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Van de Wiele VL, Kesselheim AS, Tu SS. Biologic patent challenges under the America Invents Act. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:374-377. [PMID: 38491277 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Van de Wiele
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron S Kesselheim
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Sean Tu
- West Virginia University College of Law, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Van de Wiele VL, Kesselheim AS, Nagar S, Tu SS. The prevalence of drug patent term extensions in the United States, 2000-2018. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:903-906. [PMID: 37452180 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Van de Wiele
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron S Kesselheim
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarosh Nagar
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Sean Tu
- West Virginia University College of Law, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Van de Wiele VL, Raymakers A, Kesselheim AS, Rome BN. Transferable Exclusivity Vouchers and Incentives for Antimicrobial Development in the European Union. J Law Med Ethics 2023; 51:213-216. [PMID: 37226746 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2023.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The European Commission's proposal to address antimicrobial resistance using transferable exclusivity vouchers (TEVs) is fundamentally flawed. European policymakers and regulators should consider alternatives, such as better funding for basic and clinical research, use of advance market commitments funded by a pay-or-play tax, or enacting an EU Fund for Antibiotic Development.
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Abstract
This Viewpoint discusses a current Supreme Court lawsuit, Amgen v Sanofi, involving Amgen’s broad patents on PCSK9 that could effectively prevent other manufacturers from producing similar or even clinically superior antibodies, with important negative consequences for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sean Tu
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- West Virginia University College of Law, Morgantown
| | - Sarosh Nagar
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Victor L Van de Wiele
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Van de Wiele VL, Kesselheim AS, Beran D, Darrow JJ. Insulin products and patents in the USA in 2004, 2014, and 2020: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:73-75. [PMID: 36702563 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Van de Wiele
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02120, USA.
| | - Aaron S Kesselheim
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | | | - Jonathan J Darrow
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02120, USA
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Egilman AC, Van de Wiele VL, Rome BN, Darrow JJ, Tu SS, Kesselheim AS, Sarpatwari A. Frequency of Approval and Marketing of Biosimilars With a Skinny Label and Associated Medicare Savings. JAMA Intern Med 2023; 183:82-84. [PMID: 36441536 PMCID: PMC9706396 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.5419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This cohort study assesses the frequency of approval and marketing of skinny-label biosimilars and their savings to Medicare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. Egilman
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor L. Van de Wiele
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin N. Rome
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan J. Darrow
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S. Sean Tu
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- West Virginia University College of Law, Morgantown
| | - Aaron S. Kesselheim
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ameet Sarpatwari
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Van de Wiele VL, Torrance AW, Kesselheim AS. Characteristics Of Key Patents Covering Recent FDA-Approved Drugs. Health Aff (Millwood) 2022; 41:1117-1124. [PMID: 35914209 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2022.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
New drugs are protected by patents that block generic competition and allow manufacturers to charge high prices. To examine the breadth and characteristics of the key patents covering recently approved brand-name drugs, we extracted patents from the list maintained by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and evaluated the timing of patent filings, features of the drugs covered by patents, and whether similar patents were sought in other countries. Among seventy-eight qualifying drug approvals in 2019 and 2020, ten had zero patents, and the remaining sixty-eight drugs listed 322 different patents (the median number was 4). The most common category of patents, based on the nature of the invention being protected, was chemical compound (201; 62 percent), followed by method of use (195; 61 percent). The median time from originator drug approval to the expiration date of the final patent listed on our date of data collection was 10.3 years. About one in five patents had no counterparts in other major jurisdictions around the world, suggesting either a different manufacturer strategy or a differing application of patent standards in the US than in other comparable settings. Patents covering newly approved drugs largely protect the product and its uses; this shows that patent reform, rather than changes to nonpatent exclusivities, is the key to ensuring timely generic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Van de Wiele
- Victor L. Van de Wiele , Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Aaron S Kesselheim
- Aaron S. Kesselheim, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
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Van de Wiele VL, Hammer M, Parikh R, Feldman WB, Sarpatwari A, Kesselheim AS. Competition law and pricing among biologic drugs: the case of VEGF therapy for retinal diseases. J Law Biosci 2022; 9:lsac001. [PMID: 35211322 PMCID: PMC8863367 DOI: 10.1093/jlb/lsac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye disease and is a leading cause of vision loss in the Western world. Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors have become a mainstay of treatment for this disease. Currently, treatment options include three originator biologics with approvals for neovascular AMD (aflibercept, ranibizumab, and brolucizumab-dbll) and one biologic that is commonly used off-label for the condition (bevacizumab). In the USA, Medicare spending on these drugs consistently surpassed $4 billion per year between 2015 and 2019, driven by high prices and varying off-label use of bevacizumab, which is substantially cheaper than the other biologics used to treat neovascular AMD. In this article, we discuss how legal reform can improve market competition for biologic drugs, using AMD therapies as a case study. We chose this group of drugs for their significant contribution to Medicare spending, the price difference between approved therapies and intravitreal bevacizumab, and because there currently exists a large biosimilar pipeline with many drug candidates in the final stage of development. We propose mechanisms for anticipating and facilitating the market introduction of biosimilars, as well as changes to the pricing model in Medicare that can promote use of cost-effective therapies. Reforms such as empowering Medicare to negotiate drug prices may help ensure that introduction of new biologics and biosimilars for AMD will lower spending and increase patient access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Van de Wiele
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maximilian Hammer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ravi Parikh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Manhattan Retina and Eye Consultants, New York, NY, USA
| | - William B Feldman
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ameet Sarpatwari
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron S Kesselheim
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Van de Wiele
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reed F Beall
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aaron S Kesselheim
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ameet Sarpatwari
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Van de Wiele VL, Kesselheim AS, Sarpatwari A. Barriers To US Biosimilar Market Growth: Lessons From Biosimilar Patent Litigation. Health Aff (Millwood) 2021; 40:1198-1205. [PMID: 34339242 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
High biologic drug prices have placed substantial strain on the US health care system. The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA), passed in 2010 as part of the Affordable Care Act, created an abbreviated approval pathway for biosimilars-versions of "originator" biologic drugs made by different manufacturers-to help address this issue. However, a decade after its passage, the BPCIA has spurred only limited competition. We examined the role that litigation has played in this muted success, reviewing all lawsuits related to the BPCIA filed between its enactment and August 1, 2020. Our review identified two key problems: noncompliance with steps in the complex litigation process established by the BPCIA and large numbers of patents enforced by originator manufacturers. Both actions have contributed to frequent confidential settlements between originator and biosimilar manufacturers that have delayed the availability of biosimilars. To facilitate more timely biosimilar entry, policy makers should consider limits on patent prosecution, compulsory public patent listing, and enhanced antitrust enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Van de Wiele
- Victor L. Van de Wiele is a research fellow in the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron S Kesselheim
- Aaron S. Kesselheim is a professor of medicine and the director of the Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law in the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Ameet Sarpatwari
- Ameet Sarpatwari is an assistant professor of medicine and the assistant director of the Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law in the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
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Sacks CA, Van de Wiele VL, Fulchino LA, Patel L, Kesselheim AS, Sarpatwari A. Assessment of Variation in State Regulation of Generic Drug and Interchangeable Biologic Substitutions. JAMA Intern Med 2021; 181:16-22. [PMID: 32865564 PMCID: PMC7489381 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Brand-name drugs, including biologics, have been the primary source of increasing prescription drug spending in the US. Each state has drug product selection laws that regulate whether and how pharmacists can substitute prescriptions for brand-name drugs with more affordable equivalents, either small-molecule generic drugs or interchangeable biologics, but the details of these laws can vary. OBJECTIVE To examine the variation in state drug product selection laws with regard to factors that may affect which version of a drug is dispensed. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional analysis was performed, using a legal database, to obtain information on state laws of all states plus Washington, DC, as they existed on September 1, 2019. EXPOSURES Whether substitution was mandatory or permissive, patient consent was needed prior to substitution, patient notification of substitution was required independent of the drug's packaging, and/or pharmacists were protected from special risk of liability for substitution. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES For small-molecule and biologic drugs, descriptive statistics were generated for the 4 exposure variables. In addition, for small-molecule drugs, a generic substitution score with a maximum of 1 point was assigned for each exposure variable (range, 0-4 points), with higher scores indicating regulatory requirements limiting substitution. RESULTS This cross-sectional analysis of the generic drug substitution regulations in the 50 US states and Washington, DC, found that for small-molecule drugs, 19 states required pharmacists to perform generic substitution; 7 states and Washington, DC, required patient consent; 31 states and Washington, DC, mandated patient notification independent of the drug's packaging, and 24 states did not explicitly protect pharmacists from greater liability. Nine states and Washington, DC, had a generic substitution score for small-molecule drugs of 3 or higher, and 45 states had more stringent requirements for interchangeable biologic substitution, most commonly mandatory physician notification. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this study suggest that there is a need for optimizing state drug product selection laws to promote generic and interchangeable biologic substitution, which may help improve medication adherence and reduce drug spending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chana A Sacks
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Mongan Institute and Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Victor L Van de Wiele
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa A Fulchino
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lajja Patel
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron S Kesselheim
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ameet Sarpatwari
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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