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Kannan B, Campbell DL, Vasconcelos F, Winik R, Kim DK, Kjaergaard M, Krantz P, Melville A, Niedzielski BM, Yoder JL, Orlando TP, Gustavsson S, Oliver WD. Generating spatially entangled itinerant photons with waveguide quantum electrodynamics. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/41/eabb8780. [PMID: 33028523 PMCID: PMC7541065 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Realizing a fully connected network of quantum processors requires the ability to distribute quantum entanglement. For distant processing nodes, this can be achieved by generating, routing, and capturing spatially entangled itinerant photons. In this work, we demonstrate the deterministic generation of such photons using superconducting transmon qubits that are directly coupled to a waveguide. In particular, we generate two-photon N00N states and show that the state and spatial entanglement of the emitted photons are tunable via the qubit frequencies. Using quadrature amplitude detection, we reconstruct the moments and correlations of the photonic modes and demonstrate state preparation fidelities of 84%. Our results provide a path toward realizing quantum communication and teleportation protocols using itinerant photons generated by quantum interference within a waveguide quantum electrodynamics architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kannan
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - D L Campbell
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - F Vasconcelos
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R Winik
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - D K Kim
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02420, USA
| | - M Kjaergaard
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - P Krantz
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Melville
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02420, USA
| | - B M Niedzielski
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02420, USA
| | - J L Yoder
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02420, USA
| | - T P Orlando
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - S Gustavsson
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - W D Oliver
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02420, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Krantz P, Bengtsson A, Simoen M, Gustavsson S, Shumeiko V, Oliver WD, Wilson CM, Delsing P, Bylander J. Single-shot read-out of a superconducting qubit using a Josephson parametric oscillator. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11417. [PMID: 27156732 PMCID: PMC4865746 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a read-out technique for a superconducting qubit by dispersively coupling it with a Josephson parametric oscillator. We employ a tunable quarter wavelength superconducting resonator and modulate its resonant frequency at twice its value with an amplitude surpassing the threshold for parametric instability. We map the qubit states onto two distinct states of classical parametric oscillation: one oscillating state, with 185±15 photons in the resonator, and one with zero oscillation amplitude. This high contrast obviates a following quantum-limited amplifier. We demonstrate proof-of-principle, single-shot read-out performance, and present an error budget indicating that this method can surpass the fidelity threshold required for quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Krantz
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Bengtsson
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michaël Simoen
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon Gustavsson
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Vitaly Shumeiko
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - W. D. Oliver
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
| | - C. M. Wilson
- Institute of Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Per Delsing
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bylander
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Macklin C, O'Brien K, Hover D, Schwartz ME, Bolkhovsky V, Zhang X, Oliver WD, Siddiqi I. A near-quantum-limited Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier. Science 2015; 350:307-10. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Inomata K, Koshino K, Lin ZR, Oliver WD, Tsai JS, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto T. Microwave down-conversion with an impedance-matched Λ system in driven circuit QED. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:063604. [PMID: 25148329 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.063604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
By driving a dispersively coupled qubit-resonator system, we realize an "impedance-matched" Λ system that has two identical radiative decay rates from the top level and interacts with a semi-infinite waveguide. It has been predicted that a photon input from the waveguide deterministically induces a Raman transition in the system and switches its electronic state. We confirm this through microwave response to a continuous probe field, observing near-perfect (99.7%) extinction of the reflection and highly efficient (74%) frequency down-conversion. These proof-of-principle results lead to deterministic quantum gates between material qubits and microwave photons and open the possibility for scalable quantum networks interconnected with waveguide photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Inomata
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Koshino
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0827, Japan
| | - Z R Lin
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - W D Oliver
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
| | - J S Tsai
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan and NEC Smart Energy Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
| | - Y Nakamura
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan and Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - T Yamamoto
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan and NEC Smart Energy Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8501, Japan
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Anton SM, Birenbaum JS, O'Kelley SR, Bolkhovsky V, Braje DA, Fitch G, Neeley M, Hilton GC, Cho HM, Irwin KD, Wellstood FC, Oliver WD, Shnirman A, Clarke J. Magnetic flux noise in dc SQUIDs: temperature and geometry dependence. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:147002. [PMID: 25167026 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.147002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The spectral density S(Φ)(f) = A(2)/(f/1 Hz)(α) of magnetic flux noise in ten dc superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) with systematically varied geometries shows that α increases as the temperature is lowered; in so doing, each spectrum pivots about a nearly constant frequency. The mean-square flux noise, inferred by integrating the power spectra, grows rapidly with temperature and at a given temperature is approximately independent of the outer dimension of a given SQUID. These results are incompatible with a model based on the random reversal of independent, surface spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Anton
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - J S Birenbaum
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - S R O'Kelley
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - V Bolkhovsky
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
| | - D A Braje
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
| | - G Fitch
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
| | - M Neeley
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-044, USA
| | - H-M Cho
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-044, USA
| | - K D Irwin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-044, USA
| | - F C Wellstood
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - W D Oliver
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
| | - A Shnirman
- Institut für Theorie der Kondensierten Materie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - John Clarke
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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Gustavsson S, Bylander J, Yan F, Forn-Díaz P, Bolkhovsky V, Braje D, Fitch G, Harrabi K, Lennon D, Miloshi J, Murphy P, Slattery R, Spector S, Turek B, Weir T, Welander PB, Yoshihara F, Cory DG, Nakamura Y, Orlando TP, Oliver WD. Driven dynamics and rotary echo of a qubit tunably coupled to a harmonic oscillator. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:170503. [PMID: 22680846 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.170503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the driven dynamics of a superconducting flux qubit that is tunably coupled to a microwave resonator. We find that the qubit experiences an oscillating field mediated by off-resonant driving of the resonator, leading to strong modifications of the qubit Rabi frequency. This opens an additional noise channel, and we find that low-frequency noise in the coupling parameter causes a reduction of the coherence time during driven evolution. The noise can be mitigated with the rotary-echo pulse sequence, which, for driven systems, is analogous to the Hahn-echo sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gustavsson
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Rudner MS, Shytov AV, Levitov LS, Berns DM, Oliver WD, Valenzuela SO, Orlando TP. Quantum phase tomography of a strongly driven qubit. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:190502. [PMID: 19113251 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.190502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The interference between repeated Landau-Zener transitions in a qubit swept through an avoided level crossing results in Stückelberg oscillations in qubit magnetization, a hallmark of the coherent strongly driven regime in two-level systems. The two-dimensional Fourier transforms of the resulting oscillatory patterns are found to exhibit a family of one-dimensional curves in Fourier space, in agreement with recent observations in a superconducting qubit. We interpret these images in terms of time evolution of the quantum phase of the qubit state and show that they can be used to probe dephasing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rudner
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Berns DM, Oliver WD, Valenzuela SO, Shytov AV, Berggren KK, Levitov LS, Orlando TP. Coherent quasiclassical dynamics of a persistent current qubit. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:150502. [PMID: 17155307 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.150502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A new regime of coherent quantum dynamics of a qubit is realized at low driving frequencies in the strong driving limit. Coherent transitions between qubit states occur via the Landau-Zener process when the system is swept through an energy-level avoided crossing. The quantum interference mediated by repeated transitions gives rise to an oscillatory dependence of the qubit population on the driving-field amplitude and flux detuning. These interference fringes, which at high frequencies consist of individual multiphoton resonances, persist even for driving frequencies smaller than the decoherence rate, where individual resonances are no longer distinguishable. A theoretical model that incorporates dephasing agrees well with the observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Berns
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Murali KVRM, Dutton Z, Oliver WD, Crankshaw DS, Orlando TP. Probing decoherence with electromagnetically induced transparency in superconductive quantum circuits. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:087003. [PMID: 15447217 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.087003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Superconductive quantum circuits comprise quantized energy levels that may be coupled via microwave electromagnetic fields. Described in this way, one may draw a close analogy to atoms with internal (electronic) levels coupled by laser light fields. In this Letter, we present a superconductive analog to electromagnetically induced transparency that utilizes superconductive quantum circuit designs of present day experimental consideration. We discuss how a superconductive analog to electromagnetically induced transparency can be used to establish macroscopic coherence in such systems and, thereby, be utilized as a sensitive probe of decoherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V R M Murali
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Abstract
This Letter presents a method of electron entanglement generation. The system under consideration is a single-level quantum dot with one input and two output leads. The leads are arranged such that the dot is empty, single-electron tunneling is suppressed by energy conservation, and two-electron virtual cotunneling is allowed. Such a configuration effectively filters the singlet-state portion of a two-electron input, yielding a nonlocal spin-singlet state at the output leads. Coulomb interaction mediates the entanglement generation, and, in its absence, the singlet state vanishes. This approach is a four-wave mixing process analogous to the photon entanglement generated by a chi((3)) parametric amplifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Oliver
- Quantum Entanglement Project, ICORP, JST, E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Abstract
Fermion anti-bunching was directly observed by measuring the cross-covariance of the current fluctuations of partitioned electrons. A quantum point contact was used to inject single-mode electrons into a mesoscopic electron beam splitter device. The beam splitter output currents showed negative cross-covariance, indicating that the electrons arrived individually at the beam splitter and were randomly partitioned into two output channels. As the relative time delay between the outputs was changed, the observed ringing in the cross-covariance was consistent with the bandwidths used to monitor the fluctuations. The result demonstrates a fermion complement to the Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment for photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- WD Oliver
- ERATO (Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology) Quantum Fluctuation Project, Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Basic Research Laboratories, 3-1 Morinosato-Wa
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