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Poinsot V, Pizzinat N, Ong-Meang V. Engineered and Mimicked Extracellular Nanovesicles for Therapeutic Delivery. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:639. [PMID: 38607173 PMCID: PMC11013861 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are spherical extracellular nanovesicles with an endosomal origin and unilamellar lipid-bilayer structure with sizes ranging from 30 to 100 nm. They contain a large range of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid species, depending on the state and origin of the extracellular vesicle (EV)-secreting cell. EVs' function is to encapsulate part of the EV-producing cell content, to transport it through biological fluids to a targeted recipient, and to deliver their cargos specifically within the aimed recipient cells. Therefore, exosomes are considered to be potential biological drug-delivery systems that can stably deliver their cargo into targeted cells. Various cell-derived exosomes are produced for medical issues, but their use for therapeutic purposes still faces several problems. Some of these difficulties can be avoided by resorting to hemisynthetic approaches. We highlight here the uses of alternative exosome-mimes involving cell-membrane coatings on artificial nanocarriers or the hybridization between exosomes and liposomes. We also detail the drug-loading strategies deployed to make them drug-carrier systems and summarize the ongoing clinical trials involving exosomes or exosome-like structures. Finally, we summarize the open questions before considering exosome-like disposals for confident therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Poinsot
- Inserm, CNRS, Faculté de Santé, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, I2MC U1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; (N.P.); (V.O.-M.)
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Ong-Meang V, Blanzat M, Savchenko L, Perquis L, Guardia M, Pizzinat N, Poinsot V. Extracellular Vesicles Produced by the Cardiac Microenvironment Carry Functional Enzymes to Produce Lipid Mediators In Situ. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065866. [PMID: 36982939 PMCID: PMC10056942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at physiological concentrations on the composition of eicosanoids transported within the extracellular vesicles (EVs) of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and cardiomyoblasts was reported by our group in 2020. The aim of this article was to extend this observation to cells from the cardiac microenvironment involved in the processes of inflammation, namely mouse J774 macrophages and rat heart mesenchymal stem cells cMSCs. Moreover, to enhance our capacity to understand the paracrine exchange between these orchestrators of cardiac inflammation, we investigated some machinery involved in the eicosanoid’s synthesis transported by the EVs produced by these cells (including the two formerly described cells: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells BM-MSC and cardiomyoblasts H9c2). We analyzed the oxylipin and the enzymatic content of the EVs collected from cell cultures supplemented (or not) with PUFAs. We prove that large eicosanoid profiles are exported in the EVs by the cardiac microenvironment cells, but also that these EVs carry some critical and functional biosynthetic enzymes, allowing them to synthesize inflammation bioactive compounds by sensing their environment. Moreover, we demonstrate that these are functional. This observation reinforces the hypothesis that EVs are key factors in paracrine signaling, even in the absence of the parent cell. We also reveal a macrophage-specific behavior, as we observed a radical change in the lipid mediator profile when small EVs derived from J774 cells were exposed to PUFAs. To summarize, we prove that the EVs, due to the carried functional enzymes, can alone produce bioactive compounds, in the absence of the parent cell, by sensing their environment. This makes them potential circulating monitoring entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varravaddheay Ong-Meang
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires U1964, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, BP 84225, CEDEX 4, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Blanzat
- CNRS, Laboratoire IMRCP UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, CEDEX 9, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Lesia Savchenko
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires U1964, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, BP 84225, CEDEX 4, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Perquis
- CNRS, Laboratoire IMRCP UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, CEDEX 9, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mégane Guardia
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires U1964, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, BP 84225, CEDEX 4, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Pizzinat
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires U1964, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, BP 84225, CEDEX 4, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Verena Poinsot
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires U1964, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, BP 84225, CEDEX 4, F-31432 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence:
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Pizzinat N, Ong-Meang V, Bourgailh-Tortosa F, Blanzat M, Perquis L, Cussac D, Parini A, Poinsot V. Extracellular vesicles of MSCs and cardiomyoblasts are vehicles for lipid mediators. Biochimie 2020; 178:69-80. [PMID: 32835733 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent works reported the relevance of cellular exosomes in the evolution of different pathologies. However, most of these studies focused on the ability of exosomes to convey mi-RNA from cell to cell. The level of knowledge concerning the transport of lipid mediators by these nanovesicles is more than fragmented. The role of lipid mediators in the inflammatory signaling is fairly well described, in particular concerning the derivatives of the arachidonic acid (AA), called eicosanoïds or lipid mediators. The aim of the present work was to study the transport of these lipids within the extracellular vesicles of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) and the cardiomyoblast cell line H9c2. We were able to characterize, for the first time, complete profiles of oxilipins within these nanovesicles. We studied also the impact on these profiles, of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) know to be precursors of the inflammatory signaling molecules (AA, eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and Docosahexaenoic acid DHA), at physiological concentrations. By growing the progenitor cells under PUFAs supplementation, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the beneficial effect of ω-3 PUFA therapy. Actually, our results tend to support the resolving role of the inflammation that stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles can have within the cardiac microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Pizzinat
- I2MC, INSERM/UT3, 1av Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432, Toulouse-Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Muriel Blanzat
- IMRCP, CNRS/UT3, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse-Cedex, France
| | - Lucie Perquis
- IMRCP, CNRS/UT3, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse-Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Cussac
- I2MC, INSERM/UT3, 1av Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432, Toulouse-Cedex, France
| | - Angelo Parini
- I2MC, INSERM/UT3, 1av Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432, Toulouse-Cedex, France
| | - Verena Poinsot
- I2MC, INSERM/UT3, 1av Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432, Toulouse-Cedex, France.
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Hayder M, Garzoni M, Bochicchio D, Caminade AM, Couderc F, Ong-Meang V, Davignon JL, Turrin CO, Pavan GM, Poupot R. Three-Dimensional Directionality Is a Pivotal Structural Feature for the Bioactivity of Azabisphosphonate-Capped Poly(PhosphorHydrazone) Nanodrug Dendrimers. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:712-720. [PMID: 29443507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are nanosized, nonlinear, hyperbranched polymers whose overall 3D shape is key for their biological activity. Poly(PhosphorHydrazone) (PPH) dendrimers capped with aza-bisphosphonate (ABP) end groups are known to have anti-inflammatory properties enabling the control of inflammatory diseases in different mouse models. Here we screen the anti-inflammatory activity of a series of PPH dendrimers bearing between 2 and 16 ABP end groups in a mouse model of arthritis and confront the biological results with atomistic simulations of the dendrimers. We show that only the PPH dendrimers capped with 10 and 12 ABP end groups can control the flare of the inflammatory disease. All-atom accelerated molecular dynamics simulations show that dendrimers with a low number of ABP end groups are directional but highly flexible/dynamic and have thereby limited efficiency in establishing multivalent interactions. The largest dendrimer appears as nondirectional, having 16 ABP end groups forming patches all over the dendrimer surface. Conversely, intermediate dendrimers having 10 or 12 ABP end groups reach the best compromise between the number of surface groups and their stable directional gathering, a real maximization of multivalency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Hayder
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS , Toulouse , France
| | - Matteo Garzoni
- Department of Innovative Technologies , University for Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI) , Galleria 2, Via Cantonale 2c , CH-6928 Manno , Switzerland
| | - Davide Bochicchio
- Department of Innovative Technologies , University for Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI) , Galleria 2, Via Cantonale 2c , CH-6928 Manno , Switzerland
| | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS , 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099 , 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 , France.,LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS , Toulouse , France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité, Chimique et Photochimique (IMRCP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS , Toulouse , France
| | - Varravaddheay Ong-Meang
- Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité, Chimique et Photochimique (IMRCP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS , Toulouse , France
| | - Jean-Luc Davignon
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS , Toulouse , France
| | - Cédric-Olivier Turrin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS , 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099 , 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 , France.,LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS , Toulouse , France
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies , University for Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI) , Galleria 2, Via Cantonale 2c , CH-6928 Manno , Switzerland
| | - Rémy Poupot
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS , Toulouse , France
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Ric A, Ecochard V, Iacovoni JS, Boutonnet A, Ginot F, Ong-Meang V, Poinsot V, Paquereau L, Couderc F. G-quadruplex aptamer selection using capillary electrophoresis-LED-induced fluorescence and Illumina sequencing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:1991-2000. [PMID: 29380016 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the major difficulties that arises when selecting aptamers containing a G-quadruplex is the correct amplification of the ssDNA sequence. Can aptamers containing a G-quadruplex be selected from a degenerate library using non-equilibrium capillary electrophoresis (CE) of equilibrium mixtures (NECEEM) along with high-throughput Illumina sequencing? In this article, we present some mismatches of the G-quadruplex T29 aptamer specific to thrombin, which was PCR amplified and sequenced by Illumina sequencing. Then, we show the proportionality between the number of sequenced molecules of T29 added to the library and the number of sequences obtained in Illumina sequencing, and we find that T29 sequences from this aptamer can be detected in a random library of ssDNA after the sample is fractionated by NECEEM, amplified by PCR, and sequenced. Treatment of the data by the counting of double-stranded DNA T29 sequences containing a maximum of two mismatches reveals a good correlation with the enrichment factor (fE). This factor is the ratio of the number of aptamer sequences found in the collected complex sample divided by the total number of sequencing reads (aptamer and non-aptamer) plus the quantity of T29 molecules (spiked into a DNA library) injected into CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Ric
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
- Picometrics Technologies, 478 Rue de la Découverte, 31670, Labège, France
| | - Vincent Ecochard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Jason S Iacovoni
- I2MC, UMR1048, 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Audrey Boutonnet
- Picometrics Technologies, 478 Rue de la Découverte, 31670, Labège, France
| | - Frédéric Ginot
- Picometrics Technologies, 478 Rue de la Découverte, 31670, Labège, France
| | - Varravaddheay Ong-Meang
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Véréna Poinsot
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Paquereau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France.
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Poinsot V, Ong-Meang V, Ric A, Gavard P, Perquis L, Couderc F. Recent advances in amino acid analysis by capillary electromigration methods: June 2015-May 2017. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:190-208. [PMID: 28805963 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the tenth edition of this article focused on recent advances in amino acid analysis using capillary electrophoresis, we describe the most important research articles published on this topic during the period from June 2015 to May 2017. This article follows the format of the previous articles published in Electrophoresis. The new developments in amino acid analysis with CE mainly describe improvements in CE associated with mass spectrometry. Focusing on applications, we mostly describe clinical works, although metabolomics studies are also very important. Finally, works focusing on amino acids in food and agricultural applications are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Poinsot
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, France
| | | | - Audrey Ric
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Gavard
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Perquis
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, France
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Ric A, Ong-Meang V, Poinsot V, Martins-Froment N, Chauvet F, Boutonnet A, Ginot F, Ecochard V, Paquereau L, Couderc F. ssDNA degradation along capillary electrophoresis process using a Tris buffer. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1624-1631. [PMID: 28251659 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tris-Acetate buffer is currently used in the selection and the characterization of ssDNA by capillary electrophoresis (CE). By applying high voltage, the migration of ionic species into the capillary generates a current that induces water electrolysis. This phenomenon is followed by the modification of the pH and the production of Tris derivatives. By injecting ten times by capillary electrophoresis ssDNA (50 nM), the whole oligonucleotide was degraded. In this paper, we will show that the Tris buffer in the running vials is modified along the electrophoretic process by electrochemical reactions. We also observed that the composition of the metal ions changes in the running buffer vials. This phenomenon, never described in CE, is important for fluorescent ssDNA analysis using Tris buffer. The oligonucleotides are degraded by electrochemically synthesized species (present in the running Tris vials) until it disappears, even if the separation buffer in the capillary is clean. To address these issues, we propose to use a sodium phosphate buffer that we demonstrate to be electrochemically inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Ric
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de BiologieStructurale, UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, France.,Picometrics Technologies, Labège, France
| | - Varravaddheay Ong-Meang
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Verena Poinsot
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Martins-Froment
- Service commun de spectrométrie de masse, institut de chimie de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Chauvet
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Vincent Ecochard
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de BiologieStructurale, UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Paquereau
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de BiologieStructurale, UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Poinsot V, Ong-Meang V, Gavard P, Couderc F. Recent advances in amino acid analysis by capillary electromigration methods, 2013-2015. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:142-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Poinsot
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Varravaddheay Ong-Meang
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Pierre Gavard
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - François Couderc
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP; Toulouse Cedex France
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Poinsot V, Ong-Meang V, Gavard P, Couderc F. Recent advances in amino acid analysis by capillary electromigration methods, 2011-2013. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:50-68. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Poinsot
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | | | - Pierre Gavard
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
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Enzonga J, Ong-Meang V, Couderc F, Boutonnet A, Poinsot V, Tsieri MM, Silou T, Bouajila J. Determination of free amino acids in African gourd seed milks by capillary electrophoresis with light-emitting diode induced fluorescence and laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2632-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Varravaddheay Ong-Meang
- Laboratoire des Interactions, Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique UMR CNRS 5623; Université de Toulouse; Université Paul-Sabatier; Toulouse; France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire des Interactions, Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique UMR CNRS 5623; Université de Toulouse; Université Paul-Sabatier; Toulouse; France
| | | | - Véréna Poinsot
- Laboratoire des Interactions, Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique UMR CNRS 5623; Université de Toulouse; Université Paul-Sabatier; Toulouse; France
| | | | - Thomas Silou
- Equipe pluridisciplaire en Alimentation et Nutrition; Faculté de Sciences; Université Marien Ngouabi; Brazzaville; Congo
| | - Jalloul Bouajila
- Laboratoire des Interactions, Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique UMR CNRS 5623; Université de Toulouse; Université Paul-Sabatier; Toulouse; France
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