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Nadora D, Burney W, Chaudhuri RK, Galati A, Min M, Fong S, Lo K, Chambers CJ, Sivamani RK. Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Vehicle-Controlled Study of Topical Coconut and Sunflower Seed Oil-Derived Isosorbide Diesters on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatitis 2024; 35:S62-S69. [PMID: 38394048 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Background: Preliminary studies support the use of topical coconut and sunflower seed oil for atopic dermatitis (AD). However, standardized topical formulations of fatty acids from these sources have not been studied. Objective: This study investigates whether coconut oil- and sunflower seed oil-derived isosorbide diesters can be used in conjunction with colloidal oatmeal to improve itch, AD severity, and the need for topical steroids in adults. Methods: This was a single-center, 4-week, randomized, double-blind, and vehicle-controlled study conducted between 2021 and 2022. Thirty-two male and female adults with mild-to-moderate AD were enrolled and completed the study. Participants were randomized to receive either 0.1% colloidal oatmeal (vehicle) or isosorbide diesters (IDEAS, 4% isosorbide dicaprylate and 4% isosorbide disunflowerseedate) along with 0.1% colloidal oatmeal. The main outcomes of the study were changes in the visual analogue rating of itch and 75% improvement in the Eczema Area and Severity Index score (EASI 75) at 4 weeks. Other measures included the use of topical steroids and the relative abundance of skin Staphylococcus aureus. Results: Participants in the IDEAS group had a 65.6% improvement in itch compared with 43.8% in the vehicle group (P = 0.013). In total, 56.5% and 25% of the those in the IDEAS and vehicle groups, respectively, achieved EASI 75 at 4 weeks (P = 0.07). There was no difference in skin hydration or transepidermal water loss. The relative abundance of S. aureus was decreased in the IDEAS group at week 4 compared with no change in the vehicle group (P = 0.044). Topical corticosteroid use increased in the vehicle group compared with a decrease in the IDEAS group at week 1 (292.5% vs 24.8%; P value = 0.039) and week 2 (220% vs 46%; P value = 0.08). Conclusions: Topical application of emollients containing coconut oil- and sunflower seed oil-derived fatty esters may improve itch, reduce topical steroid use, and reduce the relative abundance of S. aureus in mild-to-moderate AD. CTR number: NCT04831892.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawnica Nadora
- From the Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, California, USA
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, California, USA
| | - Waqas Burney
- From the Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Aidan Galati
- Pacific Skin Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mildred Min
- From the Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, California, USA
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, California, USA
| | - Sydney Fong
- From the Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kenny Lo
- From the Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Cindy J Chambers
- From the Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, California, USA
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, California, USA
- Pacific Skin Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Raja K Sivamani
- From the Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, California, USA
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, California, USA
- Pacific Skin Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Nong Y, Gahoonia N, Rizzo J, Burney W, Sivamani RK, Maloh J. Prospective Evaluation of a Topical Botanical Skin Care Regimen on Mild to Moderate Facial and Truncal Acne and Mood. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041484. [PMID: 36836020 PMCID: PMC9966061 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory condition that can be associated with profound psychosocial impacts. Conventional treatment includes topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, and antimicrobials, and some may cause irritation and skin dryness. In this 8-week open-label study, we examined the effects of a botanical skin care regimen (Codex Labs Shaant Balancing regimen) on mild to moderate facial and truncal acne. Twenty-four male and female subjects between the ages of 12 and 45 years were assessed for eligibility, 20 were enrolled, and 15 completed all study visits. Facial and truncal acne lesion counts, skin hydration, sebum excretion rate, and mood were assessed at baseline, week 4, and week 8. Total facial lesion counts (inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions) decreased by 20.5% at week 4 (p = 0.06) and by 25.2% at week 8 (p < 0.05). Inflammatory lesion counts on the trunk were found to decrease at week 8 relative to baseline by 48% (p < 0.05). Forehead sebum excretion rate decreased by 40% at week 4 (p = 0.07) and 22% at week 8 (p = 0.08), and cheek skin hydration increased by 27.6% at week 4 (p = 0.14) and 65% at week 8 (p = 0.10). Participants also experienced significant improvement in components of a positive effect, such as feeling "strong" and "inspired", and a decrease in negative effects, such as feeling "irritable." Overall, the botanical skin care regimen was found to be well-tolerated. Our study suggests that a botanical skin care regimen may reduce facial and truncal acne lesion counts, increase skin hydration, reduce sebum production, and augment positive effects and moods in those with mild to moderate facial and truncal acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Nong
- Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, CA 95815, USA
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Nimrit Gahoonia
- Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, CA 95815, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Julianne Rizzo
- Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, CA 95815, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Waqas Burney
- Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, CA 95815, USA
| | - Raja K. Sivamani
- Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, CA 95815, USA
- Pacific Skin Institute, Sacramento, CA 95815, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95816, USA
- Correspondence: (R.K.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Jessica Maloh
- Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, CA 95815, USA
- Correspondence: (R.K.S.); (J.M.)
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Shi VY, Burney W, Shakhbazova A, Pan A, Hassoun LA, Sharma S, Sivamani RK. The Effect of Synthetic Acetylhexapeptide-8 (AH8) on Sebaceous Function. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 44:477-483. [PMID: 35690997 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the in vitro and clinical effects of topical acetylhexapeptide-8 (AH8) on the appearance of oily skin. METHODS In vitro SEB-1 human sebocyte cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of AH8 , then the lipid content of the sebocytes was measured. For the randomized, controlled, split-face clinical study, participants received AH8 10% lotion formulated in Cetaphil Moisturizing Facial Lotion on one side of their face and the control vehicle lotion on the other side of their face. Facial oiliness was assessed by a trained physician using a 3-point grading system, high-resolution digital photographs, and a sebumeter (SM815). Participants also filled out self-assessments of their skin oiliness. RESULTS The in vitro experiments showed that sebocyte lipid content significantly decreased after AH8 treatment (p < 0.05 at 0.00005% AH8 , p=0.09 at 0.0005% AH8 , p < 0.05 at 0.005% AH8,and p < 0.001 at 0.025% AH8). In the clinical study, participants trended towards a 10% reduction (p=0.16) in sebum production after AH8 treatment in comparison to the vehicle treatment. CONCLUSION AH8 inhibits the accumulation of lipids in sebocytes in vitro without altering cell proliferation or SREBP-1 expression. Topical AH8 trended toward decreased sebum production in human participants. The use of AH8 may serve as a promising agent to reduce sebocyte lipid production and the appearance of oily skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Y Shi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Waqas Burney
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Integrative Skin and Science Research, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Anastasia Shakhbazova
- University of California, Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA.,Integrative Skin and Science Research, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Adrianne Pan
- California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA.,Integrative Skin and Science Research, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Shreya Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raja K Sivamani
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA.,California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA.,Integrative Skin and Science Research, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Pacific Skin Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Dhaliwal S, Rybak I, Pourang A, Burney W, Haas K, Sandhu S, Crawford R, K Sivamani R. Randomized double-blind vehicle controlled study of the effects of topical acetyl zingerone on photoaging. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:166-173. [PMID: 32369655 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acetyl zingerone (AZ), a derivative of the phytochemical zingerone from Zingiber officinale (ginger), is a novel compound that is purported to have antiaging properties. The objective of this clinical study was to assess the role of acetyl zingerone in its ability to improve the appearance of facial skin wrinkles, redness, pigmentation, and photoaging was assessed. METHODS Thirty-one healthy participants (age 44 ± 7 years) were randomized in blinded fashion to apply either 1% AZ or placebo, consisting of the vehicle base cream, to the full face twice daily for 8 weeks with a total of 3 visits. Signs of photoaging, including wrinkles, dyspigmentation, and redness were assessed with facial image analysis photography and software. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in average wrinkle severity (P = .019; Mean=-25.7% change), total wrinkle volume (P = .003; Mean=-30.1% change), pigment intensity (P = .021; Mean=-25.6% change), and redness intensity (P = .035; Mean=-20.7% change) in the AZ group by 8 weeks compared with the placebo. No significant itching, burning, or stinging was noted by study participants. There was also no significant difference between both groups in the clinical assessment of scaling, erythema, hypopigmentation, or hyperpigmentation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Topical AZ improves photodamage and decreases the appearance of wrinkles, dyspigmentation, and redness intensity when compared to placebo (vehicle) formulation. Acetyl zingerone is well tolerated with daily use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Dhaliwal
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Iryna Rybak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Aunna Pourang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Waqas Burney
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kelly Haas
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Simran Sandhu
- School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Robert Crawford
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Raja K Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA.,College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, California, USA.,Pacific Skin Institute, Sacramento, California, USA.,Zen Dermatology, Sacramento, California, USA
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5
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Notay M, Saric-Bosanac S, Vaughn AR, Dhaliwal S, Trivedi M, Reiter PN, Rybak I, Li CC, Weiss LB, Ambrogio L, Burney W, Sivamani RK. The use of topical Nitrosomonas eutropha for cosmetic improvement of facial wrinkles. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:689-693. [PMID: 31257694 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both topical and oral probiotics are becoming widely used. There is increasing interest in the cosmetic potential in topical probiotics. Nitrosomonas eutropha is an ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. AIM The purpose of this study was to assess whether there is any improvement in facial wrinkles with the use of Nitrosomonas eutropha, a topical probiotic. METHODS In this prospective study, high-resolution photographs were obtained in twenty-nine participants at baseline and after using topical Nitrosomonas eutropha for seven days. RESULTS There was a significant difference in wrinkle depth and severity in the high concentration probiotic group. There was also a statistically significant improvement in pigmentation of the forehead and glabella in the higher concentration group. CONCLUSIONS Nitrosomonas eutropha may have aesthetic benefits in terms of reducing the appearance of wrinkles. Larger studies with longer treatment and follow-up periods are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Notay
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Suzana Saric-Bosanac
- School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Alexandra R Vaughn
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Simran Dhaliwal
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Megha Trivedi
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paloma N Reiter
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida, USA
| | - Iryna Rybak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Waqas Burney
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Raja K Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,California State University, Sacramento, California, USA.,Pacific Skin Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
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Dhaliwal S, Rybak I, Ellis S, Notay M, Trivedi M, Burney W, Vaughn A, Nguyen M, Reiter P, Bosanac S, Yan H, Foolad N, Sivamani R. Assessment of topical bakuchiol and retinol for facial photoageing. Br J Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Dhaliwal S, Rybak I, Ellis S, Notay M, Trivedi M, Burney W, Vaughn A, Nguyen M, Reiter P, Bosanac S, Yan H, Foolad N, Sivamani R. 评估局部用补骨脂酚和视黄醇用于缓解面部光致老化的效果. Br J Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Vaughn AR, Pourang A, Clark AK, Burney W, Sivamani RK. Dietary supplementation with turmeric polyherbal formulation decreases facial redness: a randomized double-blind controlled pilot study. Journal of Integrative Medicine 2019; 17:20-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Dhaliwal S, Rybak I, Ellis S, Notay M, Trivedi M, Burney W, Vaughn A, Nguyen M, Reiter P, Bosanac S, Yan H, Foolad N, Sivamani R. Prospective, randomized, double‐blind assessment of topical bakuchiol and retinol for facial photoageing. Br J Dermatol 2018; 180:289-296. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dhaliwal
- Department of Dermatology University of California – Davis Sacramento CA U.S.A
| | - I. Rybak
- Department of Dermatology University of California – Davis Sacramento CA U.S.A
| | - S.R. Ellis
- Department of Dermatology University of California – Davis Sacramento CA U.S.A
| | - M. Notay
- Department of Dermatology University of California – Davis Sacramento CA U.S.A
| | - M. Trivedi
- School of Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI U.S.A
| | - W. Burney
- Department of Dermatology University of California – Davis Sacramento CA U.S.A
| | - A.R. Vaughn
- Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia PA U.S.A
| | - M. Nguyen
- School of Medicine University of California – Davis SacramentoCA U.S.A
| | - P. Reiter
- Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine Fort Lauderdale FL U.S.A
| | - S. Bosanac
- School of Medicine University of California – Davis SacramentoCA U.S.A
| | - H. Yan
- Department of Dermatology University of California – Davis Sacramento CA U.S.A
| | - N. Foolad
- School of Medicine University of California – Davis SacramentoCA U.S.A
| | - R.K. Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology University of California – Davis Sacramento CA U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences California State University Sacramento CA U.S.A
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Burney W, Bosanac S, Nguyen C, Isseroff R, Sivamani R. Short-term exposure of human sebocytes to 13-cis
-retinoic acid induces acnegenic changes. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:1201-1202. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Burney
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA U.S.A
| | - S.S. Bosanac
- School of Medicine; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA U.S.A
| | - C. Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA U.S.A
| | - R.R. Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA U.S.A
- Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System; Dermatology Service; Mather CA U.S.A
| | - R.K. Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences; California State University; Sacramento CA U.S.A
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Haas K, Notay M, Rodriguez W, Rolston M, Clark A, Burney W, Newman J, Pedersen T, Crawford R, Dandekar S, Sivamani R. 383 Doxycycline effects on the gut and skin microbiomes and lipidome in acne. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Vaughn AR, Haas KN, Burney W, Andersen E, Clark AK, Crawford R, Sivamani RK. Potential Role of Curcumin Against Biofilm-Producing Organisms on the Skin: A Review. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1807-1816. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R. Vaughn
- Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Dermatology; University of California; Davis, 3301 C Street, Suite 1400 Sacramento CA USA
| | - Kelly N. Haas
- Department of Dermatology; University of California; Davis, 3301 C Street, Suite 1400 Sacramento CA USA
| | - Waqas Burney
- Department of Dermatology; University of California; Davis, 3301 C Street, Suite 1400 Sacramento CA USA
| | - Erich Andersen
- Department of Biological Sciences; California State University; Sacramento CA USA
| | - Ashley K. Clark
- Department of Dermatology; University of California; Davis, 3301 C Street, Suite 1400 Sacramento CA USA
| | - Robert Crawford
- Department of Biological Sciences; California State University; Sacramento CA USA
| | - Raja K. Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology; University of California; Davis, 3301 C Street, Suite 1400 Sacramento CA USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; California State University; Sacramento CA USA
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Singh S, Burney W, Fuentes J, Crawford R, Sivamani R. 651 Microbiome-free fatty acid cross-talk in the human pilosebaceous gland. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Foolad N, Burney W, Shafizadeh T, Watkins S, Sivamani R. 293 The influence of tretinoin and isotretinoin on the sebaceous gland lipidome and lipid mediators. J Invest Dermatol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ornelas
- Medical Student, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Negar Foolad
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Vivian Shi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Waqas Burney
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Raja K. Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento
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