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Pandolfi S, Brown SB, Stubley PG, Higginbotham A, Bolme CA, Lee HJ, Nagler B, Galtier E, Sandberg RL, Yang W, Mao WL, Wark JS, Gleason AE. Atomistic deformation mechanism of silicon under laser-driven shock compression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5535. [PMID: 36130983 PMCID: PMC9492784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is one of the most abundant elements on Earth, and it is the most widely used semiconductor. Despite extensive study, some properties of Si, such as its behaviour under dynamic compression, remain elusive. A detailed understanding of Si deformation is crucial for various fields, ranging from planetary science to materials design. Simulations suggest that in Si the shear stress generated during shock compression is released via a high-pressure phase transition, challenging the classical picture of relaxation via defect-mediated plasticity. However, direct evidence supporting either deformation mechanism remains elusive. Here, we use sub-picosecond, highly-monochromatic x-ray diffraction to study (100)-oriented single-crystal Si under laser-driven shock compression. We provide the first unambiguous, time-resolved picture of Si deformation at ultra-high strain rates, demonstrating the predicted shear release via phase transition. Our results resolve the longstanding controversy on silicon deformation and provide direct proof of strain rate-dependent deformation mechanisms in a non-metallic system. Understanding the how silicon deforms under pressure is important for several fields, including planetary science and materials design. Laser-driven shock compression experiments now confirm that shear stress generated during compression is released via a high-pressure phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pandolfi
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - S Brennan Brown
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - P G Stubley
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Univeristy of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | | | - C A Bolme
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - H J Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - B Nagler
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - E Galtier
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - R L Sandberg
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - W Yang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - W L Mao
- Geological Sciences, Stanford University, 367 Panama St., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Univeristy of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - A E Gleason
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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Gleason AE, Rittman DR, Bolme CA, Galtier E, Lee HJ, Granados E, Ali S, Lazicki A, Swift D, Celliers P, Militzer B, Stanley S, Mao WL. Dynamic compression of water to conditions in ice giant interiors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:715. [PMID: 35027608 PMCID: PMC8758754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries of water-rich Neptune-like exoplanets require a more detailed understanding of the phase diagram of H2O at pressure–temperature conditions relevant to their planetary interiors. The unusual non-dipolar magnetic fields of ice giant planets, produced by convecting liquid ionic water, are influenced by exotic high-pressure states of H2O—yet the structure of ice in this state is challenging to determine experimentally. Here we present X-ray diffraction evidence of a body-centered cubic (BCC) structured H2O ice at 200 GPa and ~ 5000 K, deemed ice XIX, using the X-ray Free Electron Laser of the Linac Coherent Light Source to probe the structure of the oxygen sub-lattice during dynamic compression. Although several cubic or orthorhombic structures have been predicted to be the stable structure at these conditions, we show this BCC ice phase is stable to multi-Mbar pressures and temperatures near the melt boundary. This suggests variable and increased electrical conductivity to greater depths in ice giant planets that may promote the generation of multipolar magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Gleason
- Fundamental Physics Directorate, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA. .,Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - D R Rittman
- Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - C A Bolme
- Shock and Detonation Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - E Galtier
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - H J Lee
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - E Granados
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - S Ali
- Shock Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - A Lazicki
- Shock Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - D Swift
- Shock Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - P Celliers
- Shock Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - B Militzer
- Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - S Stanley
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Applied Physics Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - W L Mao
- Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Deng YY, Peng PA, Jia LJ, Mao WL, Hu JF, Yin HW. Environmental Exposure-Associated Human Health Risk of Dioxin Compounds in the Vicinity of a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator in Shanghai, China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 105:173-179. [PMID: 32632464 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess environmental exposure-associated human health risk of dioxin compounds for the population in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) in Shanghai, the atmospheric samples (n = 24) and soils samples (n = 96) were collected and analyzed to obtain the concentration level, pollution characteristics and seasonal changes of dioxin compounds in environmental medias. The toxicity equivalent concentration range of 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was 30.9-409 fg WHO-TEQ·m-3 in atmosphere and 0.362-8.55 ng WHO-TEQ·kg-1 in soil. The non-carcinogenic health risk and carcinogenic health risk from PCDD/Fs environmental exposure of people living in the vicinity of the MSWI in Shanghai were all within the allowable range of the US Environmental Protection Agency, which implied that the MSWI in Shanghai did not produce additional risk for the population living in its vicinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - P A Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - L J Jia
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - W L Mao
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - J F Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - H W Yin
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Lu YY, Huang H, Mao WL, Liu RH, Hu MJ, Shao LX, Hu MP, Li J. [A concentration-response observation of hydromorphone combined with ropivacaine in labor analgesia]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 97:3297-3300. [PMID: 29141373 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2017.42.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the median effective dose (ED(50)) of hydromorphone and the appropriate concentration of ropivacaine combined with hydromorphone in epidural labor analgesia. Methods: One hundred and forty nulliparous women undergoing labor selected for delivery with epidural analgesia were enrolled in our hospital from January to June 2016. The first of top 50 women received 0.12% ropivacaine plus 20 μg/ml hydromorphone complex solution, then sequential women were used the modified sequential method to determine the ED(50) and ED(95) of hydromorphone. The other 90 women were randomly divided and receieved 0.08% ropivacaine and 15 μg/ml hydromorphone(H1 group), 0.10% ropivacaine and 15 μg/ml hydromorphone (H2 group), 0.12% ropivacaine and 15 μg/ml hydromorphone (group H3) respectively for epidural labor analgesia. In the course of labor, block levels of epidural analgesia, the Bromage scores, analgesia scores and fetal heart rate-uterine concraction were monitored. In addition, onset time of anesthesia, labor time, mode of delivery, cases of increased oxytocin using, neonatal Apgar score, incidence of nausea and vomiting, itching and fetal heart reduction were recorded. Results: The ED(50) and ED(95) values of hydromorphone were 10.49 (95% CI: 8.89-11.79) and 15.15 (95% CI: 13.25-22.25) μg/ml respectively. The onset time in group H1 was significantly longer than those in group H2 and H3((14.23±3.82) , ( 11.32±2.16), (10.83±2.56)min, respectively), the difference was statistically significant (t=5.854, 6.212, all P<0.05). Analgesic VAS score at 30, 60 and 90 min time points in H1 group was significantly higher than that in H2 group and H3 group (all P<0.05). VAS score at withdrawal in H1 group was significantly higher than that in group H3 ( (3.25±0.75) vs (0.27±0.12) ), the difference was statistically significant ( t=9.314, P<0.05). VAS scores at the fourth, fifth, sixth contractions after analgesia in H1 group were significantly higher than those in H2 and H3 groups (all P<0.05). The incidence of motor nerve block in group H3 was higher than that in group H1 and group H2 (26.67%, 6.66%, 3.33%, respectively), the difference was statistically significant (χ(2)=6.413, 4.320, all P<0.05). Conclusions: 0.10% ropivacaine combined with 15 μg/ml hydromorphone has a good analgesic effect, slight motor block, high safety and worthy clinical application for labor analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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Gleason AE, Bolme CA, Lee HJ, Nagler B, Galtier E, Kraus RG, Sandberg R, Yang W, Langenhorst F, Mao WL. Time-resolved diffraction of shock-released SiO 2 and diaplectic glass formation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1481. [PMID: 29133910 PMCID: PMC5684137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how rock-forming minerals transform under shock loading is critical for modeling collisions between planetary bodies, interpreting the significance of shock features in minerals and for using them as diagnostic indicators of impact conditions, such as shock pressure. To date, our understanding of the formation processes experienced by shocked materials is based exclusively on ex situ analyses of recovered samples. Formation mechanisms and origins of commonly observed mesoscale material features, such as diaplectic (i.e., shocked) glass, remain therefore controversial and unresolvable. Here we show in situ pump-probe X-ray diffraction measurements on fused silica crystallizing to stishovite on shock compression and then converting to an amorphous phase on shock release in only 2.4 ns from 33.6 GPa. Recovered glass fragments suggest permanent densification. These observations of real-time diaplectic glass formation attest that it is a back-transformation product of stishovite with implications for revising traditional shock metamorphism stages. Our understanding of shock metamorphism and thus the collision of planetary bodies is limited by a dependence on ex situ analyses. Here, the authors perform in situ analysis on shocked-produced densified glass and show that estimates of impactor size based on traditional techniques are likely inflated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Gleason
- Shock and Detonation Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA. .,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - C A Bolme
- Shock and Detonation Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - H J Lee
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - B Nagler
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - E Galtier
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - R G Kraus
- Shock Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - R Sandberg
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - W Yang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, 201203, China.,HPSynC, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - F Langenhorst
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - W L Mao
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Geological Sciences, Stanford University, 367 Panama St., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Gleason AE, Bolme CA, Galtier E, Lee HJ, Granados E, Dolan DH, Seagle CT, Ao T, Ali S, Lazicki A, Swift D, Celliers P, Mao WL. Compression Freezing Kinetics of Water to Ice VII. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:025701. [PMID: 28753373 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.025701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved x-ray diffraction (XRD) of compressed liquid water shows transformation to ice VII in 6 nsec, revealing crystallization rather than amorphous solidification during compression freezing. Application of classical nucleation theory indicates heterogeneous nucleation and one-dimensional (e.g., needlelike) growth. These first XRD data demonstrate rapid growth kinetics of ice VII with implications for fundamental physics of diffusion-mediated crystallization and thermodynamic modeling of collision or impact events on ice-rich planetary bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Gleason
- Shock and Detonation Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA
| | - C A Bolme
- Shock and Detonation Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - E Galtier
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA
| | - H J Lee
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA
| | - E Granados
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA
| | - D H Dolan
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 USA
| | - C T Seagle
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 USA
| | - T Ao
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 USA
| | - S Ali
- Shock Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 USA
| | - A Lazicki
- Shock Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 USA
| | - D Swift
- Shock Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 USA
| | - P Celliers
- Shock Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 USA
| | - W L Mao
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA
- Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 USA
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Zhao Z, Wang S, Qi TF, Zeng Q, Hirai S, Kong PP, Li L, Park C, Yuan SJ, Jin CQ, Cao G, Mao WL. Pressure induced second-order structural transition in Sr₃Ir₂O₇. J Phys Condens Matter 2014; 26:215402. [PMID: 24805299 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/21/215402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We conducted in situ angle dispersive high pressure x-ray diffraction experiments on Sr3Ir2O7 up to 23.1 GPa at 25 K with neon as the pressure transmitting medium. Pressure induces a highly anisotropic compressional behavior seen where the tetragonal plane is compressed much faster than the perpendicular direction. By analyzing different aspects of the diffraction data, a second-order structural transition is observed at approximately 14 GPa, which is accompanied by the insulating state to nearly metallic state at 13.2 GPa observed previously (Li et al 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 235127). Our results highlight the coupling between electronic state and lattice structure in Sr3Ir2O7 under pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhao
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Photon Science and Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Zhang L, Meng Y, Yang W, Wang L, Mao WL, Zeng QS, Jeong JS, Wagner AJ, Mkhoyan KA, Liu W, Xu R, Mao HK. Disproportionation of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite in Earth's deep lower mantle. Science 2014; 344:877-82. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1250274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Wang L, Liu B, Li H, Yang W, Ding Y, Sinogeikin SV, Meng Y, Liu Z, Zeng XC, Mao WL. Long-Range Ordered Carbon Clusters: A Crystalline Material with Amorphous Building Blocks. Science 2012; 337:825-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1220522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Baldini M, Struzhkin VV, Goncharov AF, Postorino P, Mao WL. Persistence of Jahn-Teller distortion up to the insulator to metal transition in LaMnO3. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:066402. [PMID: 21405481 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.066402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
High pressure, low temperature Raman measurements performed on LaMnO3 up to 34 GPa provide the first experimental evidence for the persistence of the Jahn-Teller distortion over the entire stability range of the insulating phase. This result resolves the ongoing debate about the nature of the pressure driven insulator to metal transition (IMT), demonstrating that LaMnO3 is not a classical Mott insulator. The formation of domains of distorted and regular octahedra, observed from 3 to 34 GPa, sheds new light on the mechanism behind the IMT suggesting that LaMnO3 becomes metallic when the fraction of undistorted octahedra domains increases beyond a critical threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baldini
- Geological and Environmental Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Mao WL, Xu LY, Hong AX, Feng NP. [Analytical studies on calcium and microelements in calcined longgu (an animal bone)]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1989; 14:725-7, 762. [PMID: 2635598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The main constituent (CaCO3) and microelements of Longgu (an animal bone) have been analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by orthogonal design. The result shows that the optimum conditions for calcining Longgu are: temperature--750 degrees C, time--4'30'', size of the bone--8.5g.
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