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Rüschoff J, Kumar G, Badve S, Jasani B, Krause E, Rioux-Leclercq N, Rojo F, Martini M, Cheng L, Tretiakova M, Mitchell C, Anders RA, Robert ME, Fahy D, Pyle M, Le Q, Yu L, Glass B, Baxi V, Babadjanova Z, Pratt J, Brutus S, Karasarides M, Hartmann A. Scoring PD-L1 Expression in Urothelial Carcinoma: An International Multi-Institutional Study on Comparison of Manual and Artificial Intelligence Measurement Model (AIM-PD-L1) Pathology Assessments. Virchows Arch 2024:10.1007/s00428-024-03795-8. [PMID: 38570364 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-024-03795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Assessing programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on tumor cells (TCs) using Food and Drug Administration-approved, validated immunoassays can guide the use of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in cancer treatment. However, substantial interobserver variability has been reported using these immunoassays. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to accurately measure biomarker expression in tissue samples, but its reliability and comparability to standard manual scoring remain to be evaluated. This multinational study sought to compare the %TC scoring of PD-L1 expression in advanced urothelial carcinoma, assessed by either an AI Measurement Model (AIM-PD-L1) or expert pathologists. The concordance among pathologists and between pathologists and AIM-PD-L1 was determined. The positivity rate of ≥ 1%TC PD-L1 was between 20-30% for 8/10 pathologists, and the degree of agreement and scoring distribution for among pathologists and between pathologists and AIM-PD-L1 was similar both scored as a continuous variable or using the pre-defined cutoff. Numerically higher score variation was observed with the 22C3 assay than with the 28-8 assay. A 2-h training module on the 28-8 assay did not significantly impact manual assessment. Cases exhibiting significantly higher variability in the assessment of PD-L1 expression (mean absolute deviation > 10) were found to have patterns of PD-L1 staining that were more challenging to interpret. An improved understanding of sources of manual scoring variability can be applied to PD-L1 expression analysis in the clinical setting. In the future, the application of AI algorithms could serve as a valuable reference guide for pathologists while scoring PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Rüschoff
- Discovery Life Sciences and Pathology Nordhessen, Kassel, Germany.
| | | | - Sunil Badve
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bharat Jasani
- Discovery Life Sciences and Pathology Nordhessen, Kassel, Germany
- University of Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | | | | | - Federico Rojo
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz CIBERONC (Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Liang Cheng
- Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School and the Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vipul Baxi
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Arndt Hartmann
- Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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Barrera C, Corredor G, Viswanathan VS, Ding R, Toro P, Fu P, Buzzy C, Lu C, Velu P, Zens P, Berezowska S, Belete M, Balli D, Chang H, Baxi V, Syrigos K, Rimm DL, Velcheti V, Schalper K, Romero E, Madabhushi A. Deep computational image analysis of immune cell niches reveals treatment-specific outcome associations in lung cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:52. [PMID: 37264091 PMCID: PMC10235089 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor immune composition influences prognosis and treatment sensitivity in lung cancer. The presence of effective adaptive immune responses is associated with increased clinical benefit after immune checkpoint blockers. Conversely, immunotherapy resistance can occur as a consequence of local T-cell exhaustion/dysfunction and upregulation of immunosuppressive signals and regulatory cells. Consequently, merely measuring the amount of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) may not accurately reflect the complexity of tumor-immune interactions and T-cell functional states and may not be valuable as a treatment-specific biomarker. In this work, we investigate an immune-related biomarker (PhenoTIL) and its value in associating with treatment-specific outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PhenoTIL is a novel computational pathology approach that uses machine learning to capture spatial interplay and infer functional features of immune cell niches associated with tumor rejection and patient outcomes. PhenoTIL's advantage is the computational characterization of the tumor immune microenvironment extracted from H&E-stained preparations. Association with clinical outcome and major non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) histology variants was studied in baseline tumor specimens from 1,774 lung cancer patients treated with immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy, including the clinical trial Checkmate 057 (NCT01673867).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Barrera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Germán Corredor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Ruiwen Ding
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Engineering, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Pingfu Fu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christina Buzzy
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Engineering, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cheng Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Priya Velu
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philipp Zens
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Berezowska
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Han Chang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Konstantinos Syrigos
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - David L Rimm
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Kurt Schalper
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eduardo Romero
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Medicina, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Anant Madabhushi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- VA Medical Center, Atlanta, OH, USA.
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Borghaei H, Balli D, Paz-Ares L, Reck M, Ramalingam S, Brahmer J, Ciuleanu TE, Pluzanski A, Lee JS, Gainor J, Schenker M, Schoenfeld A, Caro RB, Ready N, Lee K, Zurawski B, Audigier-Valette C, Baxi V, Geese W, O’Byrne K. 41P Efficacy of first-line (1L) nivolumab (N) + ipilimumab (I) by tumor histologic subtype in patients (pts) with metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC (mNSQ-NSCLC). J Thorac Oncol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s1556-0864(23)00295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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4
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Wang R, Baxi V, Li Z, Locke D, Hedvat C, Sun Y, Walsh AM, Shao X, Basavanhally T, Greenawalt DM, Patah P, Novosiadly R. Pharmacodynamic activity of BMS-986156, a glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor-related protein agonist, alone or in combination with nivolumab in patients with advanced solid tumors. ESMO Open 2023; 8:100784. [PMID: 36863094 PMCID: PMC10163007 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized cancer treatment options and triggered development of new complementary immunotherapeutic strategies, including T-cell co-stimulatory molecules, such as glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR). BMS-986156 is a fully agonistic human immunoglobulin G subclass 1 monoclonal antibody targeting GITR. We recently presented the clinical data for BMS-986156 with or without nivolumab, which demonstrated no compelling evidence of clinical activity in patients with advanced solid tumors. Here, we further report the pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarker data from this open-label, first-in-human, phase I/IIa study of BMS-986156 ± nivolumab in patients with advanced solid tumors (NCT02598960). MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed PD changes of circulating immune cell subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood or serum samples collected from a dataset of 292 patients with solid tumors before and during treatment with BMS-986156 ± nivolumab. PD changes in the tumor immune microenvironment were measured by immunohistochemistry and a targeted gene expression panel. RESULTS BMS-986156 + nivolumab induced a significant increase in peripheral T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell proliferation and activation, accompanied by production of proinflammatory cytokines. However, no significant changes in expression of CD8A, programmed death-ligand 1, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members, or key genes linked with functional parameters of T and NK cells were observed in tumor tissue upon treatment with BMS-986156. CONCLUSIONS Despite the robust evidence of peripheral PD activity of BMS-986156, with or without nivolumab, limited evidence of T- or NK cell activation in the tumor microenvironment was observed. The data therefore explain, at least in part, the lack of clinical activity of BMS-986156 with or without nivolumab in unselected populations of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, USA
| | - V Baxi
- Informatics & Predictive Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, USA
| | - Z Li
- Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, USA
| | - D Locke
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, USA
| | - C Hedvat
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, USA
| | - Y Sun
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, USA
| | - A M Walsh
- Informatics & Predictive Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, USA
| | - X Shao
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, USA
| | - T Basavanhally
- Informatics & Predictive Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, USA
| | - D M Greenawalt
- Informatics & Predictive Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, USA
| | - P Patah
- Global Clinical Research, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, USA
| | - R Novosiadly
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, USA.
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Ding R, Prasanna P, Corredor G, Barrera C, Zens P, Lu C, Velu P, Leo P, Beig N, Li H, Toro P, Berezowska S, Baxi V, Balli D, Belete M, Rimm DL, Velcheti V, Schalper K, Madabhushi A. Image analysis reveals molecularly distinct patterns of TILs in NSCLC associated with treatment outcome. NPJ Precis Oncol 2022; 6:33. [PMID: 35661148 PMCID: PMC9166700 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-022-00277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite known histological, biological, and clinical differences between lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), relatively little is known about the spatial differences in their corresponding immune contextures. Our study of over 1000 LUAD and LUSC tumors revealed that computationally derived patterns of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) on H&E images were different between LUAD (N = 421) and LUSC (N = 438), with TIL density being prognostic of overall survival in LUAD and spatial arrangement being more prognostically relevant in LUSC. In addition, the LUAD-specific TIL signature was associated with OS in an external validation set of 100 NSCLC treated with more than six different neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens, and predictive of response to therapy in the clinical trial CA209-057 (n = 303). In LUAD, the prognostic TIL signature was primarily comprised of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells, whereas in LUSC, the immune patterns were comprised of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and CD20+ B cells. In both subtypes, prognostic TIL features were associated with transcriptomics-derived immune scores and biological pathways implicated in immune recognition, response, and evasion. Our results suggest the need for histologic subtype-specific TIL-based models for stratifying survival risk and predicting response to therapy. Our findings suggest that predictive models for response to therapy will need to account for the unique morphologic and molecular immune patterns as a function of histologic subtype of NSCLC.
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Grants
- UL1 TR001863 NCATS NIH HHS
- Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Cancer Institute under award numbers 1U24CA199374-01, R01CA202752-01A1, R01CA208236-01A1, R01 CA216579-01A1, R01 CA220581-01A1, 1U01 CA239055-01, 1U01CA248226-01, 1U54CA254566-01, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 1R01HL15127701A1, National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering 1R43EB028736-01, National Center for Research Resources under award number 1 C06 RR12463-01, VA Merit Review Award IBX004121A from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development Service, the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, through the Breast Cancer Research Program (W81XWH-19-1-0668), the Prostate Cancer Research Program (W81XWH-15-1-0558, W81XWH-20-1-0851), the Lung Cancer Research Program (W81XWH-18-1-0440, W81XWH-20-1-0595), the Peer Reviewed Cancer Research Program (W81XWH-18-1-0404), the Kidney Precision Medicine Project (KPMP) Glue Grant, the Ohio Third Frontier Technology Validation Fund, the Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative of Cleveland (UL1TR0002548) from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) component of the National Institutes of Health and NIH roadmap for Medical Research, The Wallace H. Coulter Foundation Program in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University, and National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (CON501692).
- A scholarship of the Cancer Research Switzerland (MD-PhD-5088-06-2020).
- the National Cancer Institute under award numbers R03CA219603, R37CA245154, P50CA196530, the Lung Cancer Research Program W81XWH-16-1-0160 and the Stand Up To Cancer – American Cancer Society Lung Cancer Dream Team Translational Research Grants SU2C-AACR-DT1715 and SU2C-AACR-DT22-17
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Ding
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Germán Corredor
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Philipp Zens
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cheng Lu
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Priya Velu
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Leo
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Niha Beig
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Haojia Li
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Paula Toro
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sabina Berezowska
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anant Madabhushi
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Corredor G, Ding R, Prasanna P, Barrera C, Toro P, Viswanathan VS, Zens P, Berezowska S, Baxi V, Balli D, Belete M, Velcheti V, Schalper KA, Madabhushi A. Density patterns of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and association with objective response to nivolumab in patients with lung adenocarcinoma from CheckMate 057. J Clin Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2662 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are currently approved for use as therapy in advanced stage lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). ICIs can decrease risk of progression by up to 60% when compared to chemotherapy, but only about 20% of patients (pts) show response. Given that high levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been shown to be associated with better prognosis, here, we assess whether computationally derived TIL density measures on digitized H&E images can predict RECIST derived response to nivolumab in LUAD in Checkmate 057 (CM057). CM057 is a clinical trial designed to compare the overall survival of metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer subjects treated with either nivolumab or docetaxel after failing platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods: H&E-stained samples of 683 LUAD pts were collected from TCGA (n = 421), University of Bern (UBern) (n = 100), and CM057 (n = 162). Tumor response was assessed using RECIST v1.1. Samples were digitized as whole slide images. 294 pts randomly selected from TCGA formed the training set. The remaining 389 pts were used for validation in response to nivolumab in CM057 and prognosticating overall survival (OS) in UBern and TCGA. Computerized algorithms automatically identified TILs and extracted features related to quantity and compactness of TILs with respect to other surrounding nuclei. The top 6 features, determined by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, were used to train Cox regression models that assign a death risk score to each patient. Pts with risk scores higher than the training median score were considered “high risk” or “non-responders” while pts with lower scores were considered “low risk” or “responders”. Results: The classifier predicted objective response in CM057 with an AUC = 0.61. Additionally, survival analysis showed that the model was prognostic for OS with hazard ratios of 2.38 (confidence interval (CI): 1.32-4.29, p = 0.01, n = 127) in TCGA and 2.37 (CI: 1.32-4.25, p < 0.01, n = 100) in UBern. Conclusions: A computerized image analysis model based on measurements of TIL density showed association with response to treatment in LUAD pts who received nivolumab and was prognostic of OS. Although the AUC was not high, the results suggest analysis of TILs has potential to identify pts who will respond to treatment. Future work will include training a classifier using response to treatment as endpoint and combining the TIL measures with other biomarkers like TMB or PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruiwen Ding
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Paula Toro
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | - Sabina Berezowska
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lee G, Desai K, Tang H, Cohen D, Ely S, Wojcik J, Trillo-Tinoco J, Chen B, Gupta A, Tenney D, Baxi V, Edwards R, Wind-Rotolo M. 387 The utility of AI-powered spatial classification of intratumoral CD8+ immune-cell distribution in predicting overall survival in patients with melanoma as part of the checkMate 067 clinical trial. J Immunother Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSpatial patterns of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment are associated with clinical outcomes in patients with advanced solid tumors. However, attempts to quantify spatial topology are hindered by challenges in manual scoring, heterogeneous immune-cell infiltrates, and interpathologist variability. Artificial intelligence (AI)–powered analysis can quantify CD8 topology in a biologically meaningful, reproducible, and scalable way. Using an AI-driven algorithm, we retrospectively assessed CD8 topology as a biomarker of response to immunotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma.MethodsWe trained a random forest classifier to predict CD8 topology using parenchymal and stromal CD8+ immune-cell measurements derived from a deep-learning platform (PathAI, Boston, MA). For model validation, pathologists manually classified CD8 immunohistochemistry (C8/144B, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) in melanoma samples into inflamed (CD8+ cells in tumor parenchyma), excluded (CD8+ cells restricted to stroma), and desert (deficient in CD8+ cells) patterns. We explored the association with overall survival (OS) in a subset of patients with previously untreated metastatic melanoma who received nivolumab + ipilimumab (NIVO+IPI, n=102) or NIVO alone (n=107) in the CheckMate 067 phase 3 trial. Retrospective analysis of baseline AI-defined CD8 topology was performed alone and combined with manually scored programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on tumor cells.ResultsClassifier model predictions were concordant with manual scoring (determined by a consensus of pathologists) and non-inferior to the agreement between 2 pathologists, via Cohen’s kappa coefficient k=0.79 and k=0.65, respectively. No statistically meaningful differences in outcomes were observed between CD8-excluded and CD8-inflamed phenotypes within the PD-L1 ≥1% population. However, patients with PD-L1 <1%/CD8-excluded tumors exhibited longer median OS compared with those with PD-L1 <1%/CD8-inflamed (table 1). 38% (40/104) of PD-L1 <1% tumors were CD8-excluded. Within PD-L1 <1%, patients with an excluded phenotype also exhibited lower frequency of severe adverse events (grade ≥3) than patients with inflamed phenotype following treatment: NIVO+IPI, 75% (n=20) vs 91% (n=11); NIVO, 61% (n=18) vs 80% (n=15). Compared with PD-L1 status, the composite biomarker (AI-classified CD8-excluded plus PD-L1 ≥1%) identified a larger group of patients who had greater survival benefit with NIVO+IPI or NIVO alone (table 2).Abstract 387 Table 1Immunotherapy outcomes by CD8+ topology in PD-L1<1% melanomaIn a subset of patients with melanoma and tumor cell PD-L1 expression <1% in the CheckMate 067 clinical trial, those with a CD8-excluded phenotype demonstrated longer overall survival compared with those with a CD8-inflamed phenotype when treated with NIVO±IPI.Abstract 387 Table 2Composite biomarker outcomes in Checkmate 067In patients with melanoma in the CheckMate 067 clinical trial, the composite biomarker (AI-classified CD8-excluded phenotype plus PD-L1 expression ≥1%) identified more biomarker-positive patients and demonstrated increased overall survival benefit vs PD-L1 status alone for patients treated with NIVO±IPI. Hazard ratios represent patients with a PD-L1 expression of ≥1% compared with PD-L1 <1% or patients with a PD-L1 expression of ≥1% and CD8-excluded phenotype compared with PD-L1 expression <1% and not CD8-excluded.ConclusionsThis study explores the utility of combining AI-powered CD8 topology classifications with PD-L1 expression as a composite biomarker associated with immunotherapy response. In patients with PD-L1 <1% melanoma, median OS with NIVO+IPI was significantly longer in patients with CD8-excluded tumors than with an inflamed phenotype. Further studies are underway to identify mechanisms underlying responses to NIVO+IPI.AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank the team at PathAI for development of the AI classifier, and Dako, an Agilent Technologies, Inc. company, for collaborative development of the PD-L1 IHC 28-8 pharmDx assay. Editorial support was provided by Emily Motola, PharmD, and Matthew Weddig of Spark Medica Inc.Trial RegistrationClinicaltrialsgov number NCT01844505Ethics ApprovalThe study protocol and all amendments were approved by local institutional review boards, and the protocol was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice Guidelines, as defined by the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. All patients provided written informed consent before enrollment.
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Glass B, Adam Stanford-Moore S, Meghwal D, Agrawal N, Lin M, Hedvat C, Lee G, Ely S, Montalto M, Wapinski I, Baxi V, Beck A. 821 Machine learning models can quantify CD8 positivity in lymphocytes in melanoma clinical trial samples. J Immunother Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAn accurate histological characterization of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment is essential for developing novel immune oncology targeted therapies and can assist in guiding patient treatment decisions. However, immune phenotyping is subject to challenges of manual scoring and inter-pathologist scoring variability. To support pathologist-scored immune phenotyping across tumor types, we are developing machine learning (ML)-based models that can identify and quantify CD8+ lymphocytes within the stromal and parenchyma regions of tumors from non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and melanoma. Here, we focus on the ML model for melanoma showing recent results for ML-based identification and quantification of CD8+ lymphocytes and concordance with manual pathologic assessment in data derived from clinical trials.MethodsML algorithms were developed to quantify CD8+ lymphocytes in melanoma using 200 samples from a commercial dataset containing both primary and metastatic melanoma cases. Models were trained using the PathAI research platform on digitized whole slide images (WSI) stained for CD8 using clone C8/144b (Dako), and annotations were provided by the PathAI network of expert pathologists. Training included identification of slide artifacts, parenchyma, cancer stroma, and necrosis, as well as CD8+ lymphocytes and other CD8– cell types. Examples of melanin, such as pigmented macrophages, were added to non-CD8+ cell types. To evaluate the performance of the ML model, model-predicted CD8+ counts were compared to a consensus count from five independent pathologists for representative regions (“frames”) using the Pearson correlation. This was done in 112 held-out test frames from 90 WSI baseline samples from three clinical trials of immunotherapy treatment in individuals with metastatic melanoma. Inter-pathologist agreement among the five pathologists was also calculated.ResultsML-based quantitation of CD8 positivity in lymphocytes showed high concordance with manual pathologist consensus counts. In frames validation of CD8+ counts on the test set of WSI, there was high correlation between the ML model and pathologist consensus counts (r=0.92 [95% CI 0.88–0.94]). This correlation was comparable to the agreement among the five expert pathologists (r=0.88 [95% CI 0.85–0.91]).ConclusionsML model-predicted CD8+ cell counts are highly concordant with pathologist scores on WSI samples from melanoma-focused clinical trials. These data demonstrate the capability of AI-powered digital pathology for accurate and reproducible quantitation of CD8+ lymphocytes in clinical trial samples, contributing to improved evaluation of the tumor microenvironment and targeted development of therapeutics.
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9
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Duan C, Montalto M, Lee G, Pandya D, Cohen D, Chang H, Tang H, Agrawal N, Elliott H, Glass B, Wapinski I, Edwards R, Beck AH, Baxi V. Abstract 2017: Association of digital and manual quantification of tumor PD-L1 expression with outcomes in nivolumab-treated patients. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on tumor cells (TC), detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), is associated with response to programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 inhibitors in some tumor types. Manual review of PD-L1–positive (PD-L1+) tumors can be subjective, with the potential for misclassification of PD-L1–low tumors as PD-L1–negative due to weak positivity. We compared artificial-intelligence (digital) and manual scoring methods and assessed the association of PD-L1 expression with clinical outcomes in nivolumab (NIVO)-treated patients with urothelial carcinoma (UC) and melanoma (MEL).
Methods: PD-L1 expression was determined in baseline samples from NIVO monotherapy-treated patients with UC (CM275, NCT02387996) and MEL (CM067, NCT01844505; CM238, NCT02388906) using the Dako PD-L1 IHC 28-8 pharmDx assay. PD-L1+ TC were scored using digital (PathAI research platform) and manual (LabCorp) methods. Prevalence of tumors with PD-L1+ TC ≥ 1% and ≥ 5% and associations between PD-L1 expression and outcomes with NIVO were evaluated.
Results: Prevalence of UC and MEL tumors with ≥ 1% and ≥ 5% PD-L1+ TC was higher for digital vs manual scoring (Table). For all samples, digital and manual scoring was associated with response to NIVO for PD-L1 ≥ 1% and ≥ 5%, and associations were similar between digital and manual scoring (Table). Digital and manual PD-L1 scoring correlated across samples from all trials (Kendall's tau range: 0.57–0.62).
TablePrevalence PD-L1+ TC ≥ 1%, n (%)Evaluable samples, nDigitalManualP valueSamples ≥ 1% by digital onlyCM275241166 (69)113 (47)1.61 × 10−658 (24)CM067264173 (66)160 (61)0.27936 (14)CM238377307 (81)259 (69)7.61 × 10−566 (18)PD-L1+ TC ≥ 1% vs < 1%DigitalManualORR, odds ratio (95% CI)CM275a2.15 (0.98–4.70)1.60 (0.82–3.14)CM067b1.99 (1.19–3.35)1.89 (1.12–3.18)Survival, hazard ratio (95% CI)CM275 (OS)a0.67 (0.48–0.92)0.66 (0.48–0.90)CM067 (OS)b0.57 (0.41–0.80)0.71 (0.50–1.00)CM238 (RFS)c0.53 (0.36–0.77)0.83 (0.57–1.21)Prevalence PD-L1+ TC ≥ 5%, n (%)Evaluable samples, nDigitalManualP valueSamples ≥ 5% by digital onlyCM27524190 (37)74 (31)0.14928 (12)CM067264103 (39)76 (29)0.01736 (14)CM238377234 (62)139 (37)7.54 × 10−12104 (28)PD-L1+ TC ≥ 5% vs < 5%DigitalManualORR, odds ratio (95% CI)CM275a3.50 (1.76–6.98)2.37 (1.18–4.73)CM067b2.33 (1.40–3.86)1.77 (1.01–3.09)Survival, hazard ratio (95% CI)CM275 (OS)a0.50 (0.36–0.71)0.58 (0.41–0.83)CM067 (OS)b0.67 (0.47–0.96)0.74 (0.51–1.09)CM238 (RFS)c0.50 (0.35–0.70)0.52 (0.36–0.76)Database lock 2019: CM275, June 14; CM067, January 18; CM238, April 3.aAdjusted for ECOG performance status, liver metastatic status, and hemoglobin.bAdjusted for ECOG performance status, liver metastatic status, lactate dehydrogenase, and BRAF mutation.cAdjusted for ECOG performance status, AJCC stage, lactate dehydrogenase, and BRAF mutation.AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; CI, confidence interval; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; ORR, objective response rate; OS, overall survival; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; RFS, recurrence-free survival; TC, tumor cells.
Conclusion: In post-hoc exploratory analyses, digital scoring of PD-L1 expression identified higher prevalence of PD-L1+ tumors and shows good association with response to NIVO in UC and MEL samples compared with manual scoring. Digital quantification demonstrated higher sensitivity at low levels of PD-L1 expression and may identify patients who could benefit from NIVO. Further study of the association with clinical outcomes is warranted and exploratory studies are ongoing to assess the performance of digital scoring in additional tumor types.
Citation Format: Chunzhe Duan, Michael Montalto, George Lee, Dimple Pandya, Daniel Cohen, Han Chang, Hao Tang, Nishant Agrawal, Hunter Elliott, Benjamin Glass, Ilan Wapinski, Robin Edwards, Andrew H. Beck, Vipul Baxi. Association of digital and manual quantification of tumor PD-L1 expression with outcomes in nivolumab-treated patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Montalto
- 2(BMS employee at the time the analysis was conducted) PathAI, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Han Chang
- 1Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Hao Tang
- 1Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
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Schalper KA, Carleton M, Zhou M, Chen T, Feng Y, Huang SP, Walsh AM, Baxi V, Pandya D, Baradet T, Locke D, Wu Q, Reilly TP, Phillips P, Nagineni V, Gianino N, Gu J, Zhao H, Perez-Gracia JL, Sanmamed MF, Melero I. Elevated serum interleukin-8 is associated with enhanced intratumor neutrophils and reduced clinical benefit of immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Med 2020; 26:688-692. [PMID: 32405062 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels and tumor neutrophil infiltration are associated with worse prognosis in advanced cancers. Here, using a large-scale retrospective analysis, we show that elevated baseline serum IL-8 levels are associated with poor outcome in patients (n = 1,344) with advanced cancers treated with nivolumab and/or ipilimumab, everolimus or docetaxel in phase 3 clinical trials, revealing the importance of assessing serum IL-8 levels in identifying unfavorable tumor immunobiology and as an independent biomarker in patients receiving immune-checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Michael Carleton
- Department of Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Global Biometric Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tian Chen
- Department of Global Biometric Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ye Feng
- Department of Global Biometric Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Shu-Pang Huang
- Department of Global Biometric Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Alice M Walsh
- Department of Translational Bioinformatics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Vipul Baxi
- Department of Translational Bioinformatics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Dimple Pandya
- Department of Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Timothy Baradet
- Department of Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Darren Locke
- Department of Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Qiuyan Wu
- Department of Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Timothy P Reilly
- Department of Research and Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Penny Phillips
- Department of Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Venkata Nagineni
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicole Gianino
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jianlei Gu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jose Luis Perez-Gracia
- Oncology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanmamed
- Oncology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Oncology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Hedvat C, Lee G, Baxi V, Dziuba K, Locke D, Li B, Edwards R. Quantitative spatial profiling of lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3)/major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) interaction in gastric and urothelial tumors. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz269.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Szabo PM, Lee G, Ely S, Baxi V, Pokkalla H, Elliott H, Wang D, Glass B, Kerner JK, Wapinski I, Hedvat C, Locke D, Pandya D, Adya N, Qi Z, Greenfield A, Edwards R, Montalto M. CD8+ T cells in tumor parenchyma and stroma by image analysis (IA) and gene expression profiling (GEP): Potential biomarkers for immuno-oncology (I-O) therapy. J Clin Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2594 Background: Distribution patterns of CD8+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can be assessed by IA, which may reflect underlying tumor biology and serve as a potential biomarker to assess the utility of I-O therapy. These patterns are variable and may be classified as immune desert (minimal infiltrate), excluded (T cells confined to tumor stroma or to the invasive margin), or inflamed (T cells diffusely infiltrating tumor parenchyma and stroma). We hypothesized that association of a GEP signature with abundance of parenchymal and stromal T-cell infiltrates may identify biomarkers of response or resistance to I-O therapy. To test this, we applied an AI-powered IA platform to quantify CD8+ T cells by geographical location and used GEP to define both CD8 abundance and associated geographic localization to tumor parenchyma and stroma. Methods: We performed an analysis using a tumor inflammatory GEP assay and CD8 immunohistochemistry on procured specimens (335 melanoma, 391 SCCHN). Digitized slides were used to train a convolutional neural network to quantify the number of CD8+ T cells in stroma, tumor parenchyma, parenchyma-stromal interface, and invasive margin. Generalized constrained regression models were used to predict GEP signatures specifically for stromal and parenchymal CD8+ T cells. Results: Parenchymal and stromal GEP scores were highly concordant with CD8+ infiltrate geography (adj- r2: 0.67, 0.65, respectively; P ≤ 0.01). Little overlap existed between gene sets associated with parenchymal and stromal CD8 T-cell geographies. CSF1R and NECTIN2 gene expression was observed to correlate inversely with parenchymal localization and directly with stromal CD8+ T-cell abundance. Conclusions: GEP signatures can be identified that are concordant with various CD8+ T-cell localization patterns in melanoma and SCCHN, demonstrating that GEP-IA can be developed to identify the immune status of interest in the TME. The specific genes identified have potential to elucidate mechanisms of resistance and/or inform I-O targets that can be further evaluated in relation to clinical significance in future studies.
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Luke J, Edwards R, Hedvat C, Pandya D, Ely S, Meier R, McDonald D, Harbison C, Baxi V, Lee G, Szabo P, Garcia T, Bao R, Reilly T, Jaffee E, Hodi F. Characterization of the immune tumor microenvironment (TME) to inform personalized medicine with immuno-oncology (IO) combinations. Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy288.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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