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Cleghorn LAT, Wall RJ, Albrecht S, MacGowan SA, Norval S, De Rycker M, Woodland A, Spinks D, Thompson S, Patterson S, Corpas Lopez V, Dey G, Collie IT, Hallyburton I, Kime R, Simeons FRC, Stojanovski L, Frearson JA, Wyatt PG, Read KD, Gilbert IH, Wyllie S. Development of a 2,4-Diaminothiazole Series for the Treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis Highlights the Importance of Static-Cidal Screening of Analogues. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37343180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
While treatment options for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) have improved significantly, there is still a need for new drugs with eradication now a realistic possibility. Here, we report the development of 2,4-diaminothiazoles that demonstrate significant potency against Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of HAT. Using phenotypic screening to guide structure-activity relationships, potent drug-like inhibitors were developed. Proof of concept was established in an animal model of the hemolymphatic stage of HAT. To treat the meningoencephalitic stage of infection, compounds were optimized for pharmacokinetic properties, including blood-brain barrier penetration. However, in vivo efficacy was not achieved, in part due to compounds evolving from a cytocidal to a cytostatic mechanism of action. Subsequent studies identified a nonessential kinase involved in the inositol biosynthesis pathway as the molecular target of these cytostatic compounds. These studies highlight the need for cytocidal drugs for the treatment of HAT and the importance of static-cidal screening of analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A T Cleghorn
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Richard J Wall
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Sébastien Albrecht
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Stuart A MacGowan
- Division of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Andrew Woodland
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Daniel Spinks
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Stephen Thompson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Stephen Patterson
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Victoriano Corpas Lopez
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Gourav Dey
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Iain T Collie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Irene Hallyburton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Robert Kime
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Frederick R C Simeons
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Julie A Frearson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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Smith RJ, Milne R, Lopez VC, Wiedemar N, Dey G, Syed AJ, Patterson S, Wyllie S. Chemical pulldown combined with mass spectrometry to identify the molecular targets of antimalarials in cell-free lysates. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102002. [PMID: 36609153 PMCID: PMC9841287 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we provide a protocol using chemical pulldown combined with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify drug targets in Plasmodium falciparum. This approach works upon the principle that a resin-bound inhibitor selectively binds its molecular target(s) in cell-free lysates. We describe the preparation of drug beads and P. falciparum lysate, followed by chemical pulldown, sample fractionation, and LC-MS/MS analysis. We then detail how to identify specifically bound proteins by comparing protein enrichment in DMSO-treated relative to drug-treated lysates via quantitative proteomics. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Milne et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Rachel Milne
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Victoriano Corpas Lopez
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Natalie Wiedemar
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Gourav Dey
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Aisha J Syed
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Stephen Patterson
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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Smith A, Wall RJ, Patterson S, Rowan T, Rico Vidal E, Stojanovski L, Huggett M, Hampton SE, Thomas MG, Corpas Lopez V, Gillingwater K, Duke J, Napier G, Peter R, Vitouley HS, Harrison JR, Milne R, Jeacock L, Baker N, Davis SH, Simeons F, Riley J, Horn D, Brun R, Zuccotto F, Witty MJ, Wyllie S, Read KD, Gilbert IH. Repositioning of a Diaminothiazole Series Confirmed to Target the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase CRK12 for Use in the Treatment of African Animal Trypanosomiasis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5606-5624. [PMID: 35303411 PMCID: PMC9014415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis or nagana, caused principally by infection of the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax, is a major problem in cattle and other livestocks in sub-Saharan Africa. Current treatments are threatened by the emergence of drug resistance and there is an urgent need for new, effective drugs. Here, we report the repositioning of a compound series initially developed for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. A medicinal chemistry program, focused on deriving more soluble analogues, led to development of a lead compound capable of curing cattle infected with both T. congolense and T. vivax via intravenous dosing. Further optimization has the potential to yield a single-dose intramuscular treatment for this disease. Comprehensive mode of action studies revealed that the molecular target of this promising compound and related analogues is the cyclin-dependent kinase CRK12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Smith
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Wall
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry
and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Patterson
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry
and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Rowan
- GALVmed, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science
Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Rico Vidal
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry
and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Huggett
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Shahienaz E. Hampton
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G. Thomas
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Victoriano Corpas Lopez
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry
and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Gillingwater
- Swiss
Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University
of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeff Duke
- University
of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB United Kingdom
| | - Grant Napier
- GALVmed, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science
Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Peter
- GALVmed, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science
Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hervé S. Vitouley
- Centre
International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage
en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), No 559 ru
5-31 angle Av. du Gouverneur Louveau, 01 BP: 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Justin R. Harrison
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Milne
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry
and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jeacock
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry
and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Baker
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry
and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Susan H. Davis
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick Simeons
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry
and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss
Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University
of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Witty
- GALVmed, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science
Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry
and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
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