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Phong VH, Nishimura S, Lorusso G, Davinson T, Estrade A, Hall O, Kawano T, Liu J, Montes F, Nishimura N, Grzywacz R, Rykaczewski KP, Agramunt J, Ahn DS, Algora A, Allmond JM, Baba H, Bae S, Brewer NT, Bruno CG, Caballero-Folch R, Calviño F, Coleman-Smith PJ, Cortes G, Dillmann I, Domingo-Pardo C, Fijalkowska A, Fukuda N, Go S, Griffin CJ, Ha J, Harkness-Brennan LJ, Isobe T, Kahl D, Khiem LH, Kiss GG, Korgul A, Kubono S, Labiche M, Lazarus I, Liang J, Liu Z, Matsui K, Miernik K, Moon B, Morales AI, Morrall P, Nepal N, Page RD, Piersa-Siłkowska M, Pucknell VFE, Rasco BC, Rubio B, Sakurai H, Shimizu Y, Stracener DW, Sumikama T, Suzuki H, Tain JL, Takeda H, Tarifeño-Saldivia A, Tolosa-Delgado A, Wolińska-Cichocka M, Woods PJ, Yokoyama R. β-Delayed One and Two Neutron Emission Probabilities Southeast of ^{132}Sn and the Odd-Even Systematics in r-Process Nuclide Abundances. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:172701. [PMID: 36332266 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.172701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The β-delayed one- and two-neutron emission probabilities (P_{1n} and P_{2n}) of 20 neutron-rich nuclei with N≥82 have been measured at the RIBF facility of the RIKEN Nishina Center. P_{1n} of ^{130,131}Ag, ^{133,134}Cd, ^{135,136}In, and ^{138,139}Sn were determined for the first time, and stringent upper limits were placed on P_{2n} for nearly all cases. β-delayed two-neutron emission (β2n) was unambiguously identified in ^{133}Cd and ^{135,136}In, and their P_{2n} were measured. Weak β2n was also detected from ^{137,138}Sn. Our results highlight the effect of the N=82 and Z=50 shell closures on β-delayed neutron emission probability and provide stringent benchmarks for newly developed macroscopic-microscopic and self-consistent global models with the inclusion of a statistical treatment of neutron and γ emission. The impact of our measurements on r-process nucleosynthesis was studied in a neutron star merger scenario. Our P_{1n} and P_{2n} have a direct impact on the odd-even staggering of the final abundance, improving the agreement between calculated and observed Solar System abundances. The odd isotope fraction of Ba in r-process-enhanced (r-II) stars is also better reproduced using our new data.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Phong
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 120062, Vietnam
| | - S Nishimura
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - G Lorusso
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - T Davinson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - A Estrade
- Department of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, USA
| | - O Hall
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - T Kawano
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Liu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulman Road, Hong Kong
| | - F Montes
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - N Nishimura
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Astrophysical Big-Bang Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - R Grzywacz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - K P Rykaczewski
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J Agramunt
- Instituto de Fsica Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de Valencia, E-46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - D S Ahn
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Center for Exotic Nuclear Studies, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - A Algora
- Instituto de Fsica Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de Valencia, E-46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - J M Allmond
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - H Baba
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Bae
- Center for Exotic Nuclear Studies, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - N T Brewer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - C G Bruno
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | | | - F Calviño
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - P J Coleman-Smith
- STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - G Cortes
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Dillmann
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - C Domingo-Pardo
- Instituto de Fsica Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de Valencia, E-46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - A Fijalkowska
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, PL02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - N Fukuda
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Go
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - C J Griffin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - J Ha
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Seoul National University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - L J Harkness-Brennan
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - T Isobe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - D Kahl
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics, Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
| | - L H Khiem
- Institute of Physics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ba Dinh, 118011 Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, 122102 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - G G Kiss
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki), Debrecen H4032, Hungary
| | - A Korgul
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, PL02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - S Kubono
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - M Labiche
- STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - I Lazarus
- STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - J Liang
- McMaster University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Z Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - K Matsui
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- University of Tokyo, Department of Physics, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - K Miernik
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, PL02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - B Moon
- Center for Exotic Nuclear Studies, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - A I Morales
- Instituto de Fsica Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de Valencia, E-46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - P Morrall
- STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - N Nepal
- Department of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, USA
| | - R D Page
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | | | - V F E Pucknell
- STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - B C Rasco
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - B Rubio
- Instituto de Fsica Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de Valencia, E-46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - H Sakurai
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- University of Tokyo, Department of Physics, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Y Shimizu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - D W Stracener
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - T Sumikama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - H Suzuki
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - J L Tain
- Instituto de Fsica Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de Valencia, E-46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - H Takeda
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - A Tarifeño-Saldivia
- Instituto de Fsica Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de Valencia, E-46980 Paterna, Spain
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Tolosa-Delgado
- Instituto de Fsica Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de Valencia, E-46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - M Wolińska-Cichocka
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5A, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - P J Woods
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - R Yokoyama
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, RIKEN Campus, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Yamaguchi H, Hayakawa S, Ma N, Shimizu H, Okawa K, Yang L, Kahl D, La Cognata M, Lamia L, Abe K, Beliuskina O, Cha S, Chae K, Cherubini S, Figuera P, Ge Z, Gulino M, Hu J, Inoue A, Iwasa N, Kim A, Kim D, Kiss G, Kubono S, La Commara M, Lattuada M, Lee E, Moon J, Palmerini S, Parascandolo C, Park S, Phong VH, Pierroutsakou D, Pizzone R, Rapisarda G, Romano S, Spitaleri C, Tang X, Trippella O, Tumino A, Zhang N, Lam Y, Heger A, Jacobs A, Xu S, Ma S, Ru L, Liu E, Liu T, Hamill C, St J. Murphy A, Su J, Fang X, Kwag M, Duy N, Uyen N, Kim D, Liang J, Psaltis A, Sferrazza M, Johnston Z, Li Y. Experimental studies on astrophysical reactions at the low-energy RI beam separator CRIB. EPJ Web Conf 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202226003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies on astrophysical reactions involving radioactive isotopes (RI) often accompany technical challenges. Studies on such nuclear reactions have been conducted at the low-energy RI beam separator CRIB, operated by Center for Nuclear Study, the University of Tokyo. We discuss two cases of astrophysical reaction studies at CRIB; one is for the 7Be+n reactions which may affect the primordial 7Li abundance in the Big-Bang nucleosynthesis, and the other is for the 22Mg(α, p) reaction relevantin X-raybursts.
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Tolosa-Delgado A, Agramunt J, Ahn DS, Algora A, Baba H, Bae S, Brewer NT, Caballero Folch R, Calvino F, Coleman-Smith PJ, Cortes G, Davinson T, Dillmann I, Domingo-Pardo C, Estrade A, Fukuda N, Go S, Griffin CJ, Grzywacz R, Ha J, Hall O, Harkness-Brennan L, Isobe T, Kahl D, Kiss GG, Kogimtzis M, Kubono S, Labiche M, Lazarus I, Lee J, Liu J, Lorusso G, Matsui K, Miernik K, Montes F, Moon B, Morales A, Nepal N, Nishimura S, Page RD, Phong VH, Podolyak Z, Pucknell VFE, Rasco BC, Regan P, Riego A, Rubio B, Rykaczewski K, Saito Y, Sakurai H, Shimizu Y, Simpson J, Söderström PA, Stracener DW, Sumikama T, Suzuki H, Tain JL, Takechi M, Takeda H, Tarifeño-Saldivia A, Thomas SL, Woods P. Commissioning of the BRIKEN beta-delayed neutron detector for the study of exotic neutron-rich nuclei. EPJ Web Conf 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201716501051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Goigoux T, Ascher P, Blank B, Gerbaux M, Giovinazzo J, Grévy S, Kurtukian Nieto T, Magron C, Doornenbal P, Kiss GG, Nishimura S, Söderström PA, Phong VH, Wu J, Ahn DS, Fukuda N, Inabe N, Kubo T, Kubono S, Sakurai H, Shimizu Y, Sumikama T, Suzuki H, Takeda H, Agramunt J, Algora A, Guadilla V, Montaner-Piza A, Morales AI, Orrigo SEA, Rubio B, Fujita Y, Tanaka M, Gelletly W, Aguilera P, Molina F, Diel F, Lubos D, de Angelis G, Napoli D, Borcea C, Boso A, Cakirli RB, Ganioglu E, Chiba J, Nishimura D, Oikawa H, Takei Y, Yagi S, Wimmer K, de France G, Go S, Brown BA. Two-Proton Radioactivity of ^{67}Kr. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:162501. [PMID: 27792367 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.162501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In an experiment with the BigRIPS separator at the RIKEN Nishina Center, we observed two-proton (2p) emission from ^{67}Kr. At the same time, no evidence for 2p emission of ^{59}Ge and ^{63}Se, two other potential candidates for this exotic radioactivity, could be observed. This observation is in line with Q value predictions which pointed to ^{67}Kr as being the best new candidate among the three for two-proton radioactivity. ^{67}Kr is only the fourth 2p ground-state emitter to be observed with a half-life of the order of a few milliseconds. The decay energy was determined to be 1690(17) keV, the 2p emission branching ratio is 37(14)%, and the half-life of ^{67}Kr is 7.4(30) ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Goigoux
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux-UMR 5797 CNRS/IN2P3, Chemin du Solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - P Ascher
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux-UMR 5797 CNRS/IN2P3, Chemin du Solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - B Blank
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux-UMR 5797 CNRS/IN2P3, Chemin du Solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - M Gerbaux
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux-UMR 5797 CNRS/IN2P3, Chemin du Solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - J Giovinazzo
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux-UMR 5797 CNRS/IN2P3, Chemin du Solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - S Grévy
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux-UMR 5797 CNRS/IN2P3, Chemin du Solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - T Kurtukian Nieto
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux-UMR 5797 CNRS/IN2P3, Chemin du Solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - C Magron
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux-UMR 5797 CNRS/IN2P3, Chemin du Solarium, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - P Doornenbal
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - G G Kiss
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Nishimura
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - P-A Söderström
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - V H Phong
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - J Wu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - D S Ahn
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - N Fukuda
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - N Inabe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Kubo
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Kubono
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - H Sakurai
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Y Shimizu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Sumikama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - H Suzuki
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - H Takeda
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - J Agramunt
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-Universidad de Valencia, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - A Algora
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-Universidad de Valencia, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 51, H-4001 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - V Guadilla
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-Universidad de Valencia, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - A Montaner-Piza
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-Universidad de Valencia, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - A I Morales
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-Universidad de Valencia, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - S E A Orrigo
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-Universidad de Valencia, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - B Rubio
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-Universidad de Valencia, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Y Fujita
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - M Tanaka
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - W Gelletly
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-Universidad de Valencia, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - P Aguilera
- Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Casilla 188-D, Amunátegui 95, Santiago Centro, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Molina
- Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Casilla 188-D, Amunátegui 95, Santiago Centro, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Diel
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - D Lubos
- Physik Department E12, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G de Angelis
- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro dell'INFN, I-35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - D Napoli
- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro dell'INFN, I-35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - C Borcea
- National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering IFIN-HH, P.O. Box MG-6, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - A Boso
- INFN Sezione di Padova and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - R B Cakirli
- Department of Physics, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34134, Turkey
| | - E Ganioglu
- Department of Physics, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34134, Turkey
| | - J Chiba
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - D Nishimura
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - H Oikawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Y Takei
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - S Yagi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - K Wimmer
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - G de France
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds, B.P. 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - S Go
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, 401 Nielsen Physics Building, 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1200, USA
| | - B A Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1321, USA
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