Proteases of Acanthamoeba

The members of genus Acanthamoeba are the etiological agent of uncommon but severe or even fatal opportunistic infections in human beings. The presence of different classes of intracellular and extracellular proteases including serine proteases, cysteine proteases, and metalloproteases has been well documented in environmental and clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. However, the role of the proteolytic enzymes in physiological, biological, and pathological mechanisms of the amoeba remains partially investigated. Some attempts have been conducted using various methods to determine the profile of proteases (number, class, optimal conditions, and activity of the enzymes), and possible pathogenicity mechanism of the proteolytic enzymes (various protein substrate degradation, cytopathic effect on different cell lines). In some cases, it was attempted to correlate intracellular and extracellular protease profile with pathogenicity potential of strains. This review revealed that the protease profile of different strains of Acanthamoeba was extremely complex, therefore, further comprehensive studies with application of a combination of various methods may help to elucidate the role of the enzymes.

The Association between Diet and Multiple Sclerosis

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS) that affects individuals between the ages of 20 and 40 years, with a higher prevalence among women. Prevalence of this disease has increased significantly in recent decades in different geographical areas. There is evidence to suggest that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of MS.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the potential relationship between diet and MS in the Azeri population of the East Azerbaijan province of Iran.

METHODS

467 MS patients and 260 non-related healthy individuals under the age of 15 completed a dietary demographic questionnaire. The relationship between food consumption and MS was evaluated using the obtained data.

RESULTS

MS patients had a significantly higher consumption of fat, high-fat dairy, fast food, soybean, sausages and kielbasa, pickles, and leftover food (p-value=0.0001), while healthy individuals had a higher consumption of fruit (p-value=0.0001). Consumption of Meat, sweets, and fizzy drinks was also found to be higher in MS patients (p-value<0.05). There was no significant difference in the consumption of vegetables, cakes biscuits, and spices between the two groups (p-value>0.05).

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that fruit consumption under the age of 15 may be a protective factoragainst MS, while the consumption of fat, high-fat dairy, fast food, soybean, sausages and kielbasa, pickles, leftover food, meat, sweets, sauce, and fizzy drinks under the age of 15, maybe risk factors for MS.

Polymorphism of the IL-10 gene in Azeri population of Iran

Background

Interleukin (IL)-10 is one of the key interleukins in the immune system. It plays an anti-inflammatory role in body by inhibition of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing the expression of major histocompatibility complex II molecules. The single-nucleotide polymorphism in the gene of this interleukin affects its expression level. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the IL-10 gene polymorphism at position -1082A/G in Azeri population of Iran.

Methods

Blood samples were taken from 254 healthy and non-relevant Iranian Azeri individuals. After DNA extraction, the frequency of IL-10 genotypes and alleles at -1082A/G position was determined by allele specific-PCR method. Then, q-square test was used to compare allele frequencies and IL-10 genotypes with other populations, and p value of < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

In Iranian Azeri population, the frequency percentage of AA, AG and GG genotypes in IL-10 gene at the -1082A/G location was 37.4, 43.3 and 19.3%, respectively. The frequency percentage of A and G alleles also were 59.1 and 40.9%, respectively. Based on statistical analysis, frequency of IL-10 genotypes in the current study was very similar to the population of Saudi Arabia, but it had a significant difference with East Asia and Ireland populations.

Conclusion

Results of the present study indicate similar polymorphism of IL-10 genotype with neighbor ethnicities in Middle East country. Based on patients backgrounds mentioned in their questioners, this polymorphism was associated with the susceptibility to asthma and Alzheimer in this population which are common in the region.

Diagnostic biomarkers of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is common in people between the ages of 20 and 40. Although the exact cause of MS is still unknown, evidences shows that genetic and environmental factors have a role in activating immune cells to attack the myelin sheath of the neurons, and causing them to be damaged. In order to control and reduce the disease prevalence, early identification of at risk people and patients in the early stages of the disease is important. Measurement of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), vitamin D, melatonin, neurofilaments, micro RNA-132 (miR-132), miR-155, determination of antibody titer against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing are appropriate methods to diagnose the disease, and ultimately prevent its recurrence.

Mixed tuberculosis infections in Northwest of Iran

Primary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection doesn't provide protection against secondary infection and patients can suffer from multiple strains of M. tuberculosis simultaneously. The aim of this study was to use molecular genotyping to identify cases of mixed infection in Northwest of Iran. One hundred and twenty-one positive culture isolates of M. tuberculosis were prepared from patients consecutively in Northwest of Iran from March 2017 to March 2018 and then microevolution and mix infection were assessed using the mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) method. MIRU-VNTR analysis revealed that nine samples (7.3%) had double alleles in at least one locus, as observed by five cases of microevolution, and four cases (3.3%) of mixed infection. According to this study, mixed infection in Northwest of Iran has significantly decreased compared to 13 years ago (7.1% decreased to 3.3%), and in order to eradicate tuberculosis it is necessary to identify all cases of mixed infection, at least in recurrent cases, in the future.

Why the COVID-19 Is Not Significantly Reduced in Iran?

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was transported from China to Iran via passengers. The virus is transmitted through droplets from coughing, sneezing, talking and contact with infected surfaces. Due to high transmissibility in places such as clinics, medical offices, buses and offices where there are large crowds, it spread rapidly in Iran and caused the mortality of a significant number of people, especially the elderly with underlying disease. Preventing travel and gatherings, as well as applying house quarantine in Apr 2020, reduced COVID-19 somewhat but then due to lack of attention to social distancing, reducing the use of masks by the people and inappropriate decisions by the national committee on combating coronavirus (NCCC), including reducing the working hours of public offices and shops, reducing the staff of government offices, monopoly on the distribution of essential materials and supplies, the presence of overcrowding in clinics of medical centers, hospitals, and private clinics caused the decline of the disease in the country to decrease. Measures can be taken to prevent the spread of the virus as much as possible, including: rapid detection of infected people, their isolation, contact tracing, quarantine of people over 65 and under 15, protection of the elderly, prevention of gatherings, forcing the use of protective equipment in possible gatherings, and electronicizing public services.

Tuberculosis and Diabetes Mellitus in Northwest of Iran

BACKGROUND

Planning for control of tuberculosis would need to screen and identify individuals susceptible to TB. Due to the weakness of immune system in diabetic patients, it is more likely for them to reactivate latent TB infection. Regarding the increasing number of diabetics in the community, in this study efforts have been made to estimate the frequency of individuals who have tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus (TB-DM) simultaneously, as it could help making preventive decisions to reduce TB in this part of Iran.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, 329 cases of confirmed TB patients were divided into two groups of diabetic and non-diabetic, then demographic information and clinical variables have been compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

Among the examined subjects, 47 patients (14.29 %) had suffered from diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis. All of the DM patients had pulmonary tuberculosis and 87.23% of them were over the age of 50.

CONCLUSION

Majority of DM-TB patients were over 50 years of age and also more than half of them were women. So it seems that for DM women over the age of 50, to detect tuberculosis, screening tests such as PPD may be necessary.

Risk Factors for COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2 in bats was transmitted to humans at a live and wet animal market in China through the intermediate host, creating COVID-19. Viral, environmental and host factors play roles in virus infection and disease. The virus has high transmissibility and is rapidly transmitted to people through close contact and droplets from coughing, sneezing and talking loudly, as well as through contact with contaminated objects. As crowding is an environmental risk factor for contamination, its transmission is high among patients and staff in hospital and also in elderly-care centers. It is more common in the elderly, in men, and subjects with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and malignancy.

Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism and the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis in the Azeri Population of Iran

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is associated with damage to the myelin sheath of neurons. It is demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency plays an important role in the development of the disease. Binding of vitamin D to its specific nuclear receptors is a way to exert its function.

OBJECTIVE

Possible correlation between the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and MS was evaluated in the Azeri population of Iran.

METHODS

Different genotypes of the Bsml site were determined by using the PCR-RFLP method in 148 MS patients and 220 non-relative healthy controls.

RESULTS

In MS patients, genotype bb was significantly higher than the healthy controls (p<0.05). Additionally, most subjects of the MS group had been insufficiently exposed to sunlight before the age of 15 (p<0.001). Our findings indicated that the red meat intake in MS patients was significantly higher than the healthy controls (p<0.001). In addition, the healthy controls had appropriate dieting behaviors in comparison to MS patients (excessive intake of some foods) (p=0.0001).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, genotype BB and sufficient exposure to sunlight before the age of 15 were the protective factors against MS. Although, excessive consumption of red meat and inappropriate dieting behaviors were predisposing factors to MS disease.

IFN-γ and TNF-α Gene Polymorphisms in Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Northwest Iran

BACKGROUND

Cytokines are polypeptides that play critical roles in immune responses. Gene polymorphisms occurring in the inflammatory cytokines are taking a role in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), which may induce inappropriate immune responses.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the allelic and genotypic frequencies of interferon gamma gene (IFN-γ) at +874A/T locus and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) at+308A/G locus in MS patients of Azeri population.

METHODS

At first, a questionnaire was prepared for each of 240 healthy, non-relative, and 152 Azeri MS patients before obtaining the blood sample from all subjects. After DNA extraction, the frequency of alleles and genotypes of the IFN-γ and TNF-α genes at +874A/T and -308G/A loci, respectively, were determined by allele-specific PCR method. Finally, the frequencies were compared between control and MS patients by chi-square test (x²-test) and p<0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

In the IFN-γ +874A/T gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the most allelic and genotypic frequencies in MS patients were the A allele, 55.26% (p=0.04) and the AT genotype, 52.63% (p=0.048). In healthy individuals, it was 65.42% for the A allele and 45.42% for the AA genotype. For the TNF-α 308 G/A SNP, the highest allelic and genotypic frequencies in MS patients were the G allele with 55.92% (p<0.001) and AG genotype with 61.84%, and in healthy subjects, the allelic and genotypic frequencies were 84.2% and 70.8% for the G allele and GG genotype, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Head trauma, the infection with the herpes virus and Mycoplasma pneumonia, frequent colds and high consumption of canned foods provide grounds for MS. The T allele in the IFN-γ gene (+874) and the genotypes of AA and AG at the TNF-α gene (-308) at the position-308 were considered as potential risk factors for MS. Therefore, the polymorphisms in cytokine genes and following changes in their expression levels can be effective in susceptibility to MS.

Association of Interleukin-1 and Inteleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Gene Polymorphisms with Multiple Sclerosis in Azeri Population of Iran

BACKGROUND

Cytokines as important mediators have a critical role in appropriate immune responses, the irregular production of which can lead to Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) triggers inflammatory responses. Function and production of the cytokine are influenced by IL-1 coding gene polymorphism and those antagonists gene polymorphism.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible correlation between MS and IL-1 related alleles in Azeri population of Iran.

METHODS

Variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) genotypes of 150 MS patients and 220 healthy non-relative controls were determined.

RESULTS

In the healthy controls, genotype TT at IL-1A (-889) location was significantly higher than the MS patients (p=0.0001). However, a significant difference was not found between the two groups in genotypic/allelic frequency at IL- 1B+ 3953 location. Evaluation of the IL-1RA gene revealed that genotype 1/2, and genotype 1/3 were significantly higher in the healthy controls and MS patients, respectively. Our findings indicated that the consumption of fast-food in MS patients was significantly higher than controls (p= <0.05). Also, a considerable number of MS patients had inappropriate dieting behaviors such as not eating breakfast (p= 0.0001), and irregular eating habits (p= 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

Polymorphisms of the IL-1B genes and common alleles of IL-1RA were not considered as risk factors for MS disease. However, genotype TT at IL-1A (-889) location and the rare allele of IL-1RA3 can be a potential risk factor for the disease. Furthermore, inappropriate dieting behaviors and consumption of fast-food can increase the risk of MS.