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Meyer B, Riedel F, Amann N, Graf A, Stuehrenberg A, Ritter V, Wallwiener M, Heublein S, Recker F, Weiss M, Riedel M. Exploring the current state of clinical and practical teaching in obstetrics and gynecology in the era of competency-based education: a nationwide survey among German teaching coordinators. BMC Med Educ 2024; 24:165. [PMID: 38383443 PMCID: PMC10880315 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) is an essential medical field that focuses on women's health. Universities aim to provide high-quality healthcare services to women through comprehensive education of medical students. In Germany, medical education is undergoing a phase of restructuring towards the implementation of competency-based learning. The objective of the current survey was to gain insights into the teaching methods, resources, and challenges at German medical universities in the field OB/GYN. This aims to document the current state of medical education and derive potential suggestions for improvements in the era of competency-based learning. The survey was conducted with teaching coordinators from the majority of OB/GYN departments at German universities. METHODS A questionnaire was sent to the teaching coordinators in all 41 OB/GYN departments at German university hospitals. The survey was delivered via email with a link to an online survey platform. RESULTS The study received 30 responses from 41 universities. Differences were observed in the work environment of teaching coordinators concerning release from clinical duties for teaching purposes and specialized academic training. Overall, medical education and student motivation were perceived positively, with noticeable gaps, particularly in practical gynecological training. Deficiencies in supervision and feedback mechanisms were also evident. Subfields such as urogynecology and reproductive medicine appear to be underrepresented in the curriculum, correlating with poorer student performance. E-learning was widely utilized and considered advantageous. CONCLUSION The present study provides valuable insights into the current state of medical education in OB/GYN at German universities from the perspective of teaching experts. We highlight current deficits, discuss approaches to overcome present obstacles, and provide suggestions for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Meyer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Riedel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niklas Amann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Graf
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Stuehrenberg
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Viktoria Ritter
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Wallwiener
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Halle University, Halle, Germany
| | - Sabine Heublein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Halle University, Halle, Germany
| | - Florian Recker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Weiss
- Department of Women's Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Riedel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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2
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Riedel M, Kaefinger K, Stuehrenberg A, Ritter V, Amann N, Graf A, Recker F, Klein E, Kiechle M, Riedel F, Meyer B. ChatGPT's performance in German OB/GYN exams - paving the way for AI-enhanced medical education and clinical practice. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1296615. [PMID: 38155661 PMCID: PMC10753765 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1296615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) is an artificial learning and large language model tool developed by OpenAI in 2022. It utilizes deep learning algorithms to process natural language and generate responses, which renders it suitable for conversational interfaces. ChatGPT's potential to transform medical education and clinical practice is currently being explored, but its capabilities and limitations in this domain remain incompletely investigated. The present study aimed to assess ChatGPT's performance in medical knowledge competency for problem assessment in obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN). Methods Two datasets were established for analysis: questions (1) from OB/GYN course exams at a German university hospital and (2) from the German medical state licensing exams. In order to assess ChatGPT's performance, questions were entered into the chat interface, and responses were documented. A quantitative analysis compared ChatGPT's accuracy with that of medical students for different levels of difficulty and types of questions. Additionally, a qualitative analysis assessed the quality of ChatGPT's responses regarding ease of understanding, conciseness, accuracy, completeness, and relevance. Non-obvious insights generated by ChatGPT were evaluated, and a density index of insights was established in order to quantify the tool's ability to provide students with relevant and concise medical knowledge. Results ChatGPT demonstrated consistent and comparable performance across both datasets. It provided correct responses at a rate comparable with that of medical students, thereby indicating its ability to handle a diverse spectrum of questions ranging from general knowledge to complex clinical case presentations. The tool's accuracy was partly affected by question difficulty in the medical state exam dataset. Our qualitative assessment revealed that ChatGPT provided mostly accurate, complete, and relevant answers. ChatGPT additionally provided many non-obvious insights, especially in correctly answered questions, which indicates its potential for enhancing autonomous medical learning. Conclusion ChatGPT has promise as a supplementary tool in medical education and clinical practice. Its ability to provide accurate and insightful responses showcases its adaptability to complex clinical scenarios. As AI technologies continue to evolve, ChatGPT and similar tools may contribute to more efficient and personalized learning experiences and assistance for health care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Riedel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TU), Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Kaefinger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TU), Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Stuehrenberg
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TU), Munich, Germany
| | - Viktoria Ritter
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TU), Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas Amann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Friedrich–Alexander-University Erlangen–Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Graf
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TU), Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Recker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evelyn Klein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TU), Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TU), Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Riedel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bastian Meyer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TU), Munich, Germany
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Ritter V, Schüller J, Berkmann EM, von Soosten-Höllings-Lilge L, Stangier U. Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. Behav Ther 2023; 54:65-76. [PMID: 36608978 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional cognitive processes and maladaptive interpersonal patterns have been postulated to maintain body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The present trial evaluated CT for BDD (CT-BDD), which includes modules targeting maladaptive cognitive processing in BDD, as well as elements of schema therapy related to interpersonal problems. We investigated whether (a) CT-BDD is effective, as compared with a wait-list (WL) group at Week 12; (b) outcome of CT-BDD is maintained at posttreatment and 3- and 6-months follow-up; and (c) whether changes in shame and insight mediate changes in BDD symptom severity. Forty adults with BDD were randomized to 36 weeks immediate CT-BDD (n = 21), or to 12-week WL (n = 19). At Week 12, immediate CT-BDD was significantly superior to WL in clinician-rated BDD symptom severity, insight, self-reported BDD symptoms, shame, depression, general symptomatology, and life satisfaction. Changes in outcomes were associated with moderate to large effect sizes at Week 12. Reductions in shame and increase in insight separately mediated changes in BDD symptom severity during treatment at Week 12. From baseline to posttreatment, significant improvements occurred within CT-BDD in clinician-rated symptom severity, insight, depression, global functioning, self-reported BDD symptoms, shame, depression, general symptomatology, and life satisfaction. At posttreatment, improvements were associated with large effect sizes and were maintained at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Preliminary results support the efficacy of CT-BDD. Addressing interpersonal problems in addition to cognitive dysfunctions may increase the benefit of CBT for BDD patients.
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Nazzari D, Genser J, Ritter V, Bethge O, Bertagnolli E, Grasser T, Weber WM, Lugstein A. Epitaxial Growth of Crystalline CaF 2 on Silicene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:32675-32682. [PMID: 35793167 PMCID: PMC9305960 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Silicene is one of the most promising two-dimensional (2D) materials for the realization of next-generation electronic devices, owing to its high carrier mobility and band gap tunability. To fully control its electronic properties, an external electric field needs to be applied perpendicularly to the 2D lattice, thus requiring the deposition of an insulating layer that directly interfaces silicene, without perturbing its bidimensional nature. A promising material candidate is CaF2, which is known to form a quasi van der Waals interface with 2D materials as well as to maintain its insulating properties even at ultrathin scales. Here we investigate the epitaxial growth of thin CaF2 layers on different silicene phases by means of molecular beam epitaxy. Through electron diffraction images, we clearly show that CaF2 can be grown epitaxially on silicene even at low temperatures, with its domains fully aligned to the lattice of the underlying 2D structure. Moreover, in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data evidence that, upon CaF2 deposition, no changes in the chemical state of the silicon atoms can be detected, proving that no Si-Ca or Si-F bonds are formed. This clearly shows that the 2D layer is pristinely preserved underneath the insulating layer. Polarized Raman experiments show that silicene undergoes a structural change upon interaction with CaF2; however, it retains its two-dimensional character without transitioning to a sp3-hybridized silicon. For the first time, we have shown that CaF2 and silicene can be successfully interfaced, paving the way for the integration of silicon-based 2D materials in functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Nazzari
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- E-mail:
| | - Jakob Genser
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Ritter
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ole Bethge
- Infineon
Technologies Austria AG, Siemensstraße 2, 9500 Villach, Austria
| | - Emmerich Bertagnolli
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tibor Grasser
- Institute
for Microelectronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße
27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter M. Weber
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Lugstein
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Spurny-Dworak B, Handschuh P, Spies M, Kaufmann U, Seiger R, Klöbl M, Konadu ME, Reed MB, Ritter V, Baldinger-Melich P, Bogner W, Kranz GS, Lanzenberger R. Effects of sex hormones on brain GABA and glutamate levels in a cis- and transgender cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 138:105683. [PMID: 35176535 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones affect the GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter system as demonstrated in animal studies. However, human research has mostly been correlational in nature. Here, we aimed at substantiating causal interpretations of the interaction between sex hormones and neurotransmitter function by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) to study the effect of gender-affirming hormone treatment (GHT) in transgender individuals. Fifteen trans men (TM) with a DSM-5 diagnosis of gender dysphoria, undergoing GHT, and 15 age-matched cisgender women (CW), receiving no therapy, underwent MRSI before and after at least 12 weeks. Additionally, sex differences in neurotransmitter levels were evaluated in an independent sample of 80 cisgender men and 79 cisgender women. Mean GABA+ (combination of GABA and macromolecules) and Glx (combination of glutamate and glutamine) ratios to total creatine (GABA+/tCr, Glx/tCr) were calculated in five predefined regions-of-interest (hippocampus, insula, pallidum, putamen and thalamus). Linear mixed models analysis revealed a significant measurement by gender identity effect (pcorr. = 0.048) for GABA+/tCr ratios in the hippocampus, with the TM cohort showing decreased GABA+/tCr levels after GHT compared to CW. Moreover, analysis of covariance showed a significant sex difference in insula GABA+/tCr ratios (pcorr. = 0.049), indicating elevated GABA levels in cisgender women compared to cisgender men. Our study demonstrates GHT treatment-induced GABA+/tCr reductions in the hippocampus, indicating hormone receptor activation on GABAergic cells and testosterone-induced neuroplastic processes within the hippocampus. Moreover, elevated GABA levels in the female compared to the male insula highlight the importance of including sex as factor in future MRS studies. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: Due to data protection laws processed data is available from the authors upon reasonable request. Please contact rupert.lanzenberger@meduniwien.ac.at with any questions or requests.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Spurny-Dworak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - P Handschuh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M Spies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - U Kaufmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - R Seiger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M Klöbl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M E Konadu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M B Reed
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - V Ritter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - P Baldinger-Melich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - W Bogner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, High Field MR Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - G S Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - R Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Vanicek T, Reed MB, Unterholzner J, Klöbl M, Godbersen GM, Handschuh PA, Spurny-Dworak B, Ritter V, Gryglewski G, Kraus C, Winkler D, Lanzenberger R, Seiger R. Escitalopram administration, relearning, and neuroplastic effects: A diffusion tensor imaging study in healthy individuals. J Affect Disord 2022; 301:426-432. [PMID: 35016914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroplastic processes are influenced by serotonergic agents, which reportedly alter white matter microstructure in humans in conjunction with learning. The goal of this double-blind, placebo-controlled imaging study was to investigate the neuroplastic properties of escitalopram and cognitive training on white matter plasticity during (re)learning as a model for antidepressant treatment and environmental factors. METHODS Seventy-one healthy individuals (age=25.6 ± 5.0, 43 females) underwent three diffusion magnetic resonance imaging scans: at baseline, after 3 weeks of associative learning (emotional/non-emotional content), and after relearning shuffled associations for an additional 3 weeks. During the relearning phase, participants received a daily dose of 10 mg escitalopram or placebo orally. Fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) were calculated within the FMRIB software library and analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics. RESULTS In a three-way repeated-measures marginal model with sandwich estimator standard errors, we found no significant effects of escitalopram and content on AD, FA, MD, and RD during both learning and relearning periods (pFDR>0.05). When testing for escitalopram or content effects separately, we also demonstrated no significant findings (pFDR>0.05) for any of the diffusion tensor imaging metrics. LIMITATIONS The intensity of the study interventions might have been too brief to induce detectable white matter changes. DISCUSSION Previous studies examining the effects of SSRIs on white matter tracts in humans have yielded inconclusive outcomes. Our results indicate that relearning under escitalopram does not affect the white matter microstructures in healthy individuals when administered for 3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vanicek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M B Reed
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - J Unterholzner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M Klöbl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - G M Godbersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - P A Handschuh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - B Spurny-Dworak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - V Ritter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - G Gryglewski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - C Kraus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - D Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - R Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - R Seiger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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7
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Genser J, Nazzari D, Ritter V, Bethge O, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Bertagnolli E, Bechstedt F, Lugstein A. Optical Signatures of Dirac Electrodynamics for hBN-Passivated Silicene on Au(111). Nano Lett 2021; 21:5301-5307. [PMID: 34096736 PMCID: PMC8227485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The allotropic affinity for bulk silicon and unique electronic and optical properties make silicene a promising candidate for future high-performance devices compatible with mature complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. However, silicene's outstanding properties are not preserved on its most prominent growth templates, due to strong substrate interactions and hybridization effects. In this letter, we report the optical properties of silicene epitaxially grown on Au(111). A novel in situ passivation methodology with few-layer hexagonal boron nitride enables detailed ex situ characterization at ambient conditions via μ-Raman spectroscopy and reflectance measurements. The optical properties of silicene on Au(111) appeared to be in accordance with the characteristics predicted theoretically for freestanding silicene, allowing the conclusion that its prominent electronic properties are preserved. The absorption features are, however, modified by many-body effects induced by the Au substrate due to an increased screening of electron-hole interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Genser
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniele Nazzari
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Ritter
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ole Bethge
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Infineon
Technologies Austria AG, Siemensstraße 2, 9500 Villach, Austria
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Emmerich Bertagnolli
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alois Lugstein
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Nazzari D, Genser J, Ritter V, Bethge O, Bertagnolli E, Ramer G, Lendl B, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Rurali R, Kolíbal M, Lugstein A. Highly Biaxially Strained Silicene on Au(111). J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2021; 125:9973-9980. [PMID: 34055129 PMCID: PMC8154839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c11033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many of graphene's remarkable properties arise from its linear dispersion of the electronic states, forming a Dirac cone at the K points of the Brillouin zone. Silicene, the 2D allotrope of silicon, is also predicted to show a similar electronic band structure, with the addition of a tunable bandgap, induced by spin-orbit coupling. Because of these outstanding electronic properties, silicene is considered as a promising building block for next-generation electronic devices. Recently, it has been shown that silicene grown on Au(111) still possesses a Dirac cone, despite the interaction with the substrate. Here, to fully characterize the structure of this 2D material, we investigate the vibrational spectrum of a monolayer silicene grown on Au(111) by polarized Raman spectroscopy. To enable a detailed ex situ investigation, we passivated the silicene on Au(111) by encapsulating it under few layers hBN or graphene flakes. The observed spectrum is characterized by vibrational modes that are strongly red-shifted with respect to the ones expected for freestanding silicene. By comparing low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) patterns and Raman results with first-principles calculations, we show that the vibrational modes indicate a highly (>7%) biaxially strained silicene phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Nazzari
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Genser
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Ritter
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ole Bethge
- Infineon
Technologies Austria AG, Siemensstraße 2, 9500 Villach, Austria
| | - Emmerich Bertagnolli
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Ramer
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Riccardo Rurali
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miroslav Kolíbal
- Institute
of Physical Engineering, Brno University
of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC
BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Alois Lugstein
- Institute
of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Reed MB, Vanicek T, Seiger R, Klöbl M, Spurny B, Handschuh P, Ritter V, Unterholzner J, Godbersen GM, Gryglewski G, Kraus C, Winkler D, Hahn A, Lanzenberger R. Neuroplastic effects of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in relearning and retrieval. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118039. [PMID: 33852940 PMCID: PMC7610799 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and learning paradigms have demonstrated that serotonin is important for flexibility in executive functions and learning. SSRIs might facilitate relearning through neuroplastic processes and thus exert their clinical effects in psychiatric diseases where cognitive functioning is affected. However, translation of these mechanisms to humans is missing. In this randomized placebo-controlled trial, we assessed functional brain activation during learning and memory retrieval in healthy volunteers performing associative learning tasks aiming to translate facilitated relearning by SSRIs. To this extent, seventy-six participants underwent three MRI scanning sessions: (1) at baseline, (2) after three weeks of daily associative learning and subsequent retrieval (face-matching or Chinese character–noun matching) and (3) after three weeks of relearning under escitalopram (10 mg/day) or placebo. Associative learning and retrieval tasks were performed during each functional MRI (fMRI) session. Statistical modeling was done using a repeated-measures ANOVA, to test for content-by-treatment-by-time interaction effects. During the learning task, a significant substance-by-time interaction was found in the right insula showing a greater deactivation in the SSRI cohort after 21 days of relearning compared to the learning phase. In the retrieval task, there was a significant content-by-time interaction in the left angular gyrus (AG) with an increased activation in face-matching compared to Chinese-character matching for both learning and relearning phases. A further substance-by-time interaction was found in task performance after 21 days of relearning, indicating a greater decrease of performance in the placebo group. Our findings that escitalopram modulate insula activation demonstrates successful translation of relearning as a mechanism of SSRIs in human. Furthermore, we show that the left AG is an active component of correct memory retrieval, which coincides with previous literature. We extend the function of this region by demonstrating its activation is not only stimulus dependent but also time constrained. Finally, we were able to show that escitalopram aids in relearning, irrespective of content.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Reed
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - T Vanicek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - R Seiger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M Klöbl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - B Spurny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - P Handschuh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - V Ritter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - J Unterholzner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - G M Godbersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - G Gryglewski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - C Kraus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - D Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - A Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - R Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Hartmann AS, Staufenbiel T, Bielefeld L, Buhlmann U, Heinrichs N, Martin A, Ritter V, Kollei I, Grocholewski A. An empirically derived recommendation for the classification of body dysmorphic disorder: Findings from structural equation modeling. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233153. [PMID: 32492037 PMCID: PMC7269265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), together with its subtype muscle dysmorphia (MD), has been relocated from the Somatoform Disorders category in the DSM-IV to the newly created Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders category in the DSM-5. Both categorizations have been criticized, and an empirically derived classification of BDD is lacking. A community sample of N = 736 participants completed an online survey assessing different psychopathologies. Using a structural equation modeling approach, six theoretically derived models, which differed in their allocation of BDD symptoms to various factors (i.e. general psychopathology, somatoform, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, affective, body image, and BDD model) were tested in the full sample and in a restricted sample (n = 465) which indicated primary concerns other than shape and weight. Furthermore, measurement invariance across gender was examined. Of the six models, only the body image model showed a good fit (CFI = 0.972, RMSEA = 0.049, SRMR = 0.027, TLI = 0.959), and yielded better AIC and BIC indices than the competing models. Analyses in the restricted sample replicated these findings. Analyses of measurement invariance of the body image model showed partial metric invariance across gender. The findings suggest that a body image model provides the best fit for the classification of BDD and MD. This is in line with previous studies showing strong similarities between eating disorders and BDD, including MD. Measurement invariance across gender indicates a comparable presentation and comorbid structure of BDD in males and females, which also corresponds to the equal prevalence rates of BDD across gender.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lukas Bielefeld
- Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ulrike Buhlmann
- Institute of Psychology, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Nina Heinrichs
- Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Martin
- Institute of Psychology, Wuppertal University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Viktoria Ritter
- Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ines Kollei
- Institute of Psychology, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Anja Grocholewski
- Institute of Psychology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
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11
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Ritter V, Kaufmann JM, Krahmer F, Wiese H, Stangier U, Schweinberger SR. Neural Correlates of Own- and Other-Face Perception in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:302. [PMID: 32395110 PMCID: PMC7196670 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with one or more perceived flaws in one's own appearance. Previous studies provided evidence for deficits in configural and holistic processing in BDD. Preliminary evidence suggests abnormalities at an early stage of visual processing. The present study is the first examining early neurocognitive perception of the own face in BDD by using electroencephalography (EEG). We investigated the face inversion effect, in which inverted (upside-down) faces are disproportionately poorly processed compared to upright faces. This effect reflects a disruption of configural and holistic processing, and in consequence a preponderance of featural face processing. METHODS We recorded face-sensitive event-related potentials (ERPs) in 16 BDD patients and 16 healthy controls, all unmedicated. Participants viewed upright and inverted (upside-down) images of their own face and an unfamiliar other face, each in two facial emotional expressions (neutral vs. smiling). We calculated the early ERP components P100, N170, P200, N250, and the late positive component (LPC), and compared amplitudes among both groups. RESULTS In the early P100, no face inversion effects were found in both groups. In the N170, both groups exhibited the common face inversion effects, with significantly larger N170 amplitudes for inverted than upright faces. In the P200, both groups exhibited larger inversion effects to other (relative to own) faces, with larger P200 amplitudes for other upright than inverted faces. In the N250, no significant group differences were found in face processing. In the LPC, both groups exhibited larger inversion effects to other (relative to own) faces, with larger LPC amplitudes for other inverted than upright faces. These overall patterns appeared to be comparable for both groups. Smaller inversion effects to own (relative to other) faces were observed in none of these components in BDD, relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest no evidence for abnormalities at all levels of early face processing in our observed sample of BDD patients. Further research should investigate the neural substrates underlying BDD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Ritter
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Kaufmann
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Krahmer
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Wiese
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Stangier
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan R Schweinberger
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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12
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Ritter V, Genser J, Nazzari D, Bethge O, Bertagnolli E, Lugstein A. Silicene Passivation by Few-Layer Graphene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:12745-12751. [PMID: 30864771 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The stabilization of silicene at ambient conditions is essential for its characterization, future processing, and device integration. Here, we demonstrate in situ encapsulation of silicene on Ag(111) by exfoliated few-layer graphene (FLG) flakes, allowing subsequent Raman analysis under ambient conditions. Raman spectroscopy measurements proved that FLG capping serves as an effective passivation, preventing degradation of silicene for up to 48 h. The acquired data are consistent with former in situ Raman measurements, showing two characteristic peaks, located at 216 and 515 cm-1. Polarization-dependent measurements allowed to identify the two modes as A and E, demonstrating that the symmetry properties of silicene are unaltered by the capping process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Ritter
- Institute of Solid State Electronics , Technische Universität Wien , Gußhausstraße 25-25a , 1040 Vienna , Austria
| | - Jakob Genser
- Institute of Solid State Electronics , Technische Universität Wien , Gußhausstraße 25-25a , 1040 Vienna , Austria
| | - Daniele Nazzari
- Institute of Solid State Electronics , Technische Universität Wien , Gußhausstraße 25-25a , 1040 Vienna , Austria
| | - Ole Bethge
- Infineon Technologies Austria AG , Siemensstraße 2 , 9500 Villach , Austria
| | - Emmerich Bertagnolli
- Institute of Solid State Electronics , Technische Universität Wien , Gußhausstraße 25-25a , 1040 Vienna , Austria
| | - Alois Lugstein
- Institute of Solid State Electronics , Technische Universität Wien , Gußhausstraße 25-25a , 1040 Vienna , Austria
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13
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Strauß B, Grass N, Ritter V, Stangier U, Nolting B, Herpertz S, Dymel W, Willutzki U, Nodop S. [Negative Indicators in the Psychotherapeutic Process: Frequency and Relationship with Attachment Characteristics and Treatment Outcome among Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2018; 68:408-416. [PMID: 30286507 DOI: 10.1055/a-0639-5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Within the SOPHO-Net-Project, mainly focusing on a randomized-controlled trial comparing short term cognitive and psychodynamic psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder, a subsample consisting of 88 patients from 3 of the 5 study sites was investigated to examine the relationship between outcome, initial attachment characteristics and negative indicators during the process. These negative indicators were assessed with the Vanderbilt Negative Indicators Scale which was applied to an early (3rd), a middle (9th) as well as a late therapy (22nd) session. The study shows that negative indicators as a whole were relatively rare with a higher frequency within the psychodynamic therapies for which a relationship between negative indicators and outcome could be found. Contrary to expectation, initial attachment characteristics were not related to negative indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Strauß
- Institut für Psychosoziale Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Jena
| | - Nadja Grass
- Institut für Psychosoziale Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Jena
| | - Viktoria Ritter
- Institut für Psychologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Ulrich Stangier
- Institut für Psychologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | | | - Stephan Herpertz
- Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, LWL-Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum
| | | | - Ulrike Willutzki
- Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten
| | - Steffi Nodop
- Institut für Psychosoziale Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Jena
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14
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Strauß B, Altmann U, Manes S, Tholl A, Koranyi S, Nolte T, Beutel ME, Wiltink J, Herpertz S, Hiller W, Hoyer J, Joraschky P, Nolting B, Ritter V, Stangier U, Willutzki U, Salzer S, Leibing E, Leichsenring F, Kirchmann H. Changes of attachment characteristics during psychotherapy of patients with social anxiety disorder: Results from the SOPHO-Net trial. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29518077 PMCID: PMC5843211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Within a randomized controlled trial contrasting the outcome of manualized cognitive-behavioral (CBT) and short term psychodynamic therapy (PDT) compared to a waiting list condition (the SOPHO-Net trial), we set out to test whether self-reported attachment characteristics change during the treatments and if these changes differ between treatments. Research design and methods 495 patients from the SOPHO-Net trial (54.5% female, mean age 35.2 years) who were randomized to either CBT, PDT or waiting list (WL) completed the partner-related revised Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire (ECR-R) before and after treatment and at 6 and 12 months follow-up. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) was administered at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 6-month and 1-year follow-up. ECR-R scores were first compared to a representative healthy sample (n = 2508) in order to demonstrate that the clinical sample differed significantly from the non-clinical sample with respect to attachment anxiety and avoidance. Results LSAS scores correlated significantly with both ECR-R subscales. Post-therapy, patients treated with CBT revealed significant changes in attachment anxiety and avoidance whereas patients treated with PDT showed no significant changes. Changes between post-treatment and the two follow-ups were significant in both conditions, with minimal (insignificant) differences between treatments at the 12- month follow-up. Conclusions The current study supports recent reviews of mostly naturalistic studies indicating changes in attachment as a result of psychotherapy. Although there were differences between conditions at the end of treatment, these largely disappeared during the follow-up period which is line with the other results of the SOPHO-NET trial. Trial registration Controlled-trials.com ISRCTN53517394
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Strauß
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Uwe Altmann
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Manes
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Tholl
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Susan Koranyi
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Nolte
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred E Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Wiltink
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Herpertz
- Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL University Clinic, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hiller
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hoyer
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Joraschky
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Viktoria Ritter
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stangier
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Willutzki
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Witten-Herdecke, Witten-Herdecke, Germany
| | - Simone Salzer
- International Psychoanalytic University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Leibing
- Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medicine, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Falk Leichsenring
- Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Helmut Kirchmann
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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15
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Spitzer S, Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Macknapp K, Ritter V, Sotier S, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Solvent-free on-surface synthesis of boroxine COF monolayers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:5147-5150. [PMID: 28435950 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A protocol is proposed for the solvent-free on-surface synthesis of covalent organic framework monolayers by condensation of diboronic acids. Monomers are vapor-deposited and water is used for equilibrium regulation. Samples are characterized on progressively smaller length scales by light microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Spitzer
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany
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16
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Hiller TS, Steffens MC, Ritter V, Stangier U. On the context dependency of implicit self-esteem in social anxiety disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 57:118-125. [PMID: 28511035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cognitive models assume that negative self-evaluations are automatically activated in individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) during social situations, increasing their individual level of anxiety. This study examined automatic self-evaluations (i.e., implicit self-esteem) and state anxiety in a group of individuals with SAD (n = 45) and a non-clinical comparison group (NC; n = 46). METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to either a speech condition with social threat induction (giving an impromptu speech) or to a no-speech condition without social threat induction. We measured implicit self-esteem with an Implicit Association Test (IAT). RESULTS Implicit self-esteem differed significantly between SAD and NC groups under the speech condition but not under the no-speech condition. The SAD group showed lower implicit self-esteem than the NC group under the speech-condition. State anxiety was significantly higher under the speech condition than under the no-speech condition in the SAD group but not in the NC group. Mediation analyses supported the idea that for the SAD group, the effect of experimental condition on state anxiety was mediated by implicit self-esteem. LIMITATIONS The causal relation between implicit self-esteem and state anxiety could not be determined. CONCLUSION The findings corroborate hypotheses derived from cognitive models of SAD: Automatic self-evaluations were negatively biased in individuals with SAD facing social threat and showed an inverse relationship to levels of state anxiety. However, automatic self-evaluations in individuals with SAD can be unbiased (similar to NC) in situations without social threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Hiller
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Am Steiger 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Melanie C Steffens
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau/Pfalz, Germany.
| | - Viktoria Ritter
- Department of Psychology, J.W. Goethe University, Varrentrappstr. 40-42, D-60486 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Stangier
- Department of Psychology, J.W. Goethe University, Varrentrappstr. 40-42, D-60486 Frankfurt, Germany.
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17
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Ritter V, Fluhr JW, Schliemann-Willers S, Elsner P, Strauß B, Stangier U. Body dysmorphic concerns, social adaptation, and motivation for psychotherapeutic support in dermatological outpatients. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016; 14:901-8. [PMID: 27607031 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Dermatologists are increasingly confronted with patients affected by body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). BDD is characterized by excessive preoccupation with one or more perceived defect(s) or flaw(s) in physical appearance which are not observable or appear slight to others. So far, there have been only few studies examining the prevalence of BDD in dermatological outpatients. In addition, the need for psychotherapeutic support in dermatological outpatients with body dysmorphic concerns has not yet been systematically examined. The objective of the present study was therefore to investigate the frequency of body dysmorphic concerns as well as social adaptation and the need for psychotherapeutic support in the aforementioned patient group. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 252 dermatological outpatients seen at a German university hospital were consecutively enrolled, and examined using the Dysmorphic Concerns Questionnaire, the Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale, and the German version of the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale. RESULTS 7.9 % of all outpatients (unselected sample) showed positive test results, suggesting clinically relevant body dysmorphic concerns. Patients with clinically relevant body dysmorphic concerns exhibited poor social adaptation. Contrary to expectations, these patients revealed a high motivation for change, indicating the necessity for psychotherapeutic support. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm previous prevalence rates of BDD in dermatological outpatients, and highlight the need for providing psychotherapeutic support to dermatological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Ritter
- Institute for Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Joachim W Fluhr
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Strauß
- Institute for Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stangier
- Institute for Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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18
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Ritter V, Fluhr JW, Schliemann-Willers S, Elsner P, Strauß B, Stangier U. Körperdysmorphe Symptome, soziale Anpassung und Motivation zu psychotherapeutischer Beratung bei ambulanten dermatologischen Patienten. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016; 14:901-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12908_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Ritter
- Institut für Psychologie, Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Joachim W. Fluhr
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Jena
| | | | - Peter Elsner
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Jena
| | - Bernhard Strauß
- Institut für Psychosoziale Medizin und Psychotherapie; Universitätsklinikum Jena
| | - Ulrich Stangier
- Institut für Psychologie, Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
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Ritter V, Rudner J, Matschke J, Jendrossek V. Inhibition of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins by ABT-263 sensitizes hypoxic cancer cells to ionizing radiation. Eur J Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)61558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Ritter V, Stangier U. Seeing in the Mind's eye: Imagery rescripting for patients with body dysmorphic disorder. A single case series. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2016; 50:187-95. [PMID: 26298841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrusive images of appearance play an important role in the maintenance of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and are often linked to negative autobiographical experiences. However, to date there is no study examining the use and efficacy of imagery rescripting in BDD. METHOD This study investigated imagery rescripting in six patients with BDD, using a single case series A-B design. The intervention consisted of two treatment sessions (T1, T2). BDD and depressive symptoms were evaluated prior to (T1), post (T2) and two weeks after intervention (FU), using the Yale -Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for BDD (BDD-YBOCS), the Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS At post-treatment, significant reductions in negative affect, distress, vividness and encapsulated beliefs associated with images and memories as well as an increased control were observed for five of six patients. These were maintained or decreased at two weeks follow-up. Scores on the BDD-YBOCS indicated a significant 26% improvement in BDD severity at follow-up for the whole group. Considering response as a ≥ 30% reduction in BDD-YBOCS score, four of six patients were classified as treatment responders. At follow-up, significant improvements in BDD and depressive symptoms were observed for the whole group. LIMITATIONS The small sample size and the lack of a control group limit the generalizability of our results. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate the potential efficacy of imagery rescripting, and highlight the need for further controlled trials. Imagery rescripting should be considered as a treatment technique within the cognitive framework of BDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Ritter
- Goethe-University Frankfurt, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Varrentrappstr. 40-42, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Stangier
- Goethe-University Frankfurt, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Varrentrappstr. 40-42, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Wolfsperger F, Hogh-Binder SA, Schittenhelm J, Psaras T, Ritter V, Bornes L, Huber SM, Jendrossek V, Rudner J. Deubiquitylating enzyme USP9x regulates radiosensitivity in glioblastoma cells by Mcl-1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2039. [PMID: 26775694 PMCID: PMC4816183 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a very aggressive form of brain tumor with limited therapeutic options. Usually, glioblastoma is treated with ionizing radiation (IR) and chemotherapy after surgical removal. However, radiotherapy is frequently unsuccessful, among others owing to resistance mechanisms the tumor cells have developed. Antiapoptotic B-cell leukemia (Bcl)-2 family members can contribute to radioresistance by interfering with apoptosis induction in response to IR. Bcl-2 and the closely related Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 are often overexpressed in glioblastoma cells. In contrast to Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, Mcl-1 is a short-lived protein whose stability is closely regulated by ubiquitylation-dependent proteasomal degradation. Although ubiquitin ligases facilitate degradation, the deubiquitylating enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 9x (USP9x) interferes with degradation by removing polyubiquitin chains from Mcl-1, thereby stabilizing this protein. Thus, an inability to downregulate Mcl-1 by enhanced USP9x activity might contribute to radioresistance. Here we analyzed the impact of USP9x on Mcl-1 levels and radiosensitivity in glioblastoma cells. Correlating Mcl-1 and USP9x expressions were significantly higher in human glioblastoma than in astrocytoma. Downregulation of Mcl-1 correlated with apoptosis induction in established glioblastoma cell lines. Although Mcl-1 knockdown by siRNA increased apoptosis induction after irradiation in all glioblastoma cell lines, USP9x knockdown significantly improved radiation-induced apoptosis in one of four cell lines and slightly increased apoptosis in another cell line. In the latter two cell lines, USP9x knockdown also increased radiation-induced clonogenic death. The massive downregulation of Mcl-1 and apoptosis induction in A172 cells transfected with USP9x siRNA shows that the deubiquitinase regulates cell survival by regulating Mcl-1 levels. In contrast, USP9x regulated radiosensitivity in Ln229 cells without affecting Mcl-1 levels. We conclude that USP9x can control survival and radiosensitivity in glioblastoma cells by Mcl-1-dependent and Mcl-1-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wolfsperger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - S A Hogh-Binder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - J Schittenhelm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - T Psaras
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - V Ritter
- Institute for Cell Biology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - L Bornes
- Institute for Cell Biology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S M Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - V Jendrossek
- Institute for Cell Biology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J Rudner
- Institute for Cell Biology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Boehme S, Ritter V, Tefikow S, Stangier U, Strauss B, Miltner WHR, Straube T. Neural correlates of emotional interference in social anxiety disorder. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128608. [PMID: 26042738 PMCID: PMC4456154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorder-relevant but task-unrelated stimuli impair cognitive performance in social anxiety disorder (SAD); however, time course and neural correlates of emotional interference are unknown. The present study investigated time course and neural basis of emotional interference in SAD using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Patients with SAD and healthy controls performed an emotional stroop task which allowed examining interference effects on the current and the succeeding trial. Reaction time data showed an emotional interference effect in the current trial, but not the succeeding trial, specifically in SAD. FMRI data showed greater activation in the left amygdala, bilateral insula, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and left opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus during emotional interference of the current trial in SAD patients. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between patients' interference scores and activation in the mPFC, dorsal ACC and left angular/supramarginal gyrus. Taken together, results indicate a network of brain regions comprising amygdala, insula, mPFC, ACC, and areas strongly involved in language processing during the processing of task-unrelated threat in SAD. However, specifically the activation in mPFC, dorsal ACC, and left angular/supramarginal gyrus is associated with the strength of the interference effect, suggesting a cognitive network model of attentional bias in SAD. This probably comprises exceeded allocation of attentional resources to disorder-related information of the presented stimuli and increased self-referential and semantic processing of threat words in SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Boehme
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and functional Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics & Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Fuechsleinstr. 15, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Steiger 3 // 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Viktoria Ritter
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Varrentrappstr. 40–42, D-60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susan Tefikow
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University, Stoystr. 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stangier
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Varrentrappstr. 40–42, D-60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernhard Strauss
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University, Stoystr. 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. R. Miltner
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Steiger 3 // 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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Leichsenring F, Salzer S, Beutel ME, Herpertz S, Hiller W, Hoyer J, Huesing J, Joraschky P, Nolting B, Poehlmann K, Ritter V, Stangier U, Strauss B, Tefikow S, Teismann T, Willutzki U, Wiltink J, Leibing E. Long-term outcome of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171:1074-82. [PMID: 25016974 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13111514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Relatively few studies have examined the long-term outcome of psychotherapy in social anxiety disorder. The authors previously reported findings of a clinical trial comparing cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, and a wait-list control. The purpose of the present study was to follow the participants' status over the ensuing 24 months. METHOD Outpatients with social anxiety disorder who were treated with CBT (N=209) or psychodynamic therapy (N=207) in the previous trial were assessed 6, 12, and 24 months after the end of therapy. Primary outcome measures were rates of remission and response. RESULTS For both CBT and psychodynamic therapy, response rates were approximately 70% by the 2-year follow-up. Remission rates were nearly 40% for both treatment conditions. Rates of response and remission were stable or tended to increase for both treatments over the 24-month follow-up period, and no significant differences were found between the treatment conditions after 6 months. CONCLUSIONS CBT and psychodynamic therapy were efficacious in treating social anxiety disorder, in both the short- and long-term, when patients showed continuous improvement. Although in the short-term, intention-to-treat analyses yielded some statistically significant but small differences in favor of CBT in several outcome measures, no differences in outcome were found in the long-term.
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Ritter V, Leichsenring F, Strauss BM, Stangier U. Changes in implicit and explicit self-esteem following cognitive and psychodynamic therapy in social anxiety disorder. Psychother Res 2013; 23:547-58. [DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2013.802824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Boehme S, Ritter V, Tefikow S, Stangier U, Strauss B, Miltner WHR, Straube T. Brain activation during anticipatory anxiety in social anxiety disorder. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1413-8. [PMID: 23938870 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety during expectation of performance-related situations is an important feature of the psychopathology of social anxiety disorder (SAD). The neural basis of anticipatory anxiety in SAD has not been investigated in controlled studies. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates during the anticipation of public and evaluated speaking vs a control condition in 17 SAD patients and 17 healthy control subjects. FMRI results show increased activation of the insula and decreased activation of the ventral striatum in SAD patients, compared to control subjects during anticipation of a speech vs the control condition. In addition, an activation of the amygdala in SAD patients during the first half of the anticipation phase in the speech condition was observed. Finally, the amount of anticipatory anxiety of SAD patients was negatively correlated to the activation of the ventral striatum. This suggests an association between incentive function, motivation and anticipatory anxiety when SAD patients expect a performance situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Boehme
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Steiger 3/1, D-07743 Jena, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Varrentrappstr. 40-42, D-60486 Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Stoystr. 3, D-07740 Jena and Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Viktoria Ritter
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Steiger 3/1, D-07743 Jena, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Varrentrappstr. 40-42, D-60486 Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Stoystr. 3, D-07740 Jena and Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Susan Tefikow
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Steiger 3/1, D-07743 Jena, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Varrentrappstr. 40-42, D-60486 Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Stoystr. 3, D-07740 Jena and Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stangier
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Steiger 3/1, D-07743 Jena, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Varrentrappstr. 40-42, D-60486 Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Stoystr. 3, D-07740 Jena and Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Strauss
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Steiger 3/1, D-07743 Jena, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Varrentrappstr. 40-42, D-60486 Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Stoystr. 3, D-07740 Jena and Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H R Miltner
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Steiger 3/1, D-07743 Jena, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Varrentrappstr. 40-42, D-60486 Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Stoystr. 3, D-07740 Jena and Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Steiger 3/1, D-07743 Jena, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Varrentrappstr. 40-42, D-60486 Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Stoystr. 3, D-07740 Jena and Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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Abstract
In den letzten Jahren ist die Erkenntnis gewachsen, dass die Körperdysmorphe Störung (KDS) viele Gemeinsamkeiten hinsichtlich klinischer Charakteristika und aufrechterhaltender Prozesse mit Zwangsstörungen (z. B. ritualisierte Kontrollhandlungen, wiederkehrende persistierende Gedanken) und sozialer Angststörung (z. B. exzessive Selbstaufmerksamkeit, mentale Vorstellungsbilder) aufweist. Neuere Behandlungsansätze bei KDS fokussieren insbesondere auf die Veränderung der gemeinsamen aufrechterhaltenden Prozesse. Diese Ansätze verbinden klassische kognitiv-behaviorale Techniken (Exposition mit Reaktionsverhinderung und kognitive Umstrukturierung) mit Interventionen aus der Kognitiven Therapie (Aufmerksamkeitstraining, Imagery Rescripting, Videofeedback, Verhaltensexperimente). Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die unterschiedlichen Behandlungsbausteine vorgestellt und die Vorgehensweise detailliert beschrieben. Die Interventionen aus der Kognitiven Therapie haben sich aus klinischer Erfahrung bei der Behandlung als hilfreich erwiesen, wurden bislang jedoch noch nicht für die KDS evaluiert.
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Leichsenring F, Salzer S, Beutel ME, Herpertz S, Hiller W, Hoyer J, Huesing J, Joraschky P, Nolting B, Poehlmann K, Ritter V, Stangier U, Strauss B, Stuhldreher N, Tefikow S, Teismann T, Willutzki U, Wiltink J, Leibing E. Psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170:759-67. [PMID: 23680854 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various approaches to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) have been shown to be effective for social anxiety disorder. For psychodynamic therapy, evidence for efficacy in this disorder is scant. The authors tested the efficacy of psychodynamic therapy and CBT in social anxiety disorder in a multicenter randomized controlled trial. METHOD In an outpatient setting, 495 patients with social anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to manual-guided CBT (N=209), manual-guided psychodynamic therapy (N=207), or a waiting list condition (N=79). Assessments were made at baseline and at end of treatment. Primary outcome measures were rates of remission and response, based on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale applied by raters blind to group assignment. Several secondary measures were assessed as well. RESULTS Remission rates in the CBT, psychodynamic therapy, and waiting list groups were 36%, 26%, and 9%, respectively. Response rates were 60%, 52%, and 15%, respectively. CBT and psychodynamic therapy were significantly superior to waiting list for both remission and response. CBT was significantly superior to psychodynamic therapy for remission but not for response. Between-group effect sizes for remission and response were small. Secondary outcome measures showed significant differences in favor of CBT for measures of social phobia and interpersonal problems, but not for depression. CONCLUSIONS CBT and psychodynamic therapy were both efficacious in treating social anxiety disorder, but there were significant differences in favor of CBT. For CBT, the response rate was comparable to rates reported in Swedish and German studies in recent years. For psychodynamic therapy, the response rate was comparable to rates reported for pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral group therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Leichsenring
- Clinic of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Ritter V, Ertel C, Beil K, Steffens MC, Stangier U. In the Presence of Social Threat: Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem in Social Anxiety Disorder. Cogn Ther Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-013-9553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kerkhoff G, Keller I, Ritter V, Marquardt C. Repetitive optokinetic stimulation induces lasting recovery from visual neglect. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2006; 24:357-69. [PMID: 17119310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether repetitive optokinetic stimulation with active pursuit eye movements leads to substantial and greater recovery from visual neglect as compared to conventional visual scanning training. METHODS Two groups of five patients with leftsided hemineglect were consecutively collected and matched for clinical and demographic variables as well as neglect severity. One group received five treatment sessions of repetitive optokinetic stimulation (R-OKS) within one week, while the other group received the same amount of conventional visual scanning training (VST) using identical visual stimuli and setup. All patients were treated in a single-subject baseline design with treatment-free intervals before (14 days) and after specific neglect therapy (14 days). Dependent variables were the improvements in digit cancellation, visuoperceptual and visuomotor line bisection and visual size distortion during treatment. The transfer of treatment effects was assessed by a paragraph reading test. RESULTS The results showed superior effects of OKS treatment in all five patients which generalized across all tasks administered and remained stable at follow-up. In contrast, no significant improvements were obtained after VST training in any of these tasks, except in line bisection. CONCLUSION We conclude that the presentation of moving visual stimulus displays with active smooth pursuit eye movements can be more efficient than conventional visual scanning training using static visual displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kerkhoff
- Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Horwitz BA, Sharon A, Lu SW, Ritter V, Sandrock TM, Yoder OC, Turgeon BG. A G protein alpha subunit from Cochliobolus heterostrophus involved in mating and appressorium formation. Fungal Genet Biol 1999; 26:19-32. [PMID: 10072317 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.1998.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A Galpha subunit-encoding gene (CGA1) was cloned from Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a heterothallic foliar pathogen of corn. The deduced amino acid sequence showed similarity to Galpha proteins from other filamentous fungi and suggested that CGA1 is a member of the Galphai class. cga1 mutants had reduced ability to form appressoria on glass surfaces and on corn leaves; mutants nevertheless caused lesions on corn plants like those of wild type. cga1 mutants were female sterile; sexual development was completely abolished when the mutant allele was homozygous in a cross. Ascospores produced in crosses heterozygous at Cga1 were all wild type. The signal transduction pathway represented by CGA1 appears to be involved in developmental pathways leading to either appressorium formation or mating; in sexual development CGA1 is required for both fertility and ascospore viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Horwitz
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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Huang YC, Jessup JM, Forse RA, Flickner S, Pleskow D, Anastopoulos HT, Ritter V, Blackburn GL. n-3 fatty acids decrease colonic epithelial cell proliferation in high-risk bowel mucosa. Lipids 1996; 31 Suppl:S313-7. [PMID: 8729142 DOI: 10.1007/bf02637099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The n-3 fatty acids (C20:5, eicosapentaenoic acid; c22:6, docosahexaenoic acid) may be important in the development, growth, and metastasis of colon cancer, a leading cause of death in North America. Patients who have had a bowel neoplasm have a high risk of developing a second neoplasm, and this risk is associated with a high percentage of cells correspond to the S phase of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) labeling in mucosal epithelial cells. To determine the effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on DNA synthesis of rectal mucosa, patients with stage 1 or stage 2 colon carcinoma or adenomatous polyps were randomized to consume either 9 g/d n-3 fatty acid capsules or 9 g/d placebo capsules. Plasma phospholipid fatty acid analysis and proctoscopic mucosal biopsies were performed at baseline, 3, and 6 mon. Colonic crypts were isolated from the mucosa, disassociated with enzymes, and incubated with BrdUrd, and %S phase was measured by flow cytometry. The plasma phospholipid n-6/n-3 ratio was determined by gas chromatography. Supplement compliance was assessed by plasma phospholipid n-6/n-3 ratio. Mean capsule consumption in these two group was 82%. Prior to supplementation, there were no significant differences in the %S phase and the plasma n-6/n-3 ratio between these groups. Patients whose colonic epithelial cells indicated hyperproliferation at baseline showed a strongly positive correlation to the %S phase of BrdUrd uptake and the n-6/n-3 ratio. There was no significant change after n-3 treatment in patients with low baseline. Those in the placebo group showed no significant difference in n-6/n-3 ratio, although there was an increase in the %S phase of BrdUrd uptake at 6 mon. The n-3 group did not have significant side effects, and polyps were not found after completing 12 mon of n-3 fatty acid supplementation. This study suggests that n-3 fatty acid may be a useful chemopreventive agent in some patients as reflected in a plasma biomarker of colon tumor growth and metastasis. A low plasma phospholipid n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio may serve as a nutritional marker that is associated with colonic epithelial cell hyperproliferation in the n-3-supplemented group as compared with the placebo group. Characteristics of mucosal proliferation at baseline may be a crucial factor for the effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, Deaconess Pathway Health Network, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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