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Horowitz VR, Carter B, Hernandez UF, Scheuing T, Alemán BJ. Validating an algebraic approach to characterizing resonator networks. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1325. [PMID: 38225384 PMCID: PMC10789822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Resonator networks are ubiquitous in natural and engineered systems, such as solid-state materials, electrical circuits, quantum processors, and even neural tissue. To understand and manipulate these networks it is essential to characterize their building blocks, which include the mechanical analogs of mass, elasticity, damping, and coupling of each resonator element. While these mechanical parameters are typically obtained from response spectra using least-squares fitting, this approach requires a priori knowledge of all parameters and is susceptible to large error due to convergence to local minima. Here we validate an alternative algebraic means to characterize resonator networks with no or minimal a priori knowledge. Our approach recasts the equations of motion of the network into a linear homogeneous algebraic equation and solves the equation with a set of discrete measured network response vectors. For validation, we employ our approach on noisy simulated data from a single resonator and a coupled resonator pair, and we characterize the accuracy of the recovered parameters using high-dimension factorial simulations. Generally, we find that the error is inversely proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio, that measurements at two frequencies are sufficient to recover all parameters, and that sampling near the resonant peaks is optimal. Our simple, powerful tool will enable future efforts to ascertain network properties and control resonator networks in diverse physical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viva R Horowitz
- Physics Department, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, 13323, USA.
| | - Brittany Carter
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
- Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Uriel F Hernandez
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
- Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Trevor Scheuing
- Physics Department, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, 13323, USA
| | - Benjamín J Alemán
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
- Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
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Carter B, Hernandez UF, Miller DJ, Blaikie A, Horowitz VR, Alemán BJ. Coupled Nanomechanical Graphene Resonators: A Promising Platform for Scalable NEMS Networks. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:2103. [PMID: 38004960 PMCID: PMC10672897 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of coupled nanoelectromechanical resonators are a promising foundation for implementing large-scale network applications, such as mechanical-based information processing and computing, but their practical realization remains an outstanding challenge. In this work, we demonstrate a scalable platform of suspended graphene resonators, such that neighboring resonators are persistently coupled mechanically. We provide evidence of strong coupling between neighboring resonators using two different tuning methods. Additionally, we provide evidence of inter-resonator coupling of higher-order modes, demonstrating the rich dynamics that can be accessed with this platform. Our results establish this platform as a viable option for realizing large-scale programmable networks, enabling applications such as phononic circuits, tunable waveguides, and reconfigurable metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Carter
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA (A.B.)
| | - Uriel F. Hernandez
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA (A.B.)
| | - David J. Miller
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA (A.B.)
| | - Andrew Blaikie
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA (A.B.)
| | | | - Benjamín J. Alemán
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA (A.B.)
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
- Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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Ziegler J, Klaiss R, Blaikie A, Miller D, Horowitz VR, Alemán BJ. Deterministic Quantum Emitter Formation in Hexagonal Boron Nitride via Controlled Edge Creation. Nano Lett 2019; 19:2121-2127. [PMID: 30768282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Quantum emitters (QEs) in 2D hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are extremely bright and are stable at high temperature and under harsh chemical conditions. Because they reside within an atomically thin 2D material, these QEs have a unique potential to couple strongly to hybrid optoelectromechanical and quantum devices. However, this potential for coupling has been underexplored because of challenges in nanofabrication and patterning of hBN QEs. Motivated by recent studies showing that QEs in hBN tend to form at edges, we use a focused ion beam (FIB) to mill an array of patterned holes into hBN. Using optical confocal microscopy, we find arrays of bright, localized photoluminescence that match the geometry of the patterned holes. Furthermore, second-order photon correlation measurements on these bright spots reveal that they contain single and multiple QEs. By optimizing the FIB parameters, we create patterned single QEs with a yield of 31%, a value close to Poissonian limit. Using atomic force microscopy to study the morphology near emission sites, we find that single QE yield is highest with smoothly milled holes on unwrinkled hBN. This technique dramatically broadens the utility and convenience of hBN QEs and achieves a vital step toward the facile integration of the QEs into large-scale photonic, plasmonic, nanomechanical, or optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Ziegler
- Department of Physics; Material Science Institute; Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Rachael Klaiss
- Department of Physics; Material Science Institute; Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Andrew Blaikie
- Department of Physics; Material Science Institute; Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - David Miller
- Department of Physics; Material Science Institute; Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Viva R Horowitz
- Department of Physics , Hamilton College , Clinton , New York 13323 , United States
| | - Benjamín J Alemán
- Department of Physics; Material Science Institute; Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Viva R Horowitz
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
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Sih V, Lau WH, Myers RC, Horowitz VR, Gossard AC, Awschalom DD. Generating spin currents in semiconductors with the spin Hall effect. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:096605. [PMID: 17026386 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.096605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate electrically induced spin currents generated by the spin Hall effect in GaAs structures that distinguish edge effects from spin transport. Using Kerr rotation microscopy to image the spin polarization, we demonstrate that the observed spin accumulation is due to a transverse bulk electron spin current, which can drive spin polarization nearly 40 microns into a region in which there is minimal electric field. Using a model that incorporates the effects of spin drift, we determine the transverse spin drift velocity from the magnetic field dependence of the spin polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sih
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Horowitz VR, Janowitz LA, Modic AL, Heiney PA, Collings PJ. Aggregation behavior and chromonic liquid crystal properties of an anionic monoazo dye. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2005; 72:041710. [PMID: 16383405 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.041710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
X-ray scattering and various optical techniques are utilized to study the aggregation process and chromonic liquid crystal phase of the anionic monoazo dye Sunset Yellow FCF. The x-ray results demonstrate that aggregation involves pi-pi stacking of the molecules into columns, with the columns undergoing a phase transition to an orientationally ordered chromonic liquid crystal phase at high dye concentration. Optical absorption measurements on dilute solutions reveal that the aggregation takes place at all concentrations, with the average aggregation number increasing with concentration. A simple theory based on the law of mass action and an isodesmic aggregation process is in excellent agreement with the experimental data and yields a value for the "bond" energy between molecules in an aggregate. Measurements of the birefringence and order parameter are also performed as a function of temperature in the chromonic liquid crystal phase. The agreement between these results and a more complicated theory of aggregation is quite reasonable. Overall, these results both confirm that the aggregation process for some dyes is isodesmic and provide a second example of a well-characterized chromonic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viva R Horowitz
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, USA
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