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da Silva Carvalho G, Saute JAM, Haas CB, Torrez VR, Brochier AW, Souza GN, Furtado GV, Gheno T, Russo A, Monte TL, Schumacher-Schuh A, D'Avila R, Donis KC, Castilhos RM, Souza DO, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Torman VL, Camey S, Portela LV, Jardim LB. Cytokines in Machado Joseph Disease/Spinocerebellar Ataxia 3. Cerebellum 2017; 15:518-25. [PMID: 26395908 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to describe the serum concentrations of a broad spectrum of cytokines in symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers of Machado Joseph disease (SCA3/MJD) CAG expansions. Molecularly confirmed carriers and controls were studied. Age at onset, disease duration, and clinical scales Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), Neurological Examination Score for Spinocerebellar Ataxias (NESSCA), SCA Functional Index (SCAFI), and Composite Cerebellar Functional Score (CCFS) were obtained from the symptomatic carriers. Serum was obtained from all individuals and a cytokine panel "consisted of" eotaxin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-a, MIP-b, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was analyzed. In a subgroup of symptomatic carriers, the cytokine panel was repeated after 360 days. Cytokine distribution among groups was studied by discriminant analysis; changes in serum levels after 360 days were studied by generalized estimation equation. Sixty-six symptomatic carriers, 13 asymptomatic carriers, and 43 controls were studied. No differences in cytokine patterns were found between controls and carriers of the CAG expansions or between controls and symptomatic carriers only. In contrast, eotaxin concentrations were significantly higher in asymptomatic than in symptomatic carriers or in controls (p = 0.001, ANCOVA). Eotaxin did not correlate with age, disease duration, CAG expansion, NESSCA score, and SARA score. Among symptomatic carriers, eotaxin dropped after 360 days (p = 0.039, GEE). SCA3/MJD patients presented a benign pattern of serum cytokines. In contrast, levels of eotaxin, a peptide secreted by astrocytes, were elevated in the asymptomatic carriers, suggesting that a specific response of these cells can be related to symptom progression, in SCA3/MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson da Silva Carvalho
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jonas Alex Morales Saute
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Branco Haas
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rocco Torrez
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Wigner Brochier
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Nunes Souza
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Vasata Furtado
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tailise Gheno
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Russo
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thais Lampert Monte
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Artur Schumacher-Schuh
- Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rui D'Avila
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karina Carvalho Donis
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Raphael Machado Castilhos
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção (INCTEN), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Saraiva-Pereira
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Leotti Torman
- Department of Epidemiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Suzi Camey
- Department of Epidemiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Valmor Portela
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção (INCTEN), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura Bannach Jardim
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Donis KC, Saute JAM, Krum-Santos AC, Furtado GV, Mattos EP, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Torman VL, Jardim LB. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado-Joseph disease starting before adolescence. Neurogenetics 2016; 17:107-13. [PMID: 26780339 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-016-0473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Onset of Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3/MJD) before adolescence has been rarely reported. This study aims to describe a cohort of SCA3/MJD with onset before 12 years of age, comparing their disease progression with the progression observed in patients with usual disease onset. We identified all cases from our cohort whose onset was before adolescence. After consent, patients were examined with clinical scales Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) and Neurological Examination Score for Spinocerebellar Ataxia (NESSCA). Gender, age, age at onset, disease duration, CAG expanded repeats, transmitting parent, and anticipation of cases with infantile and adult onset were studied. Progression of NESSCA and SARA scores was estimated through a mixed model, and was compared with a historical group with onset after adolescence. Between 2000 and 2014, 461 symptomatic individuals from our region were diagnosed as SCA3/MJD. Onset of eight cases (2.2%), all heterozygotes, was before adolescence: seven were females (p = 0.054). CAG expanded repeats--75 ± 3 versus 84 ± 4--and anticipations--7 ± 9.7 versus 14.4 ± 7.2 years--were different between early childhood and adult onset groups (p < 0.03). The median survival of early childhood onset group was 23 years of age. The annual progression of SARA--2.3 and 0.6 points/year (p = 0.001)--and NESSCA--2.04 and 0.88 points/year (p = 0.043)--was faster in childhood than in adult onset group. Onset of SCA3/MJD before adolescence was related to larger expanded CAG repeats in heterozygosis; females seemed to be at higher risk. Disease progression was faster than in SCA3/MJD starting after 12 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Carvalho Donis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação na Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90.035-903, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jonas Alex Morales Saute
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90.035-903, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Vasata Furtado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Identificação Genética, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Preusser Mattos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Identificação Genética, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Saraiva-Pereira
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90.035-903, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Identificação Genética, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Instituto de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Leotti Torman
- Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Laura Bannach Jardim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação na Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. .,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90.035-903, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Identificação Genética, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. .,Instituto de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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