condition of the shoulder characterized by painful restriction of range of motion (ROM) of the glenohumeral joint. Currently, no consensus has been reached regarding the best treatment. Hyaluronic acid (HA) injection is a safe procedure that can result in significant improvement in active and passive ROM, alleviating pain and improving shoulder function. We systematically reviewed current literature in order to evaluate the best evidence about the effectiveness of intra-articular HA injection for the treatment of primary AC. We searched Medline, CINAHL, Embase, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library. We selected studies comparing clinical outcomes of patients treated with HA in association or not with conventional therapy. Seven studies were evaluated: 2 uncontrolled randomized studies and 5 prospective randomized clinical trials with level of evidence I. Clinical outcome measures used included, among other, ROM, Visual Analogic Scale (VAS) pain scores, Constant score, Activity of daily living, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and Japanese Orthopedic Association Score (JOA score). Improvement was noted in terms of ROM, constant scores and pain in patients affected by AC treated with intra-articular HA injections. When compared with cortisone intra-articular injection, HA has equivalent clinical outcomes and ROM. The heterogeneity of treatments used in the studies reviewed, makes it difficult to draw a definite conclusion on the subject. HA injections do not seem to determine the final outcomes directly compared with conventional treatments. However, they could play an important role for early mobilization in the initial stages, during which, due to pain and inflammation, the patient keeps the shoulder immobilized for a long time, determining the direct cause of AC. Numerous variables, including use of lidocaine, different HA and AC stages, could influence the results and deserve to be accounted for in future investigations.

Intrarticular injections of hyaluronic acid for trapezio-metacarpal osteoarthritis: a systematic review

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the base of the thumb, also known as Trapezio-Metacarpal (TM) OA, is a disabling condition, which mainly affects women and manual workers. When TM OA is not adequately treated, patients develop deformity and loss of function of the thumb. The surgical approach is a widespread strategy to treat this condition, but there is still no consensus on the most effective procedure. Therefore, several conservative strategies are commonly used, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) administration, thumb strengthening exercise, splinting, steroid (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) intrarticular injections. The present review of the literature aims to summarize the available scientific evidence on the treatment of TM OA with injections of HA. Thirteen studies were included: 7 randomized controlled trials, 5 case series and a case-control study. Among these, 5 studies compared HA versus CS injection. Results from most of them reported better outcomes with HA injections in terms of function (strength) and joint motion, while CS injections had greater effect on pain; moreover, CS action was faster but shorter, while HA required more time to obtain a therapeutic benefit and lasted longer. In non-comparative articles, this trend was also confirmed. Indeed, the authors reported an improvement in pain relief up to six months. Similarly, all studies indicated hand function improvement over time, measured though DASH score, pincher and grip strength tests. Available data from included studies show that there is no clear evidence to suggest a treatment with HA injections as the best advisable non-operative treatment for TM OA. However, promising potentials were shown by the randomized controlled trials, suggesting that there is some benefit and less comorbidities with the administration of HA. Further research, such as trials evaluating larger cohorts with validated scores for long-term follow-up, is still necessary.

The use of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis: a review of the evidence

Ankle osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disease that causes ankle pain and functional limitation especially during walking. It tends to involve younger people with high functional request and has often a post-traumatic origin. Symptoms control through conservative treatment is essential to procrastinate as long as possible the need for surgery. Although few data are present in literature about the use of local viscosupplementation in ankle OA, their potential use for ankle OA has been suggested. We systematically reviewed literature to evaluate the best evidence about short and long term effectiveness of intra-articular HA injections in the treatment of ankle OA. After having screened titles and abstracts from PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane Reviews, Google Scholar, we identified 14 full text articles and collected the outcome rates of intra-articular cycles of HA injections in patients with symptomatic ankle OA. Only 4 randomized control trials were included. Ankle Osteoarthritis Scales (AOS), American Orthopedic Foot, Ankle Society (AOFAS) clinical rating score, visual analog scales (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) OA Index of Pain, Stiffness, and Physical Function Score were most frequently used to evaluate outcomes. Although randomized trials showed scores improvement also in placebo-treated patients, current evidence suggests that viscosupplementation for treatment of ankle OA is a safe and effective method. More randomized controlled trials with a large number of patients that compare not only the different types, dosages and frequency of HA injections, but also the effectiveness of HA versus corticosteroids infiltrations and HA versus other types of conservative treatment are still needed.

Meniscal extrusion as booster of osteoarthritis

Meniscal extrusion (ME) has shown to play a critical but still unclear role in osteoarthritis (OA) development. ME has been described as an important risk factor in the progression of knee OA, as it is involved in the thinning of articular cartilage, joint space narrowing, spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee and subchondral bone marrow lesions. Meniscal damage of any degree of severity could cause ME in both compartments, but it is commonly associated with severe meniscal tears or root tears mainly in the medial meniscus. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most commonly used imaging modality in the assessment of ME, while ultrasonography may represent a valid alternative with high sensitivity and specificity. Conservative treatment for ME includes physical therapy and rehabilitation to maintain range of motion, corticosteroid injections and intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid to provide short-term relief of knee pain. The goal of this study is to review standards of current diagnosis and treatment of ME and its relationship to knee OA.

Failed back surgery syndrome: a new strategy by the epidural injection of MESNA

PURPOSE

Evaluate the efficacy and safety of MESNA (sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate) injection into the epidural space in the FBSS.

METHODS

We designed a prospective phase II longitudinal study. Six consecutive patients were enrolled. Patients underwent one peridural injection per week for 3 weeks. NRS and ODI were investigated before and 48 h after injections, and at 1 week, 1 month and 2 months after the last procedures. Opioids intake is investigated before procedures and 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after the last procedures. Lumbosacral MRI is performed before the first procedure, at the end and 3 months after the last procedures.

RESULTS

From baseline, at 3 months, NRS in standing, sitting and lying position improved, respectively, of 34.29, 30.56 and 26.47%; ODI improved of 20.3%; the average decrease in morphine intake was 20.54%. No difference in MR images was found. Conclusions Our preliminary results suggest that MESNA might be an efficacy alternative to common practice.

Posterolateral bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament to restore rotational stability of the knee

Only 5-10% of partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are symptomatic, especially in high demand individuals or in patients practicing sports requiring rotational motions.. A certain preoperative diagnosis of this condition is challenging and often needs the combination of clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and knee-laxity tool measurements. However, the arthroscopic examination of the torn ACL bundle is the most important factor in decision-making. Evidence in various studies have shown that the preservation of the ACL remnant and its surgical augmentation can bring important advantages in terms of vascularity and proprioception, resulting in better outcomes. The purpose of our paper was to describe the surgical technique of arthroscopic posterolateral (PL) bundle reconstruction with the preservation of the anteromedial (AM) bundle for ACL partial tears. Moreover, we reported the current knowledge about rationale, diagnosis and treatment of partial tears of ACL.

Targeted muscle reinnervation for improved control of myoelectric upper limb prostheses

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a novel surgical technique developed to improve the control of myoelectric upper limb prostheses. Nerves transected by the amputation, which retain their original motor pathways even after being severed, are redirected to residual denervated muscles that serve as target for consequent reinnervation. Once the process is complete, reinnervated muscles will contract upon voluntary activation of transferred nerves while attempting to move missing regions of the amputated limb, generating EMG signals that can be recorded and used to control a prosthetic device. This allows creating new control sites that can overcome major drawbacks of conventional myoelectric prostheses by offering a more natural and intuitive control of prosthetic arms. TMR has been widely performed in individuals who underwent shoulder disarticulation amputation and transhumeral amputation since proximal amputations do not leave enough functional muscles exploitable to control independent degree of freedoms of multi-articulated prostheses. TMR application is currently under investigation in patients suffering further distal amputations, as well as for treating and preventing painful post-amputation neuromas. The purpose of this paper is to describe the physiologic basis and the surgical technique of TMR, reporting current knowledge on the clinical results.

A new surgical positioning system for robotic assisted minimally invasive spine surgery and transpedicular approach to the disc

Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (MISS) procedures for the treatment of spinal pathologies have experienced exponential growth due to improved techniques and decreased trauma to the patient. Several MISS procedures that require the use of a trans-pedicular cannula as a guiding tool for pedicle screw placement, delivery of biomaterials to the vertebral body or injection of biologics to the disc space have been described. Although these are clear advantages of MISS, the limited dissection and exposure may reduce the accuracy and stability of operation and make spine surgeons rely heavily on intraoperative fluoroscopy, raising concerns over the level of radiation exposure. Robot-assisted minimal invasive surgery has aroused more attention for its high precision and stability, minimizing risks of damage to neurovascular structures and diminishing harmful exposure to ionizing radiation. The aim of this paper is to describe and characterize a new surgical positioning system for for robotic assisted MISS. The system is conceived to be integrated in a surgical platform capable of supporting the surgeon in a new procedure to treat degenerative intervertebral disc disease. For this purpose, it is necessary to orientate a cannula in order to guide the bone drill along a planned route, to access the intervertebral disc through the pedicle and endplate. In particular, we describe a mechanism that percutaneously guides a cannula towards the intervertebral disc based on the acquisition of few fluoroscopic images. The design of the positioning system, with its features and constrains imposed by the presence of instrumentation and medical staff in the operating room, as well as the software for trajectory planning during surgery, are here described.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients : a systematic review

AIMS

Different methods of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have been described for skeletally immature patients before closure of the growth plates. However, the outcome and complications following this treatment remain unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to analyse the outcome and complications of different techniques which may be used for reconstruction of the ACL in these patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed a systematic review of the literature according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. This involved a comprehensive search of PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase and Google Scholar databases using the following combinations of keywords, "knee", "anterior cruciate ligament", "reconstruction", "injury", "children", "adolescent", "skeletally immature", "open physis" and "surgery".

RESULTS

A total of 53 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included for analysis. The overall rate of disturbance of growth after ACL reconstruction was 2.6%, with no statistical difference between transphyseal and physeal-sparing techniques. Physeal-sparing techniques had a lower rate of post-operative complications compared with transphyseal techniques (p = 0.0045). Outcomes assessed were Lysholm score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, the IKDC grade, the Tegner score and the KT-1000. Both techniques had similar clinical outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

This review reveals low rates of disturbance of growth after ACL reconstruction in skeletally immature patients. Although limited, the available evidence did not support any particular surgical technique when considering disturbance of growth or clinical outcome. Further randomised controlled trials are needed to investigate the efficacy of differing surgical techniques on outcomes in skeletally immature patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1053-60.

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty for massive irreparable rotator cuff tears and cuff tear arthropathy: a systematic review

PURPOSE

To report the outcomes and complications of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) in massive irreparable rotator cuff tears (MIRCT) and cuff tear arthropathy (CTA).

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature contained in Medline, Cochrane, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Ovid databases was conducted on May 1, 2016, according to PRISMA guidelines. The key words "reverse total shoulder arthroplasty" or "reverse total shoulder prostheses" with "rotator cuff tears"; "failed rotator cuff surgery"; "massive rotator cuff tears"; "irreparable rotator cuff tears"; "cuff tear arthropathy"; "outcomes"; "complications" were matched. All articles reporting outcomes and complications of RSA for the management of MIRCT or CTA were included. The comparison between preoperative and postoperative clinical scores, as well as range of motion (ROM), was performed using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. P values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Seven articles were included in our qualitative synthesis. A statistically significant improvement in all clinical scores and ROM was found comparing the preoperative value with the postoperative value. The degrees of retroversion of the humeral stem of the RSA do not influence the functional outcomes in a statistically significant fashion. There were 17.4% of complications. The most frequent was heterotopic ossification, occurring in 6.6% of patients. Revision surgery was necessary in 7.3% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS

RSA restores pain-free ROM and improves function of the shoulder in patients with MIRCT or CTA. However, complications occur in a high percentage of patients. The lack of level I studies limits the real understanding of the potentials and limitations of RSA for the management of MIRCT and CTA.

Comparing hybrid hyaluronic acid with PRP in end career athletes with degenerative cartilage lesions of the knee

Cartilage lesions are very common causes of chronic knee pain in athletes. Current treatment options consist in conservative strategies, such as viscosupplementation and platelet-rich plasma injections. This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the effect of intra-articular Hybrid Hyaluronic Acid injections compared to PRP for the treatment of cartilage lesions among athletes at the end of their career. Since March 2015, 48 professional soccer players were randomized into two groups: 24 patients received 3 injections of HHA and 23 patients received 3 intra-articular injections of PRP. All patients achieved a statistically significant clinical improvement from preoperative to postoperative time in both groups. Patients in the HHA group showed a significant superiority compared to PRP group at 3 and 6 months. Intergroup differences decrease gradually until loss of significance at 12 months follow-up. Athletes with chronic degenerative cartilage lesions of the knee responded positively both to HHA and PRP until last follow up.

Intraoperative application Platelet rich fibrin, postoperative injections OF PRP or microfracture only for osteochondral lesions of the knee: a five-year retrospective evaluation

Cartilage lesions are the most common cause of chronic knee pain. Micro-fracturing is reliable, effective, easy to perform and inexpensive. We propose a novel approach to cartilage lesions where microfractures are performed contextually to intra-operative or post-operative administration of platelet concentrates. We retrospectively evaluate 48 patients divided in 3 groups. Group 1: 15 patients underwent microfractures and intraoperative administration of PRF (PRF group); group 2: 16 microfractures and postoperative injections of PRP (PRP group); group 3: 17 patients with isolated microfractures (Microfractures group). Clinical scores (IKDC, VAS pain) were administered at 2 and 5 years postoperative and MRI was performed to evaluate the lesions of patients according to the MOCART criteria (2006). Patients treated with platelet concentrates achieved better clinical results compared to patients treated with microfracture only. The PRF group showed better results than the PRP group at 2 years, with loss of significance at 5 years. At MOCART score, PRF group obtained better results earlier than the other two groups.

Tears of popliteomeniscal fascicles, diagnostic and clinical implications. A review of the evidence

Postero-lateral corner of the knee is composed of several structures including the popliteo-meniscal fascicles (PMFs). These fibrous structures form a stable ligamentous complex around the popliteus tendon, which stabilize the lateral meniscus, increasing the strength of postero-lateral corner. Studies were retrieved through an electronic search of CINAHL, EMBASE, and Pub-Med, until May 2016. Studies in English, Italian, French, and Spanish were considered for inclusion. Randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective comparative studies, case series, and case reports were included. Studies eligible for inclusion concerned PMFs anatomy, biomechanics, diagnostic assessment of PMFs tears and clinical options for tears management. Thirteen studies were included in this review. There were: 7 case series, 4 case reports and 3 anatomical studies. Through anatomic dissection, two or three PMFs (antero-inferior fascicle, aiPMF; postero-superior fascicle, psPMF; postero-inferior fascicle, piPMF) can be indentified and isolated. Evaluation through MRI can be a useful diagnostic tool in detecting PMFs tears, especially using proton density (PD) sequences. The biomechanical analysis assessed that lateral meniscus (LM) motion is directly related with PMFs integrity and increased with section of one or both the fascicles. The clinical studies clearly state that a snapping syndrome, associated with lateral knee pain, can develop when one or both PMFs are torn. The three PMFs described are considered as relevant components of the popliteal hiatus, in the posterolateral aspect of the knee. MRI evaluation can detect these fibrous fascicles with good sensitivity. More studies with larger samples would be needed for a clear comprehension of PMFs function and clinical management of PMFs tears, especially with large case series and modern biomechanical testing.

Mesenchymal stem cells for intervertebral disc regeneration

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common disabling symptoms affecting the adult population throughout the industrialized world. The main cause underlying this condition is intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), which is characterized by progressive decrease of the proteoglycan content within the nucleus pulposus (NP), leading to disc dehydration and loss of its morpho-functional and biomechanical properties. To date, LBP treatment is based upon conservative and invasive procedures which are not capable of restoring the degenerative alterations of the disc, as they only help relieve the symptoms and/or slow down disc degeneration and are, nonetheless, characterized by significant comorbidities, costs and secondary risks. The potential use of different mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) for treating IDD has been promisingly tested in vitro and in vivo. The combination of different cell types, preconditioning culture conditions, engineered scaffolds and delivery systems have yielded proof of disc matrix reconstitution, increased cell viability and tissue regeneration in several experimental settings. This article reviews the current literature on stem cell-based therapy for IDD and the outcomes that diverse approaches have achieved.

Bone marrow concentrated cells and stromal vascular fraction cells injections for osteoarthritis treatment: a systematic review

The aim of this systematic review is to examine current clinical evidences supporting the intraarticular injection of bone marrow concentrate cells (BMC) and adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cells (SVF) for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). The research was performed on PubMed (Medline), EMBASE and Cochrane Library considering the English literature. Only clinical trials have been included. The systematic research identified twelve clinical trials. Articles included in the study, were one of level II, four of level III, six of level IV and one level V. Among clinical trials, none were randomized, four were comparative, seven were case series, and one was a case report. Seven studies were focused on the use of SVF (1332 patients) and five on the use of BMC (963 patients), with preliminary interesting findings in the OA treatment. Despite the growing interest in this biological approach for OA, knowledge on this topic is still preliminary. Randomized controlled trials are needed to support the potential of BMC and SVF injections and to evaluate advantages and disadvantages with respect to the available treatments.

Autologous bone marrow concentrate combined with platelet-rich plasma enhance bone allograft potential to induce spinal fusion

Bone marrow cells concentrate (BMCs) is a source of osteoprogenitor cells and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a source of growth factors. The objective of the study was to determine whether BMC and PRP could increase the potential of bone allograft to induce posterolateral-lumbar spinal fusion compared to the bone allograft alone. A prospective nonrandomized radiographic study has been conduced on 10 patients with posterolateral instrumented fusion for degenerative lumbar disease with 1-year follow-up using CT scan. A fresh frozen bone allograft alone and bone allograft with a mixture of autologous BMC and PRP blended with thrombin were apposed in the right and left posterolateral side, respectively. CT showed good right fusion masses (allograft alone) in 4 patients and poor in 6; good left masses (BMC and PRP plus allograft) in 9 patients and poor in 1. The differences detected between right-side and left-side masses show an advantage in adding BMC and PRP to the bone allograft to increase spinal fusion rate.

Arthroscopic all-inside treatment of popliteomeniscal fascicles tears: surgical technique and results from the first 6 consecutive patients

Athletes whose knees are subjected to sudden changes of direction and high jumps such as martial arts athletes, dancers, wrestlers and football players are at higher risk of injuring popliteomeniscal fascicles. Painful squatting and mechanical symptoms such as locking sensation are common. Current available treatments includes open or arthroscopic in repair. Arthroscopic repair with all-inside device can relieve symptoms and restore knee function. Six patients from two surgical centers with isolated popliteomeniscal fascicles tears were treated with arthroscopic all-inside repair. The surgical technique is thoroughly described. All patients showed consistent symptoms and MRI findings, as well as meniscal hypermobility during arthroscopic probing. Moreover, four out of six showed a chondral lesion of the lateral femoral condyle. All of them had their lateral meniscus sutured with one or more sutures. Symptoms were relieved and all but one were able to return to play at the pre-injury level. No postoperative complications were encountered. The diagnosis of the disruption of popliteomeniscal fascicles is challenging and often seen in athletes that play sports which involve repetitive twisting. However, patients’ complaints are consistent. Arthroscopic repair with an all-inside device showed to be a reliable and easy technique for addressing the condition, although some issues still need to be investigated, such as how much constraint the repair should provide. Arthroscopic all-inside repair of popliteomeniscal tears prove to be safe and effective in the short-term follow-up, allowing for sport activity resumption.

The cytokinome in osteoarthritis, a new paradigm in diagnosis and prognosis of cartilage disease

At present, diagnosis and progression monitoring of osteoarthritis (OA) is made through radiological and clinical assessment. Several studies investigated the role of synovial fluid analysis, to find out whether joint disease could be characterized by the pattern of cytokines, which acts during the pathogenic process or in specific stages of it. Online PubMed-Medline search was performed in order to retrieve evidence concerning synovial fluid analysis of cytokines involved in OA degenerative process. Concerning pro-inflammatory cytokines, it has been shown that interleukin (IL)-6, TNF-α and IL-17 are mainly over-expressed in the synovial fluid of OA joints, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Variations of cytokines levels occur with radiological and clinical progression. It was also reported that metalloproteinases are involved. Synovial fluid analysis may be helpful in defining stage and type of OA, but more research is needed, especially focusing on the variation of sets of cytokines during OA stages and correlating these patterns with clinical features.

Deltoid muscle tropism does not influence the outcome of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair

BACKGROUND

Several different factors have been identified as causes of failure of rotator cuff (RC) repair. However, no studies focused on the role of the deltoid muscle. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the deltoid tropism in the outcomes of arthroscopic RC repair procedures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nine male (45 %) and 11 female (55 %) patients who underwent arthroscopic RC repair were included in the study. The mean age was 63.5 ± 8.1 years (range 50-74 years), and the follow-up averaged 1.9 ± 1.3 years (range 1-5 years) after surgery. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the modified University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder rating scale, Wolfgang criteria shoulder score and Oxford shoulder score (OSS). Functional outcomes were evaluated considering active and passive range of motion of the shoulder and muscle strength. The deltoid tropism was measured pre-operatively and post-operatively using T2-weighted transverse MRI images.

RESULTS

No statistically significant correlation was found between the thickness of each portion of the deltoid muscle (vD, lD and dD) and the UCLA shoulder rating scale, Wolfgang shoulder score and OSS. At the same time, no statistically significant relationship was detected between the thickness of each portion of the deltoid muscle (vD, lD and dD) and the functional outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

The deltoid tropism does not influence the results of arthroscopic RC repair. Early RC repair may prevent the reduction in the tropism of the deltoid muscle. Nevertheless, further prospective randomized studies with larger samples are necessary to clarify the role of deltoid tropism in the outcomes of arthroscopic RC repair procedures.

Serum chitotriosidase in postmenopausal women with severe osteoporosis

Human chitotriosidase (Chit) increases during the osteoclast differentiation and their activity. We demonstrated that serum Chit was significantly higher in osteoporotic subjects than in healthy control ones and revealed a negative correlation between Chit and bone mineral density (BMD). This is the first study showing a correlation between Chit and severe postmenopausal osteoporosis.

INTRODUCTION

Mammalian chitinases exert important biological roles in the monocyte lineage and chronic inflammatory diseases. In particular, Chit seems to promote bone resorption in vitro. No in vivo studies have been performed to confirm this finding. We aim to evaluate Chit activity in postmenopausal women affected by severe osteoporosis.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, 91 postmenopausal women affected by osteoporosis and 61 with either osteopenia or normal BMD were screened. All subjects were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and X-ray vertebral morphometry. Osteoporotic subjects were considered eligible if they were affected by at least one vertebral osteoporotic fracture (group A = 57 subjects). Osteopenic or healthy subjects were free from osteoporotic fractures (group B = 51 subjects). Enzymatic Chit and serum β-CrossLaps (CTX) were measured in the whole population.

RESULTS

Group A showed higher serum levels of beta-CTX compared to group B (0.40 ± 0.26 ng/mL vs 0.29 ± 0.2 ng/mL, p = 0.022). Chit was significantly higher in group A than in group B (1042 ± 613 nmol/mL/h vs 472 ± 313 nmol/mL/h, p < 0.001, respectively) even after adjustment for age (p < 0.001). Spearman correlation test revealed a negative correlation between Chit and BMD at each site (lumbar spine: r = -0.38, p = 0.001, femoral neck: r = -0.35, p = 0.001, total femur: r = -0.39, p < 0.001). Furthermore, a positive correlation between Chit and PTH was observed (r = 0.26, p = 0.013). No significant correlation was found between Chit and beta-CTX (r = 0.12, p = 0.229). After a multivariate analysis, a positive correlation between severe osteoporosis and Chit (p < 0.001), beta-CTX (p = 0.013), and age (p < 0.001) was observed.

CONCLUSION

This is the first clinical study showing a correlation between Chit and severe postmenopausal osteoporosis. Larger and prospective studies are needed to evaluate if Chit may be a promising clinical biomarker and/or therapeutic monitor in subjects with osteoporosis.

BIOTECHNOLOGIES AND BIOMATERIALS IN SPINE SURGERY

Over the past few decades, spine disorders have become a major health concern and the number of spinal surgical procedures has been rising significantly. Several biotechnologies and biomaterials are often used in spine surgery to increase the effectiveness of the treatment. In the degenerative spine, when conservative treatment is ineffective the most recommended surgical procedure is decompression followed by spinal fusion. Success rates of spine fusion extensively rely on bone grafts peculiar properties. Autograft has been considered the gold standard to achieve a solid fusion but current research is focused on the development of new biomaterials. Osteoporosis is the main cause of vertebral compression fractures that are significantly associated with pain and disability, especially in the aging population. Vertebral augmentation is a minimally invasive approach in which cement is injected into the vertebral body to stabilize the fracture. New cements are being developed in the clinical scenario with reabsorbable properties and biomechanical features more similar to the native bone. The development of disc regeneration strategies such as nucleus pulposus restoration and annulus fibrosus repair may represent a minimally invasive procedure towards regeneration rather than fusion. Therefore, biomaterials and tissue engineering are fields of growing interest among both surgeons and manufacturing companies, with a major involvement in spine surgery. This review discusses current and novel biotechnologies and biomaterial used in spine surgery employing fusion, augmentation and regeneration.

Lumbar subcutaneous edema and degenerative spinal disease in patients with low back pain: a retrospective MRI study

PURPOSE

This study was designed to determine the association between LSE, spondylolisthesis, facet arthropathy, lumbar canal stenosis, BMI, radiculopathy and bone marrow edema at conventional lumbar spine MR imaging.

METHODS

This is a retrospective radiological study; 441 consecutive patients with low back pain (224 men and 217 women; mean age 57.3 years; mean BMI 26) underwent conventional lumbar MRI using a 1.5-T magnet (Avanto, Siemens). Lumbar MR images were reviewed by consensus for the presence of LSE, spondylolisthesis, facet arthropathy, lumbar canal stenosis, radiculopathy and bone marrow edema. Descriptive statistics and association studies were conducted using STATA software 11.0. Association studies have been performed using linear univariate regression analysis and multivariate regression analysis, considering LSE as response variable.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of LSE was 40%; spondylolisthesis (p = 0.01), facet arthropathy (p < 0.001), BMI (p = 0.008) and lumbar canal stenosis (p < 0.001) were included in the multivariate regression model, whereas bone marrow edema, radiculopathy and age were not.

CONCLUSIONS

LSE is highly associated with spondylolisthesis, facet arthropathy and BMI, suggesting underestimation of its clinical impact as an integral component in chronic lumbar back pain. Longitudinal simultaneous X-ray/MRI studies should be conducted to test the relationship of LSE with lumbar spinal instability and low back pain.

Biomechanical and neural changes evaluation induced by prolonged use of non-stable footwear: a systematic review

The aim of this review is to collect and discuss the current best evidence published in literature about the effect of the Masai Barefoot Technology(MBT) shoes on gait and muscle activation and try to draw conclusions on the possible benefits. We searched Medline, CINAHL, Embase and the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials. The reference lists of the previously selected articles were then examined by hand. Only studies comparing biomechanical and clinical outcomes were selected. Review, anatomical studies, letter to editor and instructional course were excluded. Finally, all the resulting articles were reviewed and discussed by all the authors to further confirm their suitability for this review: in the end, 22 articles were included. A total of 532 patients presenting a mean age of 34.3 years were studied. All patients evaluated were healthy or amateur sports except in two studies where only obese subjects and knee osteoarthritis patients were involved. Seven studies evaluated only male subjects, whereas four studies evaluated only female. Twelve of twenty-two studies performed electromyographic analyses. Weight was reported in 19 studies, whereas body mass index were reported only in a five studies. All studies reported kinematic analysis of shoe effects and compared the relationship between muscle recruitment and electromyographic activity. Unstable footwears were shown to immediately alter the stability in gait during daily-life activities. The center of body pressure is moved posteriorly with a consequent posterior displacement of the upper part of body in order to regain an appropriate body balance, and these postural changes are associated with an overall increase in the activity of lumbar erector spine muscles, as well as certain lower limb muscles. Current literature provides enough cues to conclude for a beneficial role of MBT shoes in the postural and proprioceptive recovery, but from the same literature cannot be drown clear and appropriate guidance to determine more in detail their indication for specific pathological conditions or for particular phases of the musculoskeletal recovery process.

Platelet-rich plasma injections for chronic plantar fasciopathy: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

There is an increasing interest in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection as a treatment for chronic plantar fasciopathy (PF). We wished to evaluate the evidence for the use of PRP in PF/fasciitis.

SOURCES OF DATA

We performed a systematic review on the effects of PRP in PF. In June 2014, we searched Medline, Cochrane, CINAHL and Embase databases using various combinations of the commercial names of each PRP preparation and 'plantar' (with its associated terms). We only included prospectively designed studies in humans.

AREAS OF AGREEMENT

Eight articles met the inclusion criteria, three of them were randomized. All studies yielded a significantly greater improvement in symptoms between baseline and last follow-up assessment. None of the papers recorded major complications.

AREAS OF CONTROVERSY

Only three randomized studies were identified; none of them had a true controlled group treated with placebo and one of the three studies had a very short (6 week) follow-up. A non-randomized study evaluating PRP versus corticosteroids (CCS) injections, and a randomized controlled trial comparing PRP and dextrose prolotherapy reported no statistical significant differences at 6 months. Most studies did not have a control group and imaging evaluation.

GROWING POINTS AND AREAS FOR RESEARCH

Evidence for the use of PRP in PF shows promising results, and this therapy appears safe. However, the number of studies available is limited and randomized placebo-controlled studies are required. Characterizing the details of the intervention and standardizing the outcome scores would help to better document the responses and optimize the treatment.

Rugby and Shoulder Trauma: A Systematic Review

Rugby is a popular contact sport worldwide. Collisions and tackles during matches and practices often lead to traumatic injuries of the shoulder. This review reports on the epidemiology of injuries, type of lesions and treatment of shoulder injuries, risk factors, such as player position, and return to sport activities. Electronic searches through PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, and Cochrane Library retrieved studies concerning shoulder injuries in rugby players. Data regarding incidence, type and mechanisms of lesion, risk factors and return to sport were extracted and analyzed. The main reported data were incidence, mechanism of injury and type of lesion. Most of the studies report tackle as the main event responsible for shoulder trauma (between 50% and 85%), while the main lesions reported were Bankart lesions, Superior Labral tear from Anterior to Posterior (SLAP tears), anterior dislocation and rotator cuff tears. Open or arthroscopic repair improve clinical outcomes. Shoulder lesions are common injuries in rugby players. Surgical treatment seems to be effective in for rotator cuff tears and shoulder instability. More and better designed studies are needed for a higher Level of Evidence analysis of this topic.

Ipsilateral free semitendinosus tendon graft with interference screw fixation for minimally invasive reconstruction of chronic tears of the Achilles tendon

OBJECTIVE

Minimally invasive ipsilateral semitendinosus reconstruction of large chronic tears aims to be advantageous for the patient in terms of plantar flexion recovery, anthropometric measures, fast return to daily and sport activity, is safe, with low donor site co-morbidities, low risks of wound complications and neurovascular injuries.

INDICATIONS

Tendon gaps greater than 6 cm and in cases of revision surgery (rerupture).

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Diabetes, vascular diseases, previous anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using ipsilateral semitendinosus tendon graft.

SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

The semitendinosus tendon is harvested through an incision in the medial aspect of the popliteal fossa, and the proximal stump is exposed and mobilized through an incision performed 2 cm proximal and medial to the palpable tendon gap. We repeat the same steps distally, approaching the distal stump of the tendon through a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision made 2 cm distal and just anterior to the lateral margin of the distal stump. Through the distal incision, we expose the Kager's space and the postero-superior corner of the osteotomized calcaneum. We drill a bone tunnel into the calcaneum from dorsal to plantar using a cannulated headed reamer. The semitendinosus tendon graft is passed into the proximal stump through a medial-to-lateral small incision, its two ends are moved distally, and finally it is pulled down and shuttled through the bone tunnel. The construct is fixed to the calcaneum using an interference screw.

POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

Immobilization in a below the knee plaster cast with the foot in plantar flexion for 2 weeks, weight bearing on the metatarsal heads as tolerated, use elbow crutches, and keep the knee flexed. At 2 weeks, plaster removed, and rehabilitative exercises started, walker cast allowed.

RESULTS

Between 2008 and 2010, the procedure was performed on 28 consecutive patients (21 men and 7 women, median age 46 years). At the 2-year follow-up, average ATRS scores significantly improved (p < 0.0001) compared to average preoperative scores with good to excellent outcomes for 26 out of 28 patients (93 %); the maximum calf circumference also improved considerably whereby no clinical or functional relevance compared to the contralateral side observed. Of the 28 patients 16 (57 %) could practice sport at the same preinjury level, whereby 1 patient experienced persistent pain over the distal wound, which ameliorated after desensitization therapy.

Sarcopenia and its relationship with osteoarthritis: risk factor or direct consequence?

PURPOSE

The aim of this review is to evaluate the clinical role of sarcopenia in patients affected by osteoarthritis (OA) of major joints.

METHODS

An online database research was performed, in order to retrieve all articles investigating the relationship between sarcopenia and OA. No peer-reviewed journal was excluded. Papers in English, French, Spanish and Italian language were considered. After consulting the full-text article, five studies have been included in the review.

RESULTS

Of the five studies included, four are prospective studies and only one is a cross-sectional study which retrieved data retrospectively. A total of 4,231 patients, presenting a mean age of 62.0 years, were studied. Three studies evaluated only female subjects. Weight, height and body mass index were reported in all the articles. Knee OA has been assessed using the Kellgren-Lawrence grading system and the American college of rheumatology criteria. Alterations of the lean body mass on body weight ratio have been reported to be as a significant predictive parameter in two studies. Relationship between radiographic OA and an increase in the leg lean mass has been observed in one study.

CONCLUSIONS

We cannot support neither the thesis of a direct effect of sarcopenia on OA development nor the opposite relation, because the up-to-date literature lacks basic science studies concerning these topics. The absence of clinical studies regarding measurements and tools to compare sarcopenia and OA do not allow to definitely clarify this relationship.