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Phillips HM, Stothard CA, Shaikh Qureshi WM, Kousa AI, Briones-Leon JA, Khasawneh RR, O'Loughlin C, Sanders R, Mazzotta S, Dodds R, Seidel K, Bates T, Nakatomi M, Cockell SJ, Schneider JE, Mohun TJ, Maehr R, Kist R, Peters H, Bamforth SD. Pax9 is required for cardiovascular development and interacts with Tbx1 in the pharyngeal endoderm to control 4th pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis. Development 2019; 146:dev.177618. [PMID: 31444215 PMCID: PMC6765178 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Developmental defects affecting the heart and aortic arch arteries are a significant phenotype observed in individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome and are caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22q11. TBX1, one of the deleted genes, is expressed throughout the pharyngeal arches and is considered a key gene, when mutated, for the arch artery defects. Pax9 is expressed in the pharyngeal endoderm and is downregulated in Tbx1 mutant mice. We show here that Pax9-deficient mice are born with complex cardiovascular malformations that affect the outflow tract and aortic arch arteries with failure of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch arteries to form correctly. Transcriptome analysis indicated that Pax9 and Tbx1 may function together, and mice double heterozygous for Tbx1/Pax9 presented with a significantly increased incidence of interrupted aortic arch when compared with Tbx1 heterozygous mice. Using a novel Pax9Cre allele, we demonstrated that the site of this Tbx1-Pax9 genetic interaction is the pharyngeal endoderm, therefore revealing that a Tbx1-Pax9-controlled signalling mechanism emanating from the pharyngeal endoderm is required for crucial tissue interactions during normal morphogenesis of the pharyngeal arch artery system. Summary: A strong genetic interaction between Tbx1 and Pax9 that leads to 4th PAA-derived defects in double heterozygous mice is cell-autonomous within the pharyngeal endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Phillips
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Catherine A Stothard
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ramada R Khasawneh
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Chloe O'Loughlin
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rachel Sanders
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Silvia Mazzotta
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rebecca Dodds
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Timothy Bates
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Mitsushiro Nakatomi
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Simon J Cockell
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | | | - René Maehr
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ralf Kist
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK.,School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Heiko Peters
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Simon D Bamforth
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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Shaikh Qureshi WM, Miao L, Shieh D, Li J, Lu Y, Hu S, Barroso M, Mazurkiewicz J, Wu M. Imaging Cleared Embryonic and Postnatal Hearts at Single-cell Resolution. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27768060 DOI: 10.3791/54303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Single clonal tracing and analysis at the whole-heart level can determine cardiac progenitor cell behavior and differentiation during cardiac development, and allow for the study of the cellular and molecular basis of normal and abnormal cardiac morphogenesis. Recent emerging technologies of retrospective single clonal analyses make the study of cardiac morphogenesis at single cell resolution feasible. However, tissue opacity and light scattering of the heart as imaging depth is increased hinder whole-heart imaging at single cell resolution. To overcome these obstacles, a whole-embryo clearing system that can render the heart highly transparent for both illumination and detection must be developed. Fortunately, in the last several years, many methodologies for whole-organism clearing systems such as CLARITY, Scale, SeeDB, ClearT, 3DISCO, CUBIC, DBE, BABB and PACT have been reported. This lab is interested in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cardiac morphogenesis. Recently, we established single cell lineage tracing via the ROSA26-CreERT2; ROSA26-Confetti system to sparsely label cells during cardiac development. We adapted several whole embryo-clearing methodologies including Scale and CUBIC (clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis) to clear the embryo in combination with whole mount staining to image single clones inside the heart. The heart was successfully imaged at single cell resolution. We found that Scale can clear the embryonic heart, but cannot effectively clear the postnatal heart, while CUBIC can clear the postnatal heart, but damages the embryonic heart by dissolving the tissue. The methods described here will permit the study of gene function at a single clone resolution during cardiac morphogenesis, which, in turn, can reveal the cellular and molecular basis of congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lianjie Miao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College
| | - David Shieh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College
| | - Yangyang Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College
| | - Saiyang Hu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College
| | - Margarida Barroso
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College
| | - Joseph Mazurkiewicz
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College
| | - Mingfu Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College;
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