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Amato A, Becci A, Bollero A, Cerrillo-Gonzalez MDM, Cuesta-Lopez S, Ener S, Dirba I, Gutfleisch O, Innocenzi V, Montes M, Sakkas K, Sokolova I, Vegliò F, Villen-Guzman M, Vicente-Barragan E, Yakoumis I, Beolchini F. Life Cycle Assessment of Rare Earth Elements-Free Permanent Magnet Alternatives: Sintered Ferrite and Mn-Al-C. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11:13374-13386. [PMID: 37711764 PMCID: PMC10498492 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Permanent magnets are fundamental constituents in key sectors such as energy and transport, but also robotics, automatization, medicine, etc. High-performance magnets are based on rare earth elements (RE), included in the European list of critical raw materials list. The volatility of their market increased the research over the past decade to develop RE-free magnets to fill the large performance/cost gap existing between ferrites and RE-based magnets. The improvement of hard ferrites and Mn-Al-C permanent magnets plays into this important technological role in the near future. The possible substitution advantage was widely discussed in the literature considering both magnetic properties and economic aspects. To evaluate further sustainability aspects, the present paper gives a life cycle assessment quantifying the environmental gain resulting from the production of RE-free magnets based on traditional hexaferrite and Mn-Al-C. The analysis quantified an advantage of both magnets that overcomes the 95% in all the considered impact categories (such as climate change, ozone depletion, human toxicity) compared to RE-based technologies. The benefit also includes the health and safety of working time aspects, proving possible reduction of worker risks by 3-12 times. The results represent the fundamentals for the development of green magnets that are able to significantly contribute to an effective sustainable transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Amato
- Department
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università
Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Alessandro Becci
- Department
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università
Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Alberto Bollero
- Group
of Permanent Magnets and Applications, IMDEA
Nanoscience, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Cuesta-Lopez
- Fundación
ICAMCYL, International Center for Advanced Materials and Raw Materials
of Castilla y León, 24009 León, Spain
| | - Semih Ener
- Department
Functional Materials, Material Science Faculty, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Imants Dirba
- Department
Functional Materials, Material Science Faculty, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Oliver Gutfleisch
- Department
Functional Materials, Material Science Faculty, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Valentina Innocenzi
- SmartWaste
Engineering S.r.l., Piazzale
Monteluco di Roio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Myriam Montes
- Fundación
ICAMCYL, International Center for Advanced Materials and Raw Materials
of Castilla y León, 24009 León, Spain
| | | | - Irina Sokolova
- Fundación
ICAMCYL, International Center for Advanced Materials and Raw Materials
of Castilla y León, 24009 León, Spain
| | - Francesco Vegliò
- SmartWaste
Engineering S.r.l., Piazzale
Monteluco di Roio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Villen-Guzman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Eva Vicente-Barragan
- Fundación
ICAMCYL, International Center for Advanced Materials and Raw Materials
of Castilla y León, 24009 León, Spain
| | - Iakovos Yakoumis
- MNLT
Innovations PC, Kifisias
Ave. 125−127, 11524 Athens, Greece
| | - Francesca Beolchini
- Department
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università
Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
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Innocenzi V, Zueva SB, Ippolito NM, Ferella F, Prisciandaro M, Vegliò F. A review of the existing and emerging technologies for wastewaters containing tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and waste management systems in micro-chip microelectronic industries. Chemosphere 2022; 307:135913. [PMID: 35952791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to describe and review the available technologies and the recent advancements in treating industrial wastewater containing tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). It is a quaternary ammonium salt and widely used in the microelectronics industry; this kind of company produces large quantities of wastewater containing TMAH. The exhausted solutions must be treated appropriately since TMAH is corrosive, toxic to human health, and ecotoxic. Regarding the concentration at discharge, currently there are no European regulations. Still, it has been indicated that the substance has a negative influence on the oxygen balance and cause eutrophication, and fall into the relevant categories. In the first part of the work, the available technologies and the recent advancements for the treatment of TMAH contained in industrial wastewater are reviewed. Separation methods as such adsorption, ion exchange, membrane processes, and destruction technologies classified as advanced oxidation processes and biological processes have been considered. In the second part of the manuscript, industrial patented wastewater treatments have been described. Biological processes are those more used, being more economically feasible, require very long times not always sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Innocenzi
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Svetlana B Zueva
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Nicolò Maria Ippolito
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferella
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marina Prisciandaro
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Vegliò
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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Innocenzi V, Prisciandaro M. Technical feasibility of biodiesel production from virgin oil and waste cooking oil: Comparison between traditional and innovative process based on hydrodynamic cavitation. Waste Manag 2021; 122:15-25. [PMID: 33476958 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel production calls for innovative solutions to turn into a competitive process with a reduced environmental impact. One of the process bottlenecks stands in the immiscibility of oil and alcohol as raw materials, so mixing process largely impacts the overall process cost. This process step, if carried out by using hydrodynamic cavitation, has the possibility to become a benchmark for large scale applications. In this paper a process analysis of biodiesel production scheme is developed starting from two different feedstocks, virgin oil and waste cooking oil. At the first the traditional process scheme has been simulated, in a second simulation, the reactor for the biodiesel production is interchanged with a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. In the paper, the comparison between the traditional and innovative process by using life cycle costing approach has been presented, thus providing indications for industrial technological implementation coming from a professional tool for process analysis. It is worth noting that the introduction of hydrodynamic cavitation reduces of about 40% the energy consumption with respect to the traditional process. As regards the total treatment costs, when using virgin oil as feedstock, they were in the range 820-830 €/t (innovative and traditional process, respectively); while starting from waste cooking oil the costs decreased of about 60%, down to 290-300 €/t (innovative and traditional process, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Innocenzi
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and of Econmics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Marina Prisciandaro
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and of Econmics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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Innocenzi V, Prisciandaro M, Vegliò F. Study of the effect of operative conditions on the decolourization of azo dye solutions by using hydrodynamic cavitation at the lab scale. CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Innocenzi
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and of EconomicsUniversity of L'Aquila L'Aquila Italy
| | - Marina Prisciandaro
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and of EconomicsUniversity of L'Aquila L'Aquila Italy
| | - Francesco Vegliò
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and of EconomicsUniversity of L'Aquila L'Aquila Italy
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Innocenzi V, Tortora F, Prisciandaro M, De Michelis I, Vegliò F, Mazziotti di Celso G. Purification of residual leach liquors from hydrometallurgical process of NiMH spent batteries through micellar enhanced ultra filtration. J Environ Manage 2018; 215:377-384. [PMID: 29602027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrometallurgical processes for the treatment and recovery of metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment produce wastewaters containing heavy metals. These residual solutions cannot be discharged into the sewer without an appropriate treatment. Specific wastewater treatments integrated with the hydrometallurgical processes ensure a sustainable recycling loops of the electrical wastes to maximize the metals recovery and minimize the amount of wastes and wastewaters produced. In this research activity the efficiency of ultrafiltration combined with surfactant micelles (micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration) was tested to remove metals form leach liquors obtained after leaching of NiMH spent batteries. In the micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration, a surfactant is added into the aqueous stream containing contaminants or solute above its critical micelle concentration. When the surfactant concentration exceeding this critical value, the surfactant monomers will assemble and aggregate to form micelles having diameter larger than the pore diameter of ultrafiltration membrane. Micelles containing contaminants whose diameter is larger than membrane pore size will be rejected during ultrafiltration process, leaving only water, unsolubilized contaminants and surfactant monomers in permeate stream. The experiments are carried out in a lab-scale plant, where a tubular ceramic ultrafiltration membrane is used with adding a surfactant to concentrate heavy metals in the retentate stream, producing a permeate of purified water that can be reused inside the process, thus minimizing the fresh water consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Innocenzi
- University of L'Aquila, Dept. of Industrial and Information Engineering and of Economics, Viale Giovanni Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila Italy.
| | - Francesco Tortora
- University of L'Aquila, Dept. of Industrial and Information Engineering and of Economics, Viale Giovanni Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila Italy
| | - Marina Prisciandaro
- University of L'Aquila, Dept. of Industrial and Information Engineering and of Economics, Viale Giovanni Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila Italy
| | - Ida De Michelis
- University of L'Aquila, Dept. of Industrial and Information Engineering and of Economics, Viale Giovanni Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila Italy
| | - Francesco Vegliò
- University of L'Aquila, Dept. of Industrial and Information Engineering and of Economics, Viale Giovanni Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazziotti di Celso
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience, Agrofood and Environmental Technology, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo (TE), Italy
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Innocenzi V, Prisciandaro M, Tortora F, Mazziotti di Celso G, Vegliò F. Treatment of WEEE industrial wastewaters: Removal of yttrium and zinc by means of micellar enhanced ultra filtration. Waste Manag 2018; 74:393-403. [PMID: 29269282 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the efficiency of micellar enhanced ultrafiltration technique (MEUF) was tested for the removal of yttrium and zinc ions from synthetic industrial liquid wastes. UF membranes (monotubular ceramic membranes of 210 kDa and 1 kDa molecular weight cut-off) were used with adding an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). A two - level full factorial design was performed in order to evaluate the effect of molecular weight cut-off, sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration and pressure on the permeate flux and rejection yields. It was found that the single factors presented the largest influence on the permeate flux: the membrane pore size and the pressure had positive effect, instead the SDS had negative effect. Regarding the metal rejection yields the main relevant factors were the membrane pore size with a negative effect, followed by the surfactant concentration with a positive effect. The effect of the pressure seemed to be almost negligible, for zinc removal experiments had a positive effect in the interactions with the surfactant and membrane pore size. The results showed that very good removal percentages up to 99% were achieved for both metals under the following conditions: 1 kDa membrane MWCO, in the presence of the surfactant at a concentration above CMC independently of the investigated pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Innocenzi
- University of L'Aquila, Dept. of Industrial and Information Engineering and of Economics, Viale Giovanni Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Marina Prisciandaro
- University of L'Aquila, Dept. of Industrial and Information Engineering and of Economics, Viale Giovanni Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Tortora
- University of L'Aquila, Dept. of Industrial and Information Engineering and of Economics, Viale Giovanni Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Vegliò
- University of L'Aquila, Dept. of Industrial and Information Engineering and of Economics, Viale Giovanni Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Innocenzi V, De Michelis I, Ferella F, Vegliò F. Secondary yttrium from spent fluorescent lamps: Recovery by leaching and solvent extraction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.minpro.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tortora F, Innocenzi V, Prisciandaro M, De Michelis I, Vegliò F, Mazziotti di Celso G. Removal of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide from synthetic liquid wastes of electronic industry through micellar enhanced ultrafiltration. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2017.1307760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tortora
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione e di Economia, Università dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Valentina Innocenzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione e di Economia, Università dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Marina Prisciandaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione e di Economia, Università dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Ida De Michelis
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione e di Economia, Università dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Vegliò
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione e di Economia, Università dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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Innocenzi V, Ippolito NM, De Michelis I, Medici F, Vegliò F. A hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of terbium from fluorescent lamps: Experimental design, optimization of acid leaching process and process analysis. J Environ Manage 2016; 184:552-559. [PMID: 27789090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Terbium and rare earths recovery from fluorescent powders of exhausted lamps by acid leaching with hydrochloric acid was the objective of this study. In order to investigate the factors affecting leaching a series of experiments was performed in according to a full factorial plan with four variables and two levels (42). The factors studied were temperature, concentration of acid, pulp density and leaching time. Experimental conditions of terbium dissolution were optimized by statistical analysis. The results showed that temperature and pulp density were significant with a positive and negative effect, respectively. The empirical mathematical model deducted by experimental data demonstrated that terbium content was completely dissolved under the following conditions: 90 °C, 2 M hydrochloric acid and 5% of pulp density; while when the pulp density was 15% an extraction of 83% could be obtained at 90 °C and 5 M hydrochloric acid. Finally a flow sheet for the recovery of rare earth elements was proposed. The process was tested and simulated by commercial software for the chemical processes. The mass balance of the process was calculated: from 1 ton of initial powder it was possible to obtain around 160 kg of a concentrate of rare earths having a purity of 99%. The main rare earths elements in the final product was yttrium oxide (86.43%) following by cerium oxide (4.11%), lanthanum oxide (3.18%), europium oxide (3.08%) and terbium oxide (2.20%). The estimated total recovery of the rare earths elements was around 70% for yttrium and europium and 80% for the other rare earths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Innocenzi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Information and Economy, University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni Gronchi 18, Zona industriale di Pile, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Nicolò Maria Ippolito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy.
| | - Ida De Michelis
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Information and Economy, University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni Gronchi 18, Zona industriale di Pile, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Franco Medici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Francesco Vegliò
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Information and Economy, University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni Gronchi 18, Zona industriale di Pile, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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Innocenzi V, De Michelis I, Kopacek B, Vegliò F. Yttrium recovery from primary and secondary sources: a review of main hydrometallurgical processes. Waste Manag 2014; 34:1237-1250. [PMID: 24613592 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Yttrium is important rare earths (REs) used in numerous fields, mainly in the phosphor powders for low-energy lighting. The uses of these elements, especially for high-tech products are increased in recent years and combined with the scarcity of the resources and the environmental impact of the technologies to extract them from ores make the recycling waste, that contain Y and other RE, a priority. The present review summarized the main hydrometallurgical technologies to extract Y from ores, contaminated solutions, WEEE and generic wastes. Before to discuss the works about the treatment of wastes, the processes to retrieval Y from ores are discussed, since the processes are similar and derived from those already developed for the extraction from primary sources. Particular attention was given to the recovery of Y from WEEE because the recycle of them is important not only for economical point of view, considering its value, but also for environmental impact that this could be generated if not properly disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Innocenzi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, of Information and Economy, University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni Gronchi 18, Zona industriale di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Ida De Michelis
- Department of Industrial Engineering, of Information and Economy, University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni Gronchi 18, Zona industriale di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Bernd Kopacek
- SAT, Austrian Society for Systems Engineering and Automation, Gurkasse 43/2, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesco Vegliò
- Department of Industrial Engineering, of Information and Economy, University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni Gronchi 18, Zona industriale di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Innocenzi V, De Michelis I, Ferella F, Beolchini F, Kopacek B, Vegliò F. Recovery of yttrium from fluorescent powder of cathode ray tube, CRT: Zn removal by sulphide precipitation. Waste Manag 2013; 33:2364-2371. [PMID: 23910246 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work is focused on the recovery of yttrium and zinc from fluorescent powder of cathode ray tube (CRT). Metals are extracted by sulphuric acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Leaching tests are carried out according to a 2(2) full factorial plan and the highest extraction yields for yttrium and zinc equal to 100% are observed under the following conditions: 3M of sulphuric acid, 10% v/v of H2O2 concentrated solution at 30% v/v, 10% w/w pulp density, 70°C and 3h of reaction. Two series of precipitation tests for zinc are carried out: a 2(2) full factorial design and a completely randomized factorial design. In these series the factors investigated are pH of solution during the precipitation and the amount of sodium sulphide added to precipitate zinc sulphide. The data of these tests are used to describe two empirical mathematical models for zinc and yttrium precipitation yields by regression analysis. The highest precipitation yields for zinc are obtained under the following conditions: pH equal to 2-2.5% and 10-12%v/v of Na2S concentrated solution at 10%w/v. In these conditions the coprecipitation of yttrium is of 15-20%. Finally further yttrium precipitation experiments by oxalic acid on the residual solutions, after removing of zinc, show that yttrium could be recovered and calcined to obtain the final product as yttrium oxide. The achieved results allow to propose a CRT recycling process based on leaching of fluorescent powder from cathode ray tube and recovery of yttrium oxide after removing of zinc by precipitation. The final recovery of yttrium is 75-80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Innocenzi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Information and Economy, University of L'Aquila, Via Giovanni Gronchi n.18, Nucleo Ind.le di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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12
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Innocenzi V, De Michelis I, Ferella F, Vegliò F. Recovery of yttrium from cathode ray tubes and lamps' fluorescent powders: experimental results and economic simulation. Waste Manag 2013; 33:2390-2396. [PMID: 23831004 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, yttrium recovery from fluorescent powder of lamps and cathode ray tubes (CRTs) is described. The process for treating these materials includes the following: (a) acid leaching, (b) purification of the leach liquors using sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide, (c) precipitation of yttrium using oxalic acid, and (d) calcinations of oxalates for production of yttrium oxides. Experimental results have shown that process conditions necessary to purify the solutions and recover yttrium strongly depend on composition of the leach liquor, in other words, whether the powder comes from treatment of CRTs or lamp. In the optimal experimental conditions, the recoveries of yttrium oxide are about 95%, 55%, and 65% for CRT, lamps, and CRT/lamp mixture (called MIX) powders, respectively. The lower yields obtained during treatments of MIX and lamp powders are probably due to the co-precipitation of yttrium together with other metals contained in the lamps powder only. Yttrium loss can be reduced to minimum changing the experimental conditions with respect to the case of the CRT process. In any case, the purity of final products from CRT, lamps, and MIX is greater than 95%. Moreover, the possibility to treat simultaneously both CRT and lamp powders is very important and interesting from an industrial point of view since it could be possible to run a single plant treating fluorescent powder coming from two different electronic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Innocenzi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Information and Economy, University of L'Aquila, via Giovanni Gronchi n.18, Nucleo Ind.le di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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Musmeci S, Gambino P, Innocenzi V, Arnone S, Lai A. ELICITING OF RESISTANCE AGAINST POTATO TUBER MOTH LARVAE IN TUBERS OF SOLANUM TUBEROSUM (+) S. PINNATISECTUM HYBRIDS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2005.684.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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