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Anichina K, Kaloyanov N, Zasheva D, Rusew R, Nikolova R, Yancheva D, Bakov V, Georgiev N. Self-Assembled Molecular Complexes of 1,10-Phenanthroline and 2-Aminobenzimidazoles: Synthesis, Structure Investigations, and Cytotoxic Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:583. [PMID: 38338328 PMCID: PMC10856035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Three new molecular complexes (phen)3(2-amino-Bz)2(H+)(BF4-)·3H2O 5, (phen)3(2-amino-5(6)-methyl-Bz)2(H+)(BF4-)·H2O 6, and (phen)(1-methyl-2-amino-Bz)(H+)(BF4-) 7, were prepared by self-assembly of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and various substituted 2-aminobenzimidazoles. Confirmation of their structures was established through spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the crystal structure of 7 is stabilized by the formation of hydrogen bonds and short contacts. In addition, the molecular geometry and electron structure of molecules 5 and 6 were theoretically evaluated using density functional theory (DFT) methods. According to the DFT B3LYP/6-311+G* calculations, the protonated benzimidazole (Bz) units act as NH hydrogen bond donors, binding two phenanthrolines and a BF4- ion. Non-protonated Bz unit form hydrogen bonds with the N-atoms of a third molecule phen. The molecular assembly is held together by π-π stacking between benzimidazole and phenanthroline rings, allowing for N-atoms to associate with water molecules. The complexes were tested in vitro for their tumor cell growth inhibitory effects on prostate (PC3), breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines using MTT-dye reduction assay. The in vitro cytotoxicity analysis and spectrophotometric investigation in the presence of ct-DNA, showed that self-assembled molecules 5-7 are promising DNA-binding anticancer agents warranting further in-depth exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameliya Anichina
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.A.); (V.B.)
| | - Nikolay Kaloyanov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (N.K.); (D.Y.)
| | - Diana Zasheva
- Laboratory of Reproductive OMICs Technologies, Acad. Kiril Bratanov Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73A Tsarigradsko Shosse Blvd., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Rusi Rusew
- Department of Structural Crystallography and Materials Science, Acad. Ivan Kostov Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad G. Bonchev Str., Build. 107, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.R.); (R.N.)
| | - Rositsa Nikolova
- Department of Structural Crystallography and Materials Science, Acad. Ivan Kostov Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad G. Bonchev Str., Build. 107, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.R.); (R.N.)
| | - Denitsa Yancheva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (N.K.); (D.Y.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Build. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ventsislav Bakov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.A.); (V.B.)
| | - Nikolai Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.A.); (V.B.)
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Bryaskova R, Georgiev N, Philipova N, Bakov V, Anichina K, Argirova M, Apostolova S, Georgieva I, Tzoneva R. Novel Fluorescent Benzimidazole-Hydrazone-Loaded Micellar Carriers for Controlled Release: Impact on Cell Toxicity, Nuclear and Microtubule Alterations in Breast Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1753. [PMID: 37376201 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent micellar carriers with controlled release of a novel anticancer drug were developed to enable intracellular imaging and cancer treatment simultaneously. The nanosized fluorescent micellar systems were embedded with a novel anticancer drug via the self-assembling behavior of well-defined block copolymers based on amphiphilic poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PAA-b-PnBA) copolymer obtained by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) and hydrophobic anticancer benzimidazole-hydrazone drug (BzH). Through this method, well-defined nanosized fluorescent micelles were obtained consisting of a hydrophilic PAA shell and a hydrophobic PnBA core embedded with the BzH drug due to the hydrophobic interactions, thus reaching very high encapsulation efficiency. The size, morphology, and fluorescent properties of blank and drug-loaded micelles were investigated using dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and fluorescent spectroscopy, respectively. Additionally, after 72 h of incubation, drug-loaded micelles released 3.25 μM of BzH, which was spectrophotometrically determined. The BzH drug-loaded micelles were found to exhibit enhanced antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects on MDA-MB-231 cells, with long-lasting effects on microtubule organization, with apoptotic alterations and preferential localization in the perinuclear space of cancer cells. In contrast, the antitumor effect of BzH alone or incorporated in micelles on non-cancerous cells MCF-10A was relatively weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayna Bryaskova
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikoleta Philipova
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ventsislav Bakov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kameliya Anichina
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Argirova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sonia Apostolova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Irina Georgieva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rumiana Tzoneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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