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Oliveira VQ, Santos LC, Teixeira SC, Correia TML, Andrade LOSB, Gimenes SNC, Colombini M, Marques LM, Jiménez-Charris E, Freitas-de-Sousa LA, Silva MJB, Magalhães Gusmão ACMD, Ferro EAV, Clissa PB, Melo Rodrigues VD, Lopes DS. Antiangiogenic properties of BthMP, a P-I metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni snake venom by VEGF pathway in endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 706:149748. [PMID: 38460450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a process that is controlled by a delicate combination of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic molecules and can be disrupted in various illnesses, including cancer. Non-cancerous diseases can also have an abnormal or insufficient vascular growth, inflammation and hypoxia, which exacerbate angiogenesis. These conditions include atherosclerosis, psoriasis, endometriosis, asthma, obesity and AIDS. Based on that, the present work assessed the in vitro and ex vivo antiangiogenic properties stemming from BthMP, a P-I metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni snake venom, via the VEGF pathway. BthMP at a concentration of 5 and 40 μg/mL showed no toxicity to endothelial cells (HUVEC) in the MTT assay and was not able to induce necrosis and colony proliferation. Interestingly, BthMP inhibited adhesion, migration and invasion of HUVECs in Matrigel and arrested in vitro angiogenesis by reducing the average number of nodules in toxin-treated cells by 9.6 and 17.32 at 5 and 40 μg/mL, respectively, and the number of tubules by 15.9 at 5 μg/mL and 21.6 at 40 μg/mL in a VEGF-dependent way, an essential proangiogenic property. Furthermore, BthMP inhibited the occurrence of the angiogenic process in an ex vivo aortic ring test by decreasing new vessel formation by 52% at 5 μg/mL and by 66% at 40 μg/mL and by increasing the expression of an antiangiogenic gene, SFLT-1, and decreasing the expression of the proangiogenic genes VEGFA and ANGPT-1. Finally, this toxin reduces the production of nitric oxide, a marker that promotes angiogenesis and VEGF modulation, and decreases the protein expression of VEGFA in the supernatant of the HUVEC culture by about 30 %. These results suggest that BthMP has a promising antiangiogenic property and proves to be a biotechnological mechanism for understanding the antiangiogenic responses induced by snake venom metalloproteinases, which could be applied to a variety of diseases that exhibit an imbalance of angiogenesis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Queiroz Oliveira
- Institute Multidisciplinary in Health, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Luísa Carregosa Santos
- Institute Multidisciplinary in Health, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Mônica Colombini
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Institute Multidisciplinary in Health, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Institute Multidisciplinary in Health, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil.
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Gonçalves MN, Lopes DS, Teixeira SC, Teixeira TL, de Freitas V, Costa TR, Gimenes SNC, de Camargo IM, de Souza G, da Silva MS, Azevedo FVPDV, Grego KF, Santos LC, Oliveira VQ, da Silva CV, Rodrigues RS, Yoneyama KAG, Clissa PB, Rodrigues VDM. Antileishmanial effects of γCdcPLI, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Crotalus durissus collilineatus snake serum, on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220225. [PMID: 38018570 PMCID: PMC10690931 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis, a neglected disease caused by the parasite Leishmania, is treated with drugs associated with high toxicity and limited efficacy, in addition to constant reports of the emergence of resistant parasites. In this context, snake serums emerge as good candidates since they are natural sources with the potential to yield novel drugs. OBJECTIVES We aimed to show the antileishmanial effects of γCdcPLI, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Crotalus durissus collilineatus snake serum, against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. METHODS Promastigotes forms were exposed to γCdcPLI, and we assessed the parasite viability and cell cycle, as well as invasion and proliferation assays. FINDINGS Despite the low cytotoxicity effect on macrophages, our data indicate that γCdcPLI has a direct effect on parasites promoting an arrest in the G1 phase and reduction in the G2/M phase at the highest dose tested. Moreover, this PLA2 inhibitor reduced the parasite infectivity when promastigotes were pre-treated. Also, we demonstrated that the γCdcPLI treatment modulated the host cell environment impairing early and late steps of the parasitism. MAIN CONCLUSIONS γCdcPLI is an interesting tool for the discovery of new essential targets on the parasite, as well as an alternative compound to improve the effectiveness of the leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Neves Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biotecnologia,
Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biotecnologia,
Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biociências, Vitória da
Conquista, BA, Brasil
| | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências
Biomédicas, Departamento de Imunologia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - Thaise Lara Teixeira
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina,
Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil
| | - Vitor de Freitas
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biotecnologia,
Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - Tássia Rafaella Costa
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biotecnologia,
Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Guilherme de Souza
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências
Biomédicas, Departamento de Imunologia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Santos da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de
Bioquímica, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Luísa Carregosa Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biociências, Vitória da
Conquista, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências
Biomédicas, Departamento de Imunologia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biotecnologia,
Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biotecnologia,
Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biotecnologia,
Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
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Torres Costa KC, Santana Vieira Santos V, Rezende Vaz E, Natalie Cirilo Gimenes S, Ian Veloso Correia L, Brito de Souza J, de Almeida Araújo Santos F, de Melo Rodrigues V, Ricardo Goulart L, Alonso Goulart V. A novel peptide able to reduce PLA 2 activity and modulate inflammatory cytokine production. Toxicon 2023; 231:107207. [PMID: 37364619 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are associated with inflammatory response, performing a complex process involving, specially, cytokines. The excess of pro-inflammatory cytokines induces a chronic inflammatory response and can cause several disorders in the body. Therefore, the inhibition or regulation of cytokines' signaling pathways is a target for new treatment development strategies. Thus, this study aimed to select PLA2 inhibitor mimetic peptides through phage display technology with anti-inflammatory activity. Specific mimetic peptides were selected using BpPLA2-TXI, a PLA2 isolated from Bothrops pauloensis, as a target, and γCdcPL, a PLA2 inhibitor isolated from Crotalus durissus collilineatus, which was used as a competitor during the elution step. We selected the peptide C2PD, which seems to play a pivotal role in the modulation of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10 cytokines in inflammatory cells. The C2PD showed a significant reduction in PLA2 activity. Furthermore, the synthetic peptide was tested in PBMC and showed a significant down-modulation of IL-6 and IL-1β release, whereas IL-10 responses were up-regulated. Our findings suggest that this novel peptide may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, mainly due to its anti-inflammatory properties and absence of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen Cristina Torres Costa
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos
- Laboratory of Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Santa Monica Campus, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38.408-100, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emília Rezende Vaz
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Ian Veloso Correia
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jessica Brito de Souza
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiana de Almeida Araújo Santos
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vivian Alonso Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Guimarães DO, Ferro M, Santos TS, Costa TR, Yoneyama KAG, Rodrigues VDM, Henrique-Silva F, Rodrigues RS. Transcriptomic and biochemical analysis from the venom gland of the neotropical ant Odontomachus chelifer. Toxicon 2023; 223:107006. [PMID: 36572114 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.107006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus Odontomachus is widely distributed in neotropical areas throughout Central and South America. It is a stinging ant that subdues its prey (insects) by injecting them a cocktail of toxic molecules (venom). Ant venoms are generally composed of formic acid, alkaloids, hydrocarbons, amines, peptides, and proteins. Odontomachus chelifer is an ant that inhabits neotropical regions from Mexico to Argentina. Unlike the venom of other animals such as scorpions, spiders and snakes, this ant venom has seldom been analyzed comprehensively, and their compositions are not yet completely known. In the present study, we performed a partial investigation of enzymatic and functional activities of O. chelifer ant venom, and we provide a global insight on the transcripts expressed in the venom gland to better understand their properties. The crude venom showed phospholipase A2 and antiparasitic activities. RNA sequencing (Illumina platform) of the venom gland of O. chelifer generated 61, 422, 898 reads and de novo assembly Trinity generated 50,220 contigs. BUSCO analysis against Arthropoda_db10 showed that 92.89% of the BUSCO groups have complete gene representation (single-copy or duplicated), while 4.05% are only partially recovered, and 3.06% are missing. The 30 most expressed genes in O. chelifer venom gland transcriptome included important transcripts involved in venom function such as U-poneritoxin (01)-Om1a-like (pilosulin), chitinase 2, venom allergen 3, chymotrypsin 1 and 2 and glutathione S-transferase. Analysis of the molecular function revealed that the largest number of transcripts were related to catalytic activity, including phospholipases. These data emphasize the potential of O. chelifer venom for prospection of molecules with biotechnological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Oliveira Guimarães
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Milene Ferro
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Thamires Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tassia Rafaela Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, São Carlos, 13565-905, SP, Brazil.
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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5
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Ferreira IG, Pucca MB, Cardoso IA, de Castro Figueiredo Bordon K, Wiezel GA, Amorim FG, Rodrigues RS, de Melo Rodrigues V, Lucia de Campos Brites V, Rosa JC, Lopes DS, Arantes EC. Insights into structure and function of CdcVEGFs, the vascular endothelial growth factor from Crotalus durissus collilineatus snake venom. Biochimie 2022; 200:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nunes DCDOS, Costa MS, Bispo-da-Silva LB, Ferro EAV, Zóia MAP, Goulart LR, Rodrigues RS, Rodrigues VDM, Yoneyama KAG. Mitochondrial dysfunction on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis induced by ketoconazole: insights into drug mode of action. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210157. [PMID: 35508030 PMCID: PMC9060495 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania parasites cause leishmaniasis that range from self-limiting cutaneous lesions to more serious forms of the disease. The search for potential drug targets focusing on biochemical and metabolic pathways revealed the sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBIs) as a promising approach. In this class of inhibitors is found ketoconazole, a classical inhibitor of 14α-methysterol 14-demethylase. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to better understand the biological response of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes at the cellular level after ketoconazole treatment. METHODS Herein, techniques, such as fluorimetry, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, electron and scanning microscopy were used to investigate the cellular structures and to identify organelles affected by ketoconazole treatment. FINDINGS The study demonstrated, for the first time, the effect of ketoconazole on mitochondrion functioning and its probable relationship to cell cycle and death on L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes (IFLA/BR/67/PH8 strain). MAIN CONCLUSIONS Ketoconazole-induced mitochondrial damages led to hyperpolarisation of this single organelle and autophagic vacuoles formation, as a parasite survival strategy. These damages did not reflect directly on the parasite cell cycle, but drove the parasites to death, making them susceptible to ketoconazole treatment in in vitro models.
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Teixeira SC, da Silva MS, Gomes AAS, Moretti NS, Lopes DS, Ferro EAV, Rodrigues VDM. Panacea within a Pandora's box: the antiparasitic effects of phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2s) from snake venoms. Trends Parasitol 2021; 38:80-94. [PMID: 34364805 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide, mainly in low-income regions. There is no cure for most of these diseases, and the treatment relies on drugs that have side effects and lead to drug resistance, emphasizing the urgency to find new treatments. Snake venom has been gaining prominence as a rich source of molecules with antiparasitic potentials, such as phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). Here, we compile the findings involving PLA2s with antiparasitic activities against helminths, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and trypanosomatids. We indicate their molecular features, highlighting the possible antiparasitic mechanisms of action of these proteins. We also demonstrate interactions between PLA2s and some parasite membrane components, shedding light on potential targets for drug design that may provide better treatment for the illnesses caused by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia (UFU), MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Santos da Silva
- DNA Replication and Repair Laboratory (DRRL), Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nilmar Silvio Moretti
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Patógenos (LBMP), Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Anísio Teixeira Campus, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia (UFU), MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Naves MPC, de Morais CR, de Freitas V, Ribeiro DL, Lopes DS, Antunes LMG, de Melo Rodrigues V, de Rezende AAA, Spanó MA. Mutagenic and genotoxic activities of Phospholipase A 2 Bothropstoxin-I from Bothrops jararacussu in Drosophila melanogaster and human cell lines. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1602-1610. [PMID: 34033823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 Bothropstoxin-I (PLA2 BthTX-I) is a myotoxic Lys49-PLA2 from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. In order to evaluate the DNA damage caused by BthTX-I, we used the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster and Comet assay in HUVEC and DU-145 cells. For SMART, different concentrations of BthTX-I (6.72 to 430 μg/mL) were used and no significant changes in the survival rate were observed. Significant frequency of mutant spots was observed for the ST cross at the highest concentration of BthTX-I due to recombinogenic activity. In the HB cross, BthTX-I increased the number of mutant spots at intermediate concentrations, being 53.75 μg/mL highly mutagenic and 107.5 μg/mL predominantly recombinogenic. The highest concentrations were neither mutagenic nor recombinogenic, which could indicate cytotoxicity in the wing cells of D. melanogaster. In vitro, all BthTX-I concentrations (1 to 50 μg/mL) induced decrease in HUVEC cell viability, as well as in DU-145 cells at concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 μg/mL. The comet assay showed that in HUVEC and DU-145 cells, all BthTX-I concentrations promoted increase of DNA damage. Further studies should be performed to elucidate the mechanism of action of PLA2 BthTX-I and its possible use in therapeutic strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cássio Resende de Morais
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Freitas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Diego Luis Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Multidisciplinary Institute in Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mário Antônio Spanó
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Barbosa LG, Costa TR, Borges IP, Costa MS, Carneiro AC, Borges BC, Silva MJB, Amorim FG, Quinton L, Yoneyama KAG, de Melo Rodrigues V, Sampaio SV, Rodrigues RS. A comparative study on the leishmanicidal activity of the L-amino acid oxidases BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II isolated from Brazilian Bothrops snake venoms. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:267-278. [PMID: 33242552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to examine whether two L-amino acid oxidases isolated from Bothrops snake venom (SV-LAAOs) were cytotoxic to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, two causative agents of leishmaniasis, which is an endemic disease in tropical and subtropical countries. The SV-LAAOs BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II were isolated from Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops moojeni venom, respectively, through a three-step chromatography process that used molecular exclusion, hydrophobic interaction, and affinity columns. BmooLAAO-II is a new SV-LAAO isoform that we isolated in this study. The purified BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II had high L-amino acid oxidase-specific activity: 3481.17 and 4924.77 U/mg/min, respectively. Both SV-LAAOs were strongly cytotoxic to the two Leishmania species, even at low concentrations. At the same concentration, BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II exerted different cytotoxic effects on the parasites. We reported for the first time that the SV-LAAOs suppressed cell proliferation and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential of the two Leishmania species. Surprisingly, BjussuLAAO-II increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species production only in L. (L.) amazonensis, while BmooLAAO-II increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species production only in L. (V.) braziliensis, indicating that these SV-LAAOs had a certain specificity of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Gonçalves Barbosa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tássia Rafaella Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabela Pacheco Borges
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Mônica Soares Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Anna Cecília Carneiro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Laboratory of Osteoimmunology and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratory of Osteoimmunology and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gobbi Amorim
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Loïc Quinton
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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10
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Costa MS, Gonçalves YG, Borges BC, Silva MJB, Amstalden MK, Costa TR, Antunes LMG, Rodrigues RS, Rodrigues VDM, de Faria Franca E, Zoia MAP, de Araújo TG, Goulart LR, Von Poelhsitz G, Yoneyama KAG. Ruthenium (II) complex cis-[Ru II(ŋ 2-O 2CC 7H 7O 2)(dppm) 2]PF 6-hmxbato induces ROS-mediated apoptosis in lung tumor cells producing selective cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15410. [PMID: 32958783 PMCID: PMC7506019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes have been extensively explored as potential molecules for cancer treatment. Considering our previous findings on the remarkable cytotoxic activity exhibited by the ruthenium (II) complex 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate (hmxbato)-cis-[RuII(ŋ2-O2CC7H7O2)(dppm)2]PF6 against Leishmania promastigotes and also the similar metabolic characteristics between trypanosomatids and tumor cells, the present study aimed to analyze the anticancer potential of hmxbato against lung tumor cells, as well as the partial death mechanisms involved. Hmxbato demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against A549 lung tumor cells. In addition, this complex at a concentration of 3.8 µM was able to expressively increase the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells, causing an oxidative stress that may culminate in: (1) reduction in cellular proliferation; (2) changes in cell morphology and organization patterns of the actin cytoskeleton; (3) cell arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle; (4) apoptosis; (5) changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and (6) initial DNA damage. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the induction of programmed cell death can occur by the intrinsic apoptotic pathway through the activation of caspases. It is also worth highlighting that hmxbato exhibited predominant actions on A549 tumor cells in comparison to BEAS-2B normal bronchial epithelium cells, which makes this complex an interesting candidate for the design of new drugs against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Soares Costa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Pará avenue, 1720, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil.
| | | | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Martin Krähenbühl Amstalden
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicologia e Ciências Alimentares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Tássia Rafaella Costa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Pará avenue, 1720, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicologia e Ciências Alimentares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Pará avenue, 1720, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Pará avenue, 1720, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de Faria Franca
- Laboratório de Cristalografia e Química Computacional, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Alves Pereira Zoia
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaise Gonçalves de Araújo
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Von Poelhsitz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Pará avenue, 1720, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil.
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11
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Montealegre-Sanchez L, Gimenes S, Lopes D, Teixeira S, Briza P, Solano-Redondo L, de Melo Rodrigues V, Jimenez-Charris E. Anti-tumoral potential of a novel disintegrin isolated from Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii venom on breast cancer cells. Toxicon 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.12.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Montealegre-Sánchez L, Gimenes SN, Lopes DS, Teixeira SC, Solano-Redondo L, de Melo Rodrigues V, Jiménez-Charris E. Antitumoral Potential of Lansbermin-I, a Novel Disintegrin from Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii Venom on Breast Cancer Cells. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2069-2078. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190806151401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Disintegrins from snake venoms bind with high specificity cell surface integrins,
which are important pharmacological targets associated with cancer development and progression.
Objective:
In this study, we isolated a disintegrin from the Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii venom and
evaluated its antitumoral effects on breast cancer cells.
Methods:
The isolation of the disintegrin was performed on RP-HPLC and the inhibition of platelet aggregation
was evaluated on human platelet-rich plasma. The inhibition of cell adhesion was also evaluated
in vitro on cultures of cell lines by the MTT method as well as the inhibition of breast cancer cell
migration by the wound healing assay. The binding of the disintegrin to integrin subunits was verified by
flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Finally, inhibition of angiogenesis was assessed in vitro on
HUVEC cells and the concentration of VEGF was measured in the cellular supernatants.
Results:
The disintegrin, named Lansbermin-I, is a low molecular weight protein (< 10 kDa) that includes
an RGD on its sequence identified previously. Lansbermin-I showed potent inhibition of ADP and
collagen-induced platelet aggregation on human plasma and also displayed inhibitory effects on the adhesion
and migration of breast cancer MCF7 and MDA-MB 231cell lines, without affecting nontumorigenic
breast MCF-10A and lung BEAS cells. Additionally, Lansbermin-I prevented MCF7 cells to
adhere to fibronectin and collagen, and also inhibited in vitro angiogenesis on human endothelial HUVEC
cells.
Conclusion:
Our results display the first report on the antitumor and anti-metastatic effects of an RGDdisintegrin
isolated from a Porthidium snake venom by possibly interfering with α2 and/or β1-containing
integrins. Thus, Lansbermin-I could be an attractive model to elucidate the role of disintegrins against
breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah N.C. Gimenes
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Daiana S. Lopes
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saude, Campus Anisio Teixeira, Universidade Federal da Bahia, BA, Brazil
| | - Samuel C. Teixeira
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Luis Solano-Redondo
- Grupo Laboratorio de Herpetologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
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Rodrigues JP, Vasconcelos Azevedo FVP, Zoia MAP, Maia LP, Correia LIV, Costa-Cruz JM, de Melo Rodrigues V, Goulart LR. The Anthelmintic Effect on Strongyloides venezuelensis Induced by BnSP- 6, a Lys49-phospholipase A2 Homologue from Bothrops pauloensis Venom. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2032-2040. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190723152520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) from snake venoms have a broad potential as
pharmacological tools on medicine. In this context, strongyloidiasis is a neglected parasitic disease
caused by helminths of the genus Strongyloides. Currently, ivermectin is the drug of choice for treatment,
however, besides its notable toxicity, therapeutic failures and cases of drug resistance have been
reported. BnSP-6, from Bothorps pauloensis snake venom, is a PLA2 with depth biochemical characterization,
reporting effects against tumor cells and bacteria.
Objective:
The aim of this study is to demonstrate for the first time the action of the PLA2 on Strongyloides
venezuelensis.
Methods:
After 72 hours of treatment with BnSP-6 mortality of the infective larvae was assessed by motility
assay. Cell and parasite viability was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl
tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Furthermore, autophagic vacuoles were labeled with Monodansylcadaverine
(MDC) and nuclei of apoptotic cells were labeled with Propidium Iodide (PI). Tissue degeneration
of the parasite was highlighted by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
Results:
The mortality index demonstrated that BnSP-6 abolishes the motility of the parasite. In addition,
the MTT assay attested the cytotoxicity of BnSP-6 at lower concentrations when compared with
ivermectin, while autophagic and apoptosis processes were confirmed. Moreover, the anthelmintic effect
was demonstrated by tissue degeneration observed by TEM. Furthermore, we report that BnSP-6
showed low cytotoxicity on human intestinal cells (Caco-2).
Conclusion:
Altogether, our results shed light on the potential of BNSP-6 as an anthelmintic agent,
which can lead to further investigations as a tool for pharmaceutical discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Peixoto Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama BL-2E, SL-248, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Van Petten Vasconcelos Azevedo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama BL-2E, SL-227, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Mariana Alves Pereira Zoia
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama BL-2E, SL-248, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Larissa Prado Maia
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama BL-2E, SL-248, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ian Veloso Correia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama BL-2E, SL-227, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Julia Maria Costa-Cruz
- Laboratory of Parasitological Diagnostics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Campus Umuarama BL-4C, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama BL-2E, SL-227, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama BL-2E, SL-248, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
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14
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de Vasconcelos Azevedo FVP, Zóia MAP, Lopes DS, Gimenes SN, Vecchi L, Alves PT, Rodrigues RS, Silva ACA, Yoneyama KAG, Goulart LR, de Melo Rodrigues V. Antitumor and antimetastatic effects of PLA2-BthTX-II from Bothrops jararacussu venom on human breast cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:261-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Costa MS, Gonçalves YG, Teixeira SC, Nunes DCDO, Lopes DS, da Silva CV, da Silva MS, Borges BC, Silva MJB, Rodrigues RS, Rodrigues VDM, Von Poelhsitz G, Yoneyama KAG. Increased ROS generation causes apoptosis-like death: Mechanistic insights into the anti-Leishmania activity of a potent ruthenium(II) complex. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 195:1-12. [PMID: 30861423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Some metallodrugs that exhibit interesting biological activity contain transition metals such as ruthenium, and have been extensively exploited because of their antiparasitic potential. In previous study, we reported the remarkable anti-Leishmania activity of precursor cis-[RuIICl2(dppm)2], where dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, and new ruthenium(II) complexes, cis-[RuII(η2-O2CC10H13)(dppm)2]PF6 (bbato), cis-[RuII(η2-O2CC7H7S)(dppm)2]PF6 (mtbato) and cis-[RuII(η2-O2CC7H7O2)(dppm)2]PF6 (hmxbato) against some Leishmania species. In view of the promising activity of the hmxbato complex against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes, the present work investigated the possible parasite death mechanism involved in the action of this hmxbato and its precursor. We report, for the first time, that hmxbato and precursor promoted an increase in reactive oxygen species production, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, DNA fragmentation, formation of a pre-apoptotic peak, alterations in parasite morphology and formation of autophagic vacuoles. Taken together, our results suggest that these ruthenium complexes cause parasite death by apoptosis. Thus, this work provides relevant knowledge on the activity of ruthenium(II) complexes against L. (L.) amazonensis. Such information will be essential for the exploitation of these complexes as future candidates for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Soares Costa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina de Oliveira Nunes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos da Silva
- Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Celular (LECC), Centro de Toxinas, Resposta imune e Sinalização Celular (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Von Poelhsitz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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16
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Borges IP, Silva MF, Santiago FM, de Faria LS, Júnior ÁF, da Silva RJ, Costa MS, de Freitas V, Yoneyama KAG, Ferro EAV, Lopes DS, Rodrigues RS, de Melo Rodrigues V. Antiparasitic effects induced by polyclonal IgY antibodies anti-phospholipase A2 from Bothrops pauloensis venom. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:333-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Nunes DCDO, Bispo-da-Silva LB, Napolitano DR, Costa MS, Figueira MMNR, Rodrigues RS, Rodrigues VDM, Yoneyama KAG. In vitro additive interaction between ketoconazole and antimony against intramacrophage Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis amastigotes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180530. [PMID: 28662149 PMCID: PMC5491259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by protozoa of Leishmania genus. The currently available treatments for this disease are expensive, present high toxicity and are associated to difficulties of healing and parasite resistance. Therefore, the development of strategies for leishmaniasis treatment is indispensable and includes reposition of existing drugs, as well as drug combination therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the nature of ketoconazole and antimony association on the cytotoxic effect against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis amastigotes. The calculated mean sum of fractional 50% inhibitory concentration ( x¯ΣFIC50) was 2.54 and 1.43 for free and intracellular amastigotes, respectively, values that suggest an additive interaction between ketoconazole and antimony concerning to Leishmania toxicity only in the intramacrophage parasite form. Despite the clinical efficacy of ketoconazole-antimony combination has been shown in the literature, our study is the first to describe the nature of ketoconazole-antimony interaction against L. (L.) amazonensis amastigotes. Moreover, our results point out the need for future in vivo studies to confirm the nature of ketoconazole-antimony interaction and also to determine possible effective dosage regimens related to ketoconazole administration in association with the optimal lower dose of antimony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Cristina de Oliveira Nunes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Borges Bispo-da-Silva
- Área de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danielle Reis Napolitano
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Área de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mônica Soares Costa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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18
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Castanheira LE, Lopes DS, Gimenes SNC, Deconte SR, Ferreira BA, Alves PT, Filho LRG, Tomiosso TC, Rodrigues RS, Yoneyama KAG, Araújo FDA, Rodrigues VDM. Angiogenenic effects of BpLec, a C-type lectin isolated from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:153-161. [PMID: 28392382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports the effects of a C-type lectin (BpLec) isolated from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom upon in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis models. Initially, we noted that BpLec was not cytotoxic to endothelial cells (tEnd) in doses up to 40μg/mL, but lower doses (2.5μg/mL, 5μg/mL, 10μg/mL and 20μg/mL) reduced tEnd cells adhesion to some extracellular matrix proteins and inhibited the in vitro vessel formation in Matrigel assay stimulated by bFGF. β-galactosides (d-lactose, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine and d-galactose) at 400mM reversed the effect of BpLec on tEnd cells adhesion, whereas d-galactose (400mM) partially reversed BpLec property of inhibiting vessel formation by tEnd cells in Matrigel. In vivo assays showed that BpLec increased hemoglobin content and capillary vessels number in polyether-polyurethane sponge discs subcutaneously implanted into dorsal skin mice. Additionally, BpLec also reduced collagen deposition and did not induce a pro-inflammatory response, as demonstrated by the decreased the secretion of some inflammatory cytokines, whereas myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) activities were not altered by BpLec. Taken together, our results indicate that BpLec might represent an interesting angiogenesis and inflammatory modulator that could also be used for searching possible therapeutic targets involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Eulalio Castanheira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Sarah Natalie Cirilo Gimenes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone Ramos Deconte
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno Antônio Ferreira
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Patricia Terra Alves
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Carla Tomiosso
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Assis Araújo
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Guimarães DDO, Lopes DS, Azevedo FVPV, Gimenes SNC, Silva MA, Achê DC, Gomes MSR, Vecchi L, Goulart LR, Yoneyama KAG, Rodrigues RS, Rodrigues VDM. In vitro antitumor and antiangiogenic effects of Bothropoidin, a metalloproteinase from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:770-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Borges IP, Castanheira LE, Barbosa BF, de Souza DLN, da Silva RJ, Mineo JR, Tudini KAY, Rodrigues RS, Ferro EAV, de Melo Rodrigues V. Anti-parasitic effect on Toxoplasma gondii induced by BnSP-7, a Lys49-phospholipase A2 homologue from Bothrops pauloensis venom. Toxicon 2016; 119:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Boldrini-França J, Santos Rodrigues R, Santos-Silva LK, de Souza DLN, Gomes MSR, Cologna CT, de Pauw E, Quinton L, Henrique-Silva F, de Melo Rodrigues V, Arantes EC. Expression of a new serine protease from Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom in Pichia pastoris and functional comparison with the native enzyme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9971-86. [PMID: 26227411 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs) act primarily on plasma proteins related to blood clotting and are considered promising for the treatment of several hemostatic disorders. We report the heterologous expression of a serine protease from Crotalus durissus collilineatus, named collinein-1, in Pichia pastoris, as well as the enzymatic comparative characterization of the toxin in native and recombinant forms. The complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding collinein-1 was amplified from cDNA library of C. d. collilineatus venom gland and cloned into the pPICZαA vector. The recombinant plasmid was used to transform cells of KM71H P. pastoris. Heterologous expression was induced by methanol and yielded 56 mg of recombinant collinein-1 (rCollinein-1) per liter of culture. The native collinein-1 was purified from C. d. collilineatus venom, and its identity was confirmed by amino acid sequencing. The native and recombinant enzymes showed similar effects upon bovine fibrinogen by releasing preferentially fibrinopeptide A. Although both enzymes have induced plasma coagulation, native Colinein-1 has shown higher coagulant activity. The serine proteases were able to hydrolyze the chromogenic substrates S-2222, S-2238, and S2302. Both enzymes showed high stability on different pH and temperature, and their esterase activities were inhibited in the presence of Zn2+ and Cu2+. The serine proteases showed similar k cat/K m values in enzyme kinetics assays, suggesting no significant differences in efficiency of these proteins to hydrolyze the substrate. These results demonstrated that rCollinein-1 was expressed with functional integrity on the evaluated parameters. The success in producing a functionally active recombinant SVSP may generate perspectives to their future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johara Boldrini-França
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Física e Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Dayane Lorena Naves de Souza
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Rocha Gomes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Edwin de Pauw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Loïc Quinton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Flávio Henrique-Silva
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Física e Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Achê DC, Gomes MSR, de Souza DLN, Silva MA, Brandeburgo MIH, Yoneyama KAG, Rodrigues RS, Borges MH, Lopes DS, Rodrigues VDM. Biochemical properties of a new PI SVMP from Bothrops pauloensis: Inhibition of cell adhesion and angiogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:445-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Castanheira L, Naves de Souza DL, Silva RJ, Barbosa B, Mineo JR, Tudini KA, Rodrigues R, Ferro EV, de Melo Rodrigues V. Insights into anti-parasitism induced by a C-type lectin from Bothrops pauloensis venom on Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 74:568-74. [PMID: 25541358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we evaluate the effects of BpLec, a C-type lectin isolated from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom, on Toxoplasma gondii parasitism. BpLec (0.195-12.5 μg/mL) did not interfere with HeLa (host cell) viability by MTT assay, whereas higher doses decreased viability and changed HeLa morphology. In addition, the host cell treatment before infection did not influence adhesion and proliferation indexes. BpLec did not alter T. gondii tachyzoite viability, as carried out by trypan blue exclusion, but decreased both adhesion and parasite replication, when tachyzoites were treated before infection. Galactose (0.4 M) inhibited the BpLec effect on adhesion assays, suggesting that BpLec probably recognize some glycoconjugate from T. gondii membrane. Additionally, we performed cytokine measurements from supernatants collected from HeLa cells infected with T. gondii tachyzoites previously treated with RPMI or BpLec. MIF and IL-6 productions by HeLa cells were increased by BpLec treatment. Also, TGF-β1 secretion was diminished post-infection, although this effect was not dependent on BpLec treatment. Taken together, our results show that BpLec is capable of reducing T. gondii parasitism after tachyzoite treatment and may represent an interesting tool in the search for parasite antigens involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Castanheira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Brazil
| | - Dayane Lorena Naves de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafaela José Silva
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bellisa Barbosa
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Tudini
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Eloísa Vieira Ferro
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Brazil.
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Boldrini-França J, Rodrigues RS, Santos-Silva LK, de Souza DLN, Gomes MSR, Cologna CT, de Pauw E, Quinton L, Silva FH, de Melo Rodrigues V, Arantes EC. Functional characterization of a serine protease from Crotalus durissus collilineatus highly expressed in Pichia pastoris: Comparison to its native form. Toxicol Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lopes DS, Baldo C, de Freitas Oliveira C, Machado de Alcântara T, Dias Oliveira JD, Gourlart LR, Hamaguchi A, Homsi-Brandeburgo MI, Moura-da-Silva AM, Clissa PB, de Melo Rodrigues V. Characterization of inflammatory reaction induced by neuwiedase, a P-I metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops neuwiedi venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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de Freitas Oliveira C, da Silva Lopes D, Mendes MM, Homsi-Brandeburgo MI, Hamaguchi A, de Alcântara TM, Clissa PB, de Melo Rodrigues V. Insights of local tissue damage and regeneration induced by BnSP-7, a myotoxin isolated from Bothrops (neuwiedi) pauloensis snake venom. Toxicon 2009; 53:560-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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