1
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Mottl O, Flantua SGA, Bhatta KP, Felde VA, Giesecke T, Goring S, Grimm EC, Haberle S, Hooghiemstra H, Ivory S, Kuneš P, Wolters S, Seddon AWR, Williams JW. Global acceleration in rates of vegetation change over the past 18,000 years. Science 2021; 372:860-864. [PMID: 34016781 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Global vegetation over the past 18,000 years has been transformed first by the climate changes that accompanied the last deglaciation and again by increasing human pressures; however, the magnitude and patterns of rates of vegetation change are poorly understood globally. Using a compilation of 1181 fossil pollen sequences and newly developed statistical methods, we detect a worldwide acceleration in the rates of vegetation compositional change beginning between 4.6 and 2.9 thousand years ago that is globally unprecedented over the past 18,000 years in both magnitude and extent. Late Holocene rates of change equal or exceed the deglacial rates for all continents, which suggests that the scale of human effects on terrestrial ecosystems exceeds even the climate-driven transformations of the last deglaciation. The acceleration of biodiversity change demonstrated in ecological datasets from the past century began millennia ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Mottl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Suzette G A Flantua
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. .,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kuber P Bhatta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vivian A Felde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Giesecke
- Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, 3508 TC, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Simon Goring
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric C Grimm
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Simon Haberle
- Department of Archaeology and Natural History, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Henry Hooghiemstra
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah Ivory
- Department of Geosciences and the Earth and Environmental Systems Institute (EESI), Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Petr Kuneš
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Steffen Wolters
- Lower Saxony Institute for Historical Coastal Research, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Alistair W R Seddon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - John W Williams
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Nogué S, Santos AMC, Birks HJB, Björck S, Castilla-Beltrán A, Connor S, de Boer EJ, de Nascimento L, Felde VA, Fernández-Palacios JM, Froyd CA, Haberle SG, Hooghiemstra H, Ljung K, Norder SJ, Peñuelas J, Prebble M, Stevenson J, Whittaker RJ, Willis KJ, Wilmshurst JM, Steinbauer MJ. The human dimension of biodiversity changes on islands. Science 2021; 372:488-491. [PMID: 33926949 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd6706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Islands are among the last regions on Earth settled and transformed by human activities, and they provide replicated model systems for analysis of how people affect ecological functions. By analyzing 27 representative fossil pollen sequences encompassing the past 5000 years from islands globally, we quantified the rates of vegetation compositional change before and after human arrival. After human arrival, rates of turnover accelerate by a median factor of 11, with faster rates on islands colonized in the past 1500 years than for those colonized earlier. This global anthropogenic acceleration in turnover suggests that islands are on trajectories of continuing change. Strategies for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration must acknowledge the long duration of human impacts and the degree to which ecological changes today differ from prehuman dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Nogué
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Ana M C Santos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal/Azores Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal.,Global Change Ecology and Evolution Group (GloCEE), Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG-UAM), Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - H John B Birks
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.,Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Svante Björck
- Department of Geology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alvaro Castilla-Beltrán
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Simon Connor
- School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Center (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Erik J de Boer
- Departament d'Estratigrafia, Paleontologia i Geociències Marines, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lea de Nascimento
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain.,Long-term Ecology Laboratory, Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, 7640 Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Vivian A Felde
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - José María Fernández-Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Cynthia A Froyd
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Simon G Haberle
- School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Center (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Henry Hooghiemstra
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karl Ljung
- Department of Geology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sietze J Norder
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics. 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Matthew Prebble
- School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,School of Earth and Environment, College of Science, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Janelle Stevenson
- School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Center (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Robert J Whittaker
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Kathy J Willis
- Oxford Long-Term Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Janet M Wilmshurst
- Long-term Ecology Laboratory, Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, 7640 Lincoln, New Zealand.,School of Environment, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Manuel J Steinbauer
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) and Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
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3
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Zhao Y, Tzedakis PC, Li Q, Qin F, Cui Q, Liang C, Birks HJB, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Ge J, Zhao H, Felde VA, Deng C, Cai M, Li H, Ren W, Wei H, Yang H, Zhang J, Yu Z, Guo Z. Evolution of vegetation and climate variability on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 1.74 million years. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay6193. [PMID: 32494698 PMCID: PMC7202886 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay6193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau exerts a major influence on Asian climate, but its long-term environmental history remains largely unknown. We present a detailed record of vegetation and climate changes over the past 1.74 million years in a lake sediment core from the Zoige Basin, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Results show three intervals with different orbital- and millennial-scale features superimposed on a stepwise long-term cooling trend. The interval of 1.74-1.54 million years ago is characterized by an insolation-dominated mode with strong ~20,000-year cyclicity and quasi-absent millennial-scale signal. The interval of 1.54-0.62 million years ago represents a transitional insolation-ice mode marked by ~20,000- and ~40,000-year cycles, with superimposed millennial-scale oscillations. The past 620,000 years are characterized by an ice-driven mode with 100,000-year cyclicity and less frequent millennial-scale variability. A pronounced transition occurred 620,000 years ago, as glacial cycles intensified. These new findings reveal how the interaction of low-latitude insolation and high-latitude ice-volume forcing shaped the evolution of the Tibetan Plateau climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Polychronis C. Tzedakis
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Quan Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiaoyu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - H. John B. Birks
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Yaoliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China
| | - Junyi Ge
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Cold and Arid Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Vivian A. Felde
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Chenglong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Maotang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Weihe Ren
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haicheng Wei
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Hanfei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiawu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zicheng Yu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
- Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengtang Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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4
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Steinbauer MJ, Grytnes JA, Jurasinski G, Kulonen A, Lenoir J, Pauli H, Rixen C, Winkler M, Bardy-Durchhalter M, Barni E, Bjorkman AD, Breiner FT, Burg S, Czortek P, Dawes MA, Delimat A, Dullinger S, Erschbamer B, Felde VA, Fernández-Arberas O, Fossheim KF, Gómez-García D, Georges D, Grindrud ET, Haider S, Haugum SV, Henriksen H, Herreros MJ, Jaroszewicz B, Jaroszynska F, Kanka R, Kapfer J, Klanderud K, Kühn I, Lamprecht A, Matteodo M, di Cella UM, Normand S, Odland A, Olsen SL, Palacio S, Petey M, Piscová V, Sedlakova B, Steinbauer K, Stöckli V, Svenning JC, Teppa G, Theurillat JP, Vittoz P, Woodin SJ, Zimmermann NE, Wipf S. Accelerated increase in plant species richness on mountain summits is linked to warming. Nature 2018; 556:231-234. [PMID: 29618821 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Globally accelerating trends in societal development and human environmental impacts since the mid-twentieth century 1-7 are known as the Great Acceleration and have been discussed as a key indicator of the onset of the Anthropocene epoch 6 . While reports on ecological responses (for example, changes in species range or local extinctions) to the Great Acceleration are multiplying 8, 9 , it is unknown whether such biotic responses are undergoing a similar acceleration over time. This knowledge gap stems from the limited availability of time series data on biodiversity changes across large temporal and geographical extents. Here we use a dataset of repeated plant surveys from 302 mountain summits across Europe, spanning 145 years of observation, to assess the temporal trajectory of mountain biodiversity changes as a globally coherent imprint of the Anthropocene. We find a continent-wide acceleration in the rate of increase in plant species richness, with five times as much species enrichment between 2007 and 2016 as fifty years ago, between 1957 and 1966. This acceleration is strikingly synchronized with accelerated global warming and is not linked to alternative global change drivers. The accelerating increases in species richness on mountain summits across this broad spatial extent demonstrate that acceleration in climate-induced biotic change is occurring even in remote places on Earth, with potentially far-ranging consequences not only for biodiversity, but also for ecosystem functioning and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Steinbauer
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Department of Geography and Geosciences, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | | - Aino Kulonen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- CNRS, UMR 7058 EDYSAN, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Harald Pauli
- GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research at the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW-IGF), Vienna, Austria
- GLORIA Coordination, Center for Global Change and Sustainability at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU-gW/N), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Winkler
- GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research at the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW-IGF), Vienna, Austria
- GLORIA Coordination, Center for Global Change and Sustainability at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU-gW/N), Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Bardy-Durchhalter
- GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research at the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW-IGF), Vienna, Austria
- GLORIA Coordination, Center for Global Change and Sustainability at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU-gW/N), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Barni
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Anne D Bjorkman
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank T Breiner
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Burg
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Patryk Czortek
- Białowiez˙ a Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Białowiez˙ a, Poland
| | - Melissa A Dawes
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Anna Delimat
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Stefan Dullinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Vivian A Felde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kjetil F Fossheim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Damien Georges
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Erlend T Grindrud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Sylvia Haider
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Siri V Haugum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne Henriksen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Bogdan Jaroszewicz
- Białowiez˙ a Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Białowiez˙ a, Poland
| | - Francesca Jaroszynska
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Robert Kanka
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jutta Kapfer
- Department of Landscape Monitoring, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Department for Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle, Germany
| | - Andrea Lamprecht
- GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research at the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW-IGF), Vienna, Austria
- GLORIA Coordination, Center for Global Change and Sustainability at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU-gW/N), Vienna, Austria
| | - Magali Matteodo
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Signe Normand
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Arvid Odland
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Siri L Olsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara Palacio
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Huesca, Spain
| | - Martina Petey
- Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint-Christophe, Italy
| | - Veronika Piscová
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Klaus Steinbauer
- GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research at the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW-IGF), Vienna, Austria
- GLORIA Coordination, Center for Global Change and Sustainability at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU-gW/N), Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Stöckli
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
- Bergwelten 21 AG, Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Guido Teppa
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Jean-Paul Theurillat
- Centre Alpien de Phytogéographie, Fondation J.-M. Aubert, Champex-Lac, Switzerland
- Section of Biology, University of Geneva, Chambésy, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Vittoz
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah J Woodin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Niklaus E Zimmermann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Wipf
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland.
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