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Nellis WJ. A Perspective on Hydrogen Near the Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition and Metallization of Fluid H. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7972-7981. [PMID: 34392677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metallic hydrogen has been a major issue in physical chemistry since its prediction in 1935. Its predicted density implies 100 GPa (106 bar = Mbar) pressures P are needed to make metallic H with the Fermi temperature TF = 220 000 K. Temperatures T can be several 1000 K and still be "very low" with T/TF ≪ 1. In 1996, metallic fluid H was made under dynamic compression at P = 140 GPa and calculated T ≈ 3000 K generated with a two-stage light-gas gun. Those T's place metallic H in the liquid-liquid phase transition region. The purpose of this Perspective is to place the phase curve measured in laser-heated diamond anvil cells in context with those measured electrical conductivities. That phase curve is probably caused by dissociation of H2 to H starting near 90 GPa/1600 K. Metallic H then forms in a crossover as a semiconductor up to 140 GPa/3000 K. Dynamic quasi-isentropic pressure was tuned to make metallic H by design in those conductivity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Nellis
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Nellis WJ. Metastable ultracondensed hydrogenous materials. J Phys Condens Matter 2017; 29:504001. [PMID: 29111507 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa98b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this paper is to stimulate theoretical predictions of how to retain metastably hydrogenous materials made at high pressure P on release to ambient. Ultracondensed metallic hydrogen has been made at high pressures in the fluid and reported made probably in the solid. Because the long quest for metallic hydrogen is likely to be concluded in the relatively near future, a logical question is whether another research direction, comparable in scale to the quest for metallic H, will arise in high pressure research. One possibility is retention of metastable solid metallic hydrogen and other hydrogenous materials on release of dynamic and static high pressures P to ambient. If hydrogenous materials could be retained metastably on release, those materials would be a new class of materials for scientific investigations and technological applications. This paper is a review of the current situation with the synthesis of metallic hydrogen, potential technological applications of metastable metallic H and other hydrogenous materials at ambient, and general background of published experimental and theoretical work on what has been accomplished with metastable phases in the past and thus what might be accomplished in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Nellis
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
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Ozaki N, Nellis WJ, Mashimo T, Ramzan M, Ahuja R, Kaewmaraya T, Kimura T, Knudson M, Miyanishi K, Sakawa Y, Sano T, Kodama R. Dynamic compression of dense oxide (Gd3Ga5O12) from 0.4 to 2.6 TPa: Universal Hugoniot of fluid metals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26000. [PMID: 27193942 PMCID: PMC4872160 DOI: 10.1038/srep26000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials at high pressures and temperatures are of great current interest for warm dense matter physics, planetary sciences, and inertial fusion energy research. Shock-compression equation-of-state data and optical reflectivities of the fluid dense oxide, Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG), were measured at extremely high pressures up to 2.6 TPa (26 Mbar) generated by high-power laser irradiation and magnetically-driven hypervelocity impacts. Above 0.75 TPa, the GGG Hugoniot data approach/reach a universal linear line of fluid metals, and the optical reflectivity most likely reaches a constant value indicating that GGG undergoes a crossover from fluid semiconductor to poor metal with minimum metallic conductivity (MMC). These results suggest that most fluid compounds, e.g., strong planetary oxides, reach a common state on the universal Hugoniot of fluid metals (UHFM) with MMC at sufficiently extreme pressures and temperatures. The systematic behaviors of warm dense fluid would be useful benchmarks for developing theoretical equation-of-state and transport models in the warm dense matter regime in determining computational predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Ozaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Photon Pioneers Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - W. J. Nellis
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - T. Mashimo
- Shock Wave and Condensed Matter Research Center, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - M. Ramzan
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Box 516, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R. Ahuja
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Box 516, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
- Applied Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Kaewmaraya
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Box 516, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T. Kimura
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - M. Knudson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1181, USA
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2816, USA
| | - K. Miyanishi
- Photon Pioneers Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y. Sakawa
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T. Sano
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - R. Kodama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Photon Pioneers Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
Measurements of rotation rates and gravitational harmonics of Neptune made with the Voyager 2 spacecraft allow tighter constraints on models of the planet's interior. Shock measurements of material that may match the composition of Neptune, the so-calied planetary ;;ice,'' have been carried out to pressures exceeding 200 gigapascals (2 megabars). Comparison of shock data with inferred pressure-density profiles for both Uranus and Neptune shows substantial similarity through most of the mass of both planets. Analysis of the effect of Neptune's strong differential rotation on its gravitational harmonics indicates that differential rotation involves only the outermost few percent of Neptune's mass.
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Nellis WJ, Kanel GI, Razorenov SV, Savinykh AS, Rajendran AM. Entropy-dominated dissipation in sapphire shock-compressed up to 400 GPa (4 Mbar). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/215/1/012148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
We review here experiments that investigate how the electronic properties of five chemically dissimilar fluid elements, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, rubidium and caesium, vary with density beyond their critical points. Remarkably, all five elements in their metallic regime have essentially the same electrical conductivities, close to the predicted minimum metallic conductivity of a high-temperature, disordered metallic fluid. The large differences in their respective metal-nonmetal transition densities are rationalized in terms of each chemical element’s unique atomic properties of size (radial extent of electronic wave function, N.F.Mott) and electronic polarizability (K.F.Herzfeld and D.A.Goldhammer). These experiments thereby highlight the pivotal role of atomic properties in dictating the metallic or nonmetallic status of chemical elements of the periodic classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. J. Nellis
- a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California , Livermore , CA , 94550 , USA
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Mashimo T, Chau R, Zhang Y, Kobayoshi T, Sekine T, Fukuoka K, Syono Y, Kodama M, Nellis WJ. Transition to a virtually incompressible oxide phase at a shock pressure of 120 GPa (1.2 Mbar): Gd3Ga5O12. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:105504. [PMID: 16605758 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.105504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cubic, single-crystal, transparent Gd(3)Ga(5)O(12) has a density of 7.10 g/cm(3), a Hugoniot elastic limit of 30 GPa, and undergoes a continuous phase transition from 65 GPa to a quasi-incompressible (QI) phase at 120 GPa. Only diamond has a larger Hugoniot elastic limit. The QI phase of is more incompressible than diamond from 170 to 260 GPa. Electrical conductivity measurements indicate the QI phase has a band gap of 3.1 eV. Gd(3)Ga(5)O(12) can be used to obtain substantially higher pressures and lower temperatures in metallic fluid hydrogen than was achieved previously by shock reverberation between Al(2)O(3) disks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mashimo
- Shock Wave and Condensed Matter Research Center, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Chau R, Mitchell AC, Minich RW, Nellis WJ. Metallization of fluid nitrogen and the mott transition in highly compressed low-Z fluids. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:245501. [PMID: 12857199 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.245501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electrical conductivities are reported for degenerate fluid nitrogen at pressures up to 180 GPa (1.8 Mbar) and temperatures of approximately 7000 K. These extreme quasi-isentropic conditions were achieved with multiple-shock compression generated with a two-stage light-gas gun. Nitrogen undergoes a nonmetal-metal transition at 120 GPa, probably in the monatomic state. These N data and previous conductivity data for H, O, Cs, and Rb are used to develop a general picture of the systematics of the nonmetal-metal transition in these fluids. Specifically, the density dependences of electrical conductivities in the semiconducting fluid are well correlated with the radial extent of the electronic charge-density distributions of H, N, O, Cs, and Rb atoms. These new data for N scale with previous data for O, as expected from their similar charge-density distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chau
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Abstract
The shock-compression curve (Hugoniot) of D2 near 100 GPa pressures (1 Mbar) has been contro-versial because the two published measurements have limiting compressions of fourfold and sixfold. Our purpose is to examine published experimental results to decide which, if either, is probably correct. The published Hugoniot data of low-Z diatomic molecules have a universal behavior. The deuterium data of Knudson et al. (fourfold limiting compression) have this universal behavior, which suggests that Knudson et al. are correct and shows that deuterium behaves as other low-Z elements at high tem-peratures. In D2, H2, N2, CO, and O2, dissociation completes and average kinetic energy dominates average potential energy above approximately 60 GPa. Below approximately 30 GPa, D2, H2, N2, CO, and O2 are diatomic. D2 dissociation is accompanied by a temperature-driven nonmetal-metal transition at approximately 50 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Nellis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, 94550, USA
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Nellis WJ, Hamilton DC, Mitchell AC. Electrical conductivities of methane, benzene, and polybutene shock compressed to 60 GPa (600 kbar). J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1379537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Bastea M, Mitchell AC, Nellis WJ. High pressure insulator-metal transition in molecular fluid oxygen. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:3108-3111. [PMID: 11290119 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the first experimental evidence for a metallic phase in fluid molecular oxygen. Our electrical conductivity measurements of fluid oxygen under dynamic quasi-isentropic compression show that a nonmetal-metal transition occurs at 3.4 fold compression, 4500 K, and 1.2 Mbar. We discuss the main features of the electrical conductivity dependence on density and temperature and give an interpretation of the nature of the electrical transport mechanisms in fluid oxygen at these extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bastea
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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Chau R, Mitchell AC, Minich RW, Nellis WJ. Electrical conductivity of water compressed dynamically to pressures of 70–180 GPa (0.7–1.8 Mbar). J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1332079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Nellis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., USA
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Nellis WJ, Holmes NC, Mitchell AC, Hamilton DC, Nicol M. Equation of state and electrical conductivity of “synthetic Uranus,” a mixture of water, ammonia, and isopropanol, at shock pressure up to 200 GPa (2 Mbar). J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W. J. Nellis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California 94550
| | - N. C. Holmes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California 94550
| | - A. C. Mitchell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California 94550
| | - D. C. Hamilton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. Nicol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024
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Abstract
Electrical conductivities of molecular hydrogen in Jupiter were calculated by scaling electrical conductivities measured at shock pressures in the range of 10 to 180 gigapascals (0.1 to 1.8 megabars) and temperatures to 4000 kelvin, representative of conditions inside Jupiter. Jupiter's magnetic field is caused by convective dynamo motion of electrically conducting fluid hydrogen. The data imply that Jupiter should become metallic at 140 gigapascals in the fluid, and the electrical conductivity in the jovian molecular envelope at pressures up to metallization is about an order of magnitude larger than expected previously. The large magnetic field is produced in the molecular envelope closer to the surface than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Nellis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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Holmes NC, Ross M, Nellis WJ. Temperature measurements and dissociation of shock-compressed liquid deuterium and hydrogen. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 52:15835-15845. [PMID: 9980959 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.15835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Abstract
Shock temperatures of hydrogen up to 5200 kelvin were measured optically at pressures up to 83 gigapascals (830 kilobars). At highest pressures, the measured temperatures are substantially lower than predicted. These lower temperatures are caused by a continuous dissociative phase transition above 20 gigapascals. Because hydrogen is in thermal equilibrium in shock-compression experiments, the theory derived from the shock data can be applied to Jupiter. The planet's molecular envelope is cooler and has much less temperature variation than previously believed. The continuous dissociative phase transition suggests that there is no sharp boundary between Jupiter's molecular mantle and its metallic core. A possible convectively quiescent boundary layer might induce an additional layer in the molecular region, as has been predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Nellis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and H Division, Livermore 94550, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Gratz
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and H Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - L. D. DeLoach
- Y Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore. CA 94550
| | - T. M. Clough
- Department of Chemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe,AZ 85287
| | - W. J. Nellis
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and H Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA 94550
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Nellis WJ, Mitchell AC, McCandless PC, Erskine DJ, Weir ST. Electronic energy gap of molecular hydrogen from electrical conductivity measurements at high shock pressures. Phys Rev Lett 1992; 68:2937-2940. [PMID: 10045533 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Abstract
C(60) powders were shock-compressed quasi-isentropically and quenched from pressures in the range 10 to 110 GPa (0.1 to 1.1 Mbar). Recovered specimens were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy. C(60) fullerenes are stable into the 13- to 17-GPa pressure range. The onset of a fast ( approximately 0.5 micros) reconstructive transformation to graphite occurs near 17 GPa. The graphite recovered from 27 GPa and about 600 degrees C is relatively well ordered with crystal planar domain size of about 100 A. Above 50 GPa a continuous transformation to an amorphous state is observed in recovered specimens. The fast transformation to graphite is proposed to occur by pi-electron rehybridization which initiates breakup of the ball structure and formation of the graphite structure at high density.
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Nellis WJ, Mitchell AC, Ree FH, Ross M, Holmes NC, Trainor RJ, Erskine DJ. Equation of state of shock‐compressed liquids: Carbon dioxide and air. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.461665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Weir ST, Nellis WJ, Dalichaouch Y, Lee BW, Maple MB, Liu JZ, Shelton RN. Evidence for a time-dependent crossover from surfacelike to bulklike flux relaxation in YBa2Cu3O7- delta. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 43:3034-3041. [PMID: 9997606 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Nellis WJ, Radousky HB, Hamilton DC, Mitchell AC, Holmes NC, Christianson KB, van Thiel M. Equation‐of‐state, shock‐temperature, and electrical‐conductivity data of dense fluid nitrogen in the region of the dissociative phase transition. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.459895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Radousky HB, Mitchell AC, Nellis WJ. Shock temperature measurements of planetary ices: NH3, CH4, and ‘‘synthetic Uranus’’. J Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.459302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nellis WJ, Hamilton DC, Holmes NC, Radousky HB, Ree FH, Mitchell AC, Nicol M. The Nature of the Interior of Uranus Based on Studies of Planetary Ices at High Dynamic Pressure. Science 1988; 240:779-81. [PMID: 17741451 DOI: 10.1126/science.240.4853.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Data from the Voyager II spacecraft showed that Uranus has a large magnetic field with geometry similar to an offset tilted dipole. To interpret the origin of the magnetic field, measurements were made of electrical conductivity and equation-of-state data of the planetary "ices" ammonia, methane, and "synthetic Uranus" at shock pressures and temperatures up to 75 gigapascals and 5000 K. These pressures and temperatures correspond to conditions at the depths at which the surface magnetic field is generated. Above 40 gigapascals the conductivities of synthetic Uranus, water, and ammonia plateau at about 20(ohm-cm)(-1), providing an upper limit for the electrical conductivity used in kinematic or dynamo calculations. The nature of materials at the extreme conditions in the interior is discussed.
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Hamilton DC, Nellis WJ, Mitchell AC, Ree FH, van Thiel M. Electrical conductivity and equation of state of shock‐compressed liquid oxygen. J Chem Phys 1988. [DOI: 10.1063/1.454657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Nellis WJ, Moriarty JA, Mitchell AC, Ross M, Dandrea RG, Ashcroft NW, Holmes NC, Gathers GR. Metals physics at ultrahigh pressure: Aluminum, copper, and lead as prototypes. Phys Rev Lett 1988; 60:1414-1417. [PMID: 10038032 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.60.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Radousky HB, Nellis WJ, Ross M, Hamilton DC, Mitchell AC. Molecular dissociation and shock-induced cooling in fluid nitrogen at high densities and temperatures. Phys Rev Lett 1986; 57:2419-2422. [PMID: 10033720 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.57.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Nellis WJ, Ree FH, Trainor RJ, Mitchell AC, Boslough MB. Equation of state and optical luminosity of benzene, polybutene, and polyethylene shocked to 210 GPa (2.1 Mbar). J Chem Phys 1984. [DOI: 10.1063/1.447027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nellis WJ, Mitchell AC, van Thiel M, Devine GJ, Trainor RJ, Brown N. Equation‐of‐state data for molecular hydrogen and deuterium at shock pressures in the range 2–76 GPa (20–760 kbar)a). J Chem Phys 1983. [DOI: 10.1063/1.445938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mitchell AC, Nellis WJ. Equation of state and electrical conductivity of water and ammonia shocked to the 100 GPa (1 Mbar) pressure range. J Chem Phys 1982. [DOI: 10.1063/1.443030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nellis WJ, Ree FH, van Thiel M, Mitchell AC. Shock compression of liquid carbon monoxide and methane to 90 GPa (900 kbar). J Chem Phys 1981. [DOI: 10.1063/1.442401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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